Gymnopus dryophilus

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Gymnopus dryophilus
Collybia dryophila 20061001w.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Omphalotaceae
Genus: Gymnopus
Species:
G. dryophilus
Binomial name
Gymnopus dryophilus
(Bull.) Murrill (1916)
Synonyms

Agaricus dryophilus
Collybia aquosa var. dryophila
Collybia dryophila
Collybia dryophila var. alvearis
Collybia dryophila var. aurata
Marasmius dryophilus
Marasmius dryophilus var. alvearis
Marasmius dryophilus var. auratus
Omphalia dryophilus

Contents

Gymnopus dryophilus
Information icon.svg
Gills icon.png Gills on hymenium
Convex cap icon.svg Cap is convex
Adnexed gills icon2.svgFree gills icon2.svg Hymenium is adnexed or free
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
Transparent spore print icon.svg
Spore print is white to cream
Saprotrophic fungus.svgEcology is saprotrophic
Mycomorphbox Caution.pngMycomorphbox Question.pngEdibility is not recommended or unknown

Gymnopus dryophilus is a mushroom commonly found in temperate woodlands of Europe and North America. It is generally saprophytic, but occasionally also attacks living wood. It belongs to section Levipedes of the genus, being characterized by a smooth stem having no hairs at the base (in contrast to section Vestipedes). [1] [2] Until recently it was most frequently known as Collybia dryophila.

Description

The cap is 2–6 centimetres (342+38 in) in diameter, convex, and reddish-brown to ochre (fading to tan with dryness); they become more irregular in shape with age. [3] The gills, which are only thinly attached to the stem (detaching with age), [3] are whitish and crowded. The spore powder is white; the buff spores do not react in Melzer's reagent. [3] The bald stem ranges from 2–8 cm (343+18 in) long by 3–6 mm 3–6 mm (1814 in) in diameter, sometimes thicker at the base. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] The taste is palatable. [3]

Microscopically the spores are 6×3 μm in size and slightly tear-shaped, there are lobed club-shaped cystidia (15–50 μm × 2–6 μm), and the hyphae on the cap cuticle can also have lobes. It is contended that G. dryophilus in fact consists of a complex of different species and that several new species (including G. brunneolus, G. earleae and G. subsulphureus) should be split off from it. [8] However these species are not generally recognized at present. [9]

One similar species is Rhodocollybia butyracea , [7] which has a pinkish spore deposit, and some of the spores turn reddish-brown in Melzer's reagent. [3]

The species may carry the parasite Syzygospora mycetophila , which causes pale growths on the mushroom surface. [3]

Distribution and habitat

This fungus is very common in northern hemisphere temperate woodlands (so much so that it is sometimes considered a "weed" mushroom). [8] It fruits from April to December [10] and is often seen when there are few other fungi in evidence. Although the Greek epithet dryophilus means "lover of oak trees", it is also found with other broad-leaved trees and with conifers.

Grows in arcs and fairy rings in oak and pine woods, or as clusters on wood chip mulch from May to October. [11]

Edibility

Gymnopus dryophilus contains toxins which may cause severe gastrointestinal issues. [12] However, it has been listed as edible by some sources, though not worthwhile. [5] [13] It is recommended not to eat the stem, which is tough.

It has been found to contain anti-inflammatory beta-glucans. [14]

The mushroom has a sweet nutty flavor and should not be eaten in contaminated places like industrial or near roads due to its capacity to take up mercury. It is edible but may cause gastrointestinal issues in some people. [11]

Related Research Articles

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<i>Spathularia flavida</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Verpa bohemica</i> Species of fungus

Verpa bohemica is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae. The synonym Ptychoverpa bohemica is often used by European mycologists and it is commonly known as the early morel or the wrinkled thimble-cap. The mushroom has a pale yellow or brown thimble-shaped cap—2 to 4 cm in diameter by 2 to 5 cm long—that has a surface wrinkled and ribbed with brain-like convolutions. A feature distinguishing the species from true morels, the cap hangs free from the top of the stem, which is lighter in color, brittle, and up to 12 cm long by 1 to 2.5 cm thick. Microscopically, the mushroom is distinguished by its large spores, typically 60–80 by 15–18 μm, and the presence of only two spores per ascus.

