Hakea petiolaris

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Sea urchin hakea
HakeaPetiolaris full flower detail closeup.jpg
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Proteales
Family: Proteaceae
Genus: Hakea
Species:
H. petiolaris
Binomial name
Hakea petiolaris
Hakea petiolarisDistMap107.png
Occurrence data from AVH
fruit Hakea petiolaris fruit.jpg
fruit

Hakea petiolaris, commonly known as the sea-urchin hakea, [1] is a shrub or small tree with cream-coloured and pink or purple flowers and woody fruit. It is endemic to the south west of Australia, occurring at the coastal plain, jarrah forest and wheatbelt regions, often at the ancient granite outcrops of Western Australia.

Contents

Description

Hakea petiolaris grows as an erect shrub or tree up to 9 m (30 ft) in height. The leaves have a distinctive pale-grey colour and are 5.5–15 cm (2–6 in) long and 2.5–6 cm (1–2 in) wide. The flowers are arranged in groups that appear on small branches or in the forks of branches. The groups are roughly spherical and contain 120 to 200 individual flowers. Each flower is 1.4–1.8 cm (0.6–0.7 in) long and white or cream in colour with the perianth, (the non-reproductive part of the flower) ranging in colour from pink to purple. Flowering is followed by woody seed capsules which are 2–3.5 cm (0.8–1 in) long and 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) wide. Each capsule splits into valves and releases 2 dark brown or black winged seeds. [1]

Taxonomy

Hakea petiolaris was first described by Carl Meissner in 1845, using a collection made at York by Ludwig Preiss. [2] The specific epithet (petiolaris) is derived from the Latin word petiolus meaning "small, slender stalk". [3] :751 The Latin epithet petiolaris refers to the leaves presentation on conspicuous stalks. [4]

There are three subspecies, differing in the sizes of their leaves and the colour of the perianth as it ages. [4]

Distribution and habitat

Conservation

All three subspecies of H. petiolaris are listed as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife. [7] [10] [16]

Cultivation

Bees in Hakaea petiolaris flowers, cultivars in Swan Valley, Western Australia Hakea Petiolaris flowers with bees April 2015.JPG
Bees in Hakaea petiolaris flowers, cultivars in Swan Valley, Western Australia

The species is propagated from seed, establishing itself as a large shrub, or a tree to around ten metres, the width is around two metres. The horticultural applications include use as a screening plant or hedge, or displayed as individual specimens. It is a fast growing and hardy species, frost resistant, bird attracting and has good potential as a feature plant.

Hakea petiolaris is recommended for the attractive appearance of its flowers and attraction for birds. Clusters of dullish red flowers, contrasