Haasea hungarica

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Haasea hungarica
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Myriapoda
Class: Diplopoda
Order: Chordeumatida
Family: Haaseidae
Genus: Haasea
Species:
H. hungarica
Binomial name
Haasea hungarica
(Verhoeff, 1928)
Synonyms
  • Orobainosoma hungaricumVerhoeff, 1928

Haasea hungarica is a species of millipede in the family Haaseidae. [1] This species is a eutroglophile, capable of spending its entire life cycle in a cave but also capable of living on the surface outside of caves. [2] Although these millipedes are often found in caves, this species has also been found on the soil surface in forests. [3]

Contents

Discovery

The German zoologist Karl W. Verhoeff first described this species in 1928 based on specimens collected from Abaligeti Cave in Hungary. [4] The Hungarian zoologist Elemér Bokor found the first of several specimens collected from this cave in 1922. [2] The type specimens include five syntypes deposited as intact specimens in the Hungarian Natural History Museum in Budapest as well as type material deposited in the form of slides in the Zoologische Staatssammlung München and the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, both in Germany. [4] [5] No lectotype has been designated. [4]

Distribution

Authorities initially believed this species to be endemic to Abaligeti Cave, where this millipede was found in the deepest part of the main passage and in a hall 300 m below the surface. In the decades after the discovery of this species, however, more finds were reported later in other locations in Hungary. These finds include the discovery of epigean populations, for example, in forest litter in the Kőszeg mountains, on Tubes peak in the Mecsek mountains, and in the Dráva region, as well as finds in other caves. [2] Once thought to be endemic to Hungary, this species has also been identified among specimens collected in Romania, Austria, Slovenia, and Serbia, expanding the known distribution of this species across the Carpathian basin. [6] The range of this species extends from the Styrian mountains, across low mountains and forests in the Pannonian Plain, to the Banat mountains and Southern Carpathians in Romania. [5]

Taxonomy

Verhoeff originally described this species in 1928 under the name Orobainosoma hungaricum. In 1971, however, the Dutch myriapodologist Casimir Albrecht Willem Jeekel recognized the validity of Haasea as a genus. Authorities have since deemed Orobainosoma to be junior synonym of Haasea and now consider Haasea hungarica the accepted name for this species. [5]

In 1965, the Romanian zoologist Ionel Tabaracu described Orobainosoma hungaricum orientale as a new subspecies based on specimens collected from caves in the Banat and Oltenia regions in Romania. [5] Some authorities still accept this subspecies as valid. [7] Others find the minor differences in morphology cited by Tabaracu to be too variable and therefore deem Orobainosoma hungaricum orientale to be a junior synonym of Haasea hungarica. [5] [6]

Description

This millipede has only 28 segments in adults (counting the collum as the first segment and the telson as the last) rather than the 30 usually found in adults in the order Chordeumatida. Accordingly, adult females of this species have only 46 pairs of legs, and adult males have only 44 pairs of walking legs (excluding the eight and ninth leg pairs, which become gonopods). These millipedes arrive at these lower numbers of segments and legs through a process of post-embryonic development that deviates from the anamorphosis usually observed in the order Chordeumatida. Like other species in this order, H. hungarica is teloanamorphic, adding segments and legs through a series of molts until the adult stage, when the molting stops and the adult emerges with a final number of segments and legs. This species, however, reaches maturity and stops molting one stage earlier, in the eighth stage rather than in a ninth stage. Furthermore, the males of this species begin to develop gonopods one stage earlier, in the sixth stage rather than in the seventh stage. [8]

This millipede can be distinguished from all other species in the genus Haasea based on the unique structures on the anterior gonopods in males. In particular, in H. hungarica the posterior lamella on these gonopods feature a distal notch. Among all the other species in the genus Haasea, only the species H. flavescens shares this trait with H. hungarica. In H. hungarica, however, the posterior lamella is larger and features a proximal protrusion, whereas in H. flavescens, the posterior lamella is smaller, and this protrusion is absent. Furthermore, H. flavescens usually features the 30 segments typically observed in the order Chordeumatida, whereas H. hungarica has only 28 segments. [5]

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chordeumatida</span> Order of millipedes

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anthroleucosomatidae</span> Family of millipedes

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metopidiotrichidae</span> Family of millipedes

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Chordeumatidae is a family of millipedes belonging to the order Chordeumatida. These millipedes range from 7 mm to 18 mm in length and are found in Europe. Adult millipedes in this family have either 28 or 30 segments. This family features distinctive sex-linked modifications to the legs in adults: In the adult female, a legless sternite replaces the third pair of legs, and in the adult male, five pairs of legs are modified in the gonopod complex. These modifications are more extensive than those found in other adult males in this order, which often have only two leg pairs modified into gonopods. With the more extensive modifications to the legs in this family, species with the usual 30 segments feature adult females with only 49 leg pairs and adult males with only 45 pairs of walking legs, and species with only 28 segments feature adult females with only 45 leg pairs and adult males with only 41 pairs of walking legs.

Haaseidae is a family of millipedes belonging to the order Chordeumatida. These millipedes are found in central and southeastern Europe. Adult millipedes in this family range from 4.5 mm to 12 mm in length and have either 28 or 30 segments.

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Heterolatzeliidae is a family of millipedes belonging to the order Chordeumatida. Adult millipedes in this family have 30 segments.

Opisthocheiridae is a family of millipedes belonging to the order Chordeumatida. These millipedes range from 5 mm to 16 mm in length and are found from Belgium to Morocco. Adult millipedes in this family have 26 or 30 segments. This family includes the cave-dwelling species Opisthocheiron canayerensis, notable as one of only a few chordeumatidan species with only 26 segments in adults, four fewer segments than typically found in adults in this order. The adult female of this species has only 42 pairs of legs, and the adult male has only 40 pairs of walking legs, excluding two pairs of gonopods.

Devillea is a genus of flat-backed millipedes in the family Xystodesmidae. These millipedes are rare and limited to caves. Species in this genus are found in Sardinia, Capri, and southern France in the Maritime Alps. These species are notable for featuring more than the 20 segments usually found in the order Polydesmida. This genus is one of only two genera in this order to feature these extra segments and the first such genus to be discovered.

Opisthocheiron is a genus of millipedes in the family Opisthocheiridae. These millipedes are found in France and Spain. The French entomologist Henri Ribaut created this genus in 1913 to contain the newly discovered type species Opisthocheiron penicillatum. This genus also includes the cave-dwelling species Opisthocheiron canayerensis, notable as one of only a few species in the order Chordeumatida with only 26 segments in adults, four fewer segments than typically found in adults in this order. The adult female of this species has only 42 pairs of legs, and the adult male has only 40 pairs of walking legs, excluding two pairs of gonopods.

Opisthocheiron canayerensis is a species of millipede in the family Opisthocheiridae. This species is found in France, far inside deep caves. This millipede is notable as one of only a few species in the order Chordeumatida with only 26 segments in adults, four fewer segments than typically found in adults this order.

Chamaesoma is a monotypic genus of millipede in the family Chamaesomatidae, and Chamaesoma broelemanni is the only species in this genus. This millipede is notable as one of only a few species in the order Chordeumatida with only 26 segments in adults, four fewer segments than typically found in adults this order. This species lives on the surface of the soil and is distributed across most of France and Luxembourg. The genus Chamaesoma and its only species were first described by the German zoologist Karl W. Verhoeff in 1913 based on type material found by the French zoologists Henri Brölemann and Henri Ribaut under wet leaf litter near St. Béat in the Pyrenees in France.

Haasea is a genus of millipedes in the family Haaseidae. This genus is the largest in this family, with 17 accepted species. Millipedes in this genus have either 28 or 30 segments.

Lipseuma is a genus of millipedes in the family Kashmireumatidae. This genus contains only two species, the type species L. josianae and its close relative L. bernardi. Both species are troglobites found in caves in China.

Tianella is a genus of millipedes in the family Entomobielziidae. This genus includes eleven species found in Nepal, one species found in Kazakhstan, and one species found in Kyrgyzstan. This genus is notable for including the only species in the order Chordeumatida with 29 segments in adults. Most species in this genus have 29 segments in adults rather than the 30 segments usually observed in this order.

Metamastigophorophyllon is a genus of millipedes in the family Anthroleucosomatidae. This genus includes millipedes found in Azerbaijan, Iran, Russia, and Georgia. All five species in this genus have 31 segments in adults. This genus is notable for including the only species in the order Chordeumatida with 31 segments rather than the 30 segments usually observed in adults in this order.

Neocambrisoma is a genus of millipedes in the family Metopidiotrichidae. Millipedes in this genus are found in Tasmania and New South Wales in Australia. Like other genera in this family, this genus features 32 segments in adults of both sexes, rather than the 30 segments usually observed in adults in the order Chordeumatida. Accordingly, female adults in this genus have 54 pairs of legs, which is not only the maximum number observed in this order but also the maximum number fixed by species in the class Diplopoda.

References

  1. ↑ "MilliBase - Haasea hungarica (Verhoeff, 1928)". www.millibase.org. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
  2. 1 2 3 Angyal, Dorottya; Korsós, Zoltán (2013). "Millipedes (Diplopoda) of twelve caves in Western Mecsek, Southwest Hungary" (PDF). Opuscula Zoologica. 44 (2): 99–106.
  3. ↑ Kime, Richard Desmond; Enghoff, Henrik (2021-09-22). "Atlas of European millipedes 3: Order Chordeumatida (Class Diplopoda)". European Journal of Taxonomy. 769: 1–244 [108]. doi:10.5852/ejt.2021.769.1497. ISSN   2118-9773.
  4. 1 2 3 Korsós, Zoltán; Lazányi, Eszter (2024). "Diplopod types in the Hungarian Natural History Museum, II. (Arthropoda: Myriapoda: Diplopoda)". Annales Musei historico-naturalis hungarici. 116: 13–130 [54]. doi:10.53019/annlsmushistnathung.2024.116.13. ISSN   0521-4726.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Antić, Dragan; Akkari, Nesrine (2020-06-16). "Haasea Verhoeff, 1895—a genus of tumultuous history and chaotic records—redefinition, revision of taxonomy and geographic distributions, with descriptions of two new species from Austria and Serbia (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Haaseidae)". Zootaxa. 4798 (1): 1–77. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4798.1.1. ISSN   1175-5334.
  6. 1 2 Korsós, Zoltán; Lazányi, Eszter (2020). "Present status of the millipede fauna of Hungary, with a review of three species of Brachyiulus Berlése, 1884 (Diplopoda)" (PDF). Opuscula Zoologica. 51 (Supplementum 2): 87–103 [92].
  7. ↑ "MilliBase - Orobainosoma hungaricum orientale Tabacaru, 1965". www.millibase.org. Retrieved 2024-07-01.
  8. ↑ Enghoff, Henrik; Dohle, Wolfgang; Blower, J. Gordon (1993). "Anamorphosis in Millipedes (Diplopoda) — The Present State of Knowledge with Some Developmental and Phylogenetic Considerations". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 109 (2): 103–234. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb00305.x.
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