<i>Cyptotrama asprata</i> Species of fungus

Cyptotrama asprata, commonly known as the golden-scruffy collybia or spiny woodknight is a saprobic species of mushroom in the family Physalacriaceae. Widely distributed in tropical regions of the world, it is characterized by the bright orange to yellow cap that in young specimens is covered with tufts of fibrils resembling small spikes. This fungus has had a varied taxonomical history, having been placed in fourteen genera before finally settling in Cyptotrama. This species is differentiated from several other similar members of genus Cyptotrama by variations in cap color, and spore size and shape.

<i>Amanita vaginata</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Dendrocollybia</i> Genus of fungi in the family Tricholomataceae

Dendrocollybia is a fungal genus in the family Tricholomataceae of the order Agaricales. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Dendrocollybia racemosa, commonly known as the branched collybia or the branched shanklet. The somewhat rare species is found in the Northern Hemisphere, including the Pacific Northwest region of western North America, and Europe, where it is included in several Regional Red Lists. It usually grows on the decaying fruit bodies of other agarics—such as Lactarius and Russula—although the host mushrooms may be decayed to the point of being difficult to recognize.

<i>Mycena overholtsii</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Pholiota flammans</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Crinipellis zonata</i> Species of fungus

Crinipellis zonata, commonly known as the zoned Crinipellis or the zoned-cap Collybia, is a species of gilled mushroom in the family Marasmiaceae. Though considered a little brown mushroom of unknown edibility, it is distinctive because of its thick covering of coarse hairs, and differentiated from other members of Crinipellis by its slightly larger cap size, which reaches up to 25 mm (1.0 in) in diameter. The white gills on the underside of the cap are crowded closely together, and are free from attachment to the stem. Saprobic, it grows on the dead wood of deciduous trees from late summer to autumn. The fungus is found commonly in eastern North America, but has also been collected in Portugal and Korea. The variety C. zonata var. cremoricolor, found in eastern North America, may be distinguished microscopically by its longer spores.

<i>Lepiota clypeolaria</i> Species of fungus

Lepiota clypeolaria, commonly known as the shield dapperling or the shaggy-stalked Lepiota, is a common mushroom in the genus Lepiota. It is widely distributed in northern temperate zones, where it grows in deciduous and coniferous forest. Fruit bodies have a brownish cap, a shaggy stipe with a collapsed, sheathing ring or ring zone, and spindle-shaped spores.

<i>Amanita atkinsoniana</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Collybia tuberosa</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Collybia cookei</i> Species of fungus

Collybia cookei is a species of fungus in the family Tricholomataceae, and one of three species in the genus Collybia. It is known from Europe, Asia, and North America. The fungus produces fruit bodies that usually grow on the decomposing remains of other mushrooms, like Meripilus giganteus, Inonotus hispidus, or species of Russula; occasionally fruit bodies are found on rich humus or well-decayed wood. The fungus produces small white mushrooms with caps up to 9 mm (0.35 in) in diameter, supported by thin stems that originate from a yellowish-brown sclerotium. The mushroom is difficult to distinguish from the other two species of Collybia unless an effort is made to examine the sclerotia, which is usually buried in the substrate. The edibility of the mushroom has not been determined.

<i>Collybia cirrhata</i> Species of fungus

Collybia cirrhata is a species of fungus in the family Tricholomataceae of the order Agaricales. The species was first described in the scientific literature in 1786, but was not validly named until 1803. Found in Europe, Northern Eurasia, and North America, it is known from temperate, boreal, and alpine or arctic habitats. It is a saprobic species that grows in clusters on the decaying or blackened remains of other mushrooms. The fruit bodies are small, with whitish convex to flattened caps up to 11 mm in diameter, narrow white gills, and slender whitish stems 8–25 mm long and up to 2 mm (0.08 in) thick. C. cirrhata can be distinguished from the other two members of Collybia by the absence of a sclerotium at the base of the stem. The mushroom is of unknown edibility.

<i>Cortinarius vanduzerensis</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Rhodocollybia butyracea</i> Species of fungus

Rhodocollybia butyracea, commonly known as the buttery collybia, is a species of fungus in the mushroom family Omphalotaceae. It has a number of subspecies.

<i>Agrocybe praecox</i> Species of fungus

Agrocybe praecox, commonly known as the spring fieldcap, spring agrocybe or early agrocybe, is a species of brown-spored mushroom which appears early in the year in woods, gardens and fields. According to modern taxonomic analysis, it is just one of a cluster of closely similar species which are often referred to as the Agrocybe praecox complex. It is found in Europe, North Africa and North America.

<i>Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus</i> Species of fungus

Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus, commonly known as the olive wax cap or sheathed waxy cap, is a species of fungus in the genus Hygrophorus. The fruit bodies (mushrooms) appear from midsummer to late autumn under conifers in North American and Eurasian mountain forests. The mushrooms have olive-brown, slimy caps with dark streaks and a dark umbo; the caps measure 3 to 12 cm in diameter. Other characteristic features include a slimy stem up to 12 cm long that is spotted with ragged scales up to a ring-like zone. As its name implies, the mushroom has a waxy cap and gills. It is native to North America and across the northern regions of Europe. According to a publication by the Council of Europe, the fungus is nearly extinct in France.

<i>Gymnopus fusipes</i> Species of fungus

Gymnopus fusipes is a parasitic species of gilled mushroom which is quite common in Europe and often grows in large clumps. It is variable but easy to recognize because the stipe soon becomes distinctively tough, bloated and ridged.

<i>Collybiopsis peronata</i> Species of fungus

Collybiopsis peronata, also known as wood woolly-foot, is a species of gilled mushroom which is common in European woods.

References

  1. See "Levipedes" page of "A revision of Collybia s.l. in the northeastern United States & adjacent Canada", Roy Halling.
  2. Meinhard Moser, translated by Simon Plant: Keys to Agarics and Boleti (Roger Phillips 1983) ISBN   0-9508486-0-3
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. pp. 117–118. ISBN   978-0-88192-935-5.
  4. Courtecuisse, R. & Duhem, B. (1994) "Guide des champignons de France et d'Europe" Delachaux et Niestlé ISBN   2-603-00953-2, also available in English
  5. 1 2 Marcel Bon: The Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and North-Western Europe Hodder & Stoughton ISBN   0-340-39935-X.
  6. Phillips, Roger (1981). Mushrooms and other fungi of Great Britain & Europe London: Pan Books Ltd.
  7. 1 2 Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 184. ISBN   978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC   797915861.
  8. 1 2 Kuo, M. (2008, May). Gymnopus dryophilus at the MushroomExpert.Com Web site)
  9. Index Fungorum
  10. Régis Courtecuisse : "Mushrooms of Britain & Europe" (Harper Collins 1999). ISBN   0-00-220012-0
  11. 1 2 Russell, Bill (2006). Field Guide to Wild Mushrooms of Pennsylvania and the Mid-Atlantic. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 36. ISBN   0-271-02891-2.
  12. Miller Jr., Orson K.; Miller, Hope H. (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, CN: FalconGuide. p. 178. ISBN   978-0-7627-3109-1.
  13. Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 70. ISBN   978-1-55407-651-2.
  14. Pacheco-Sanchez M, Boutin Y, Angers P, Gosselin A, Tweddell RJ. (2006). A bioactive (1→3)-, (1→4)-β-D-glucan from Collybia dryophila and other mushrooms. Mycologia . 98(2): 180-5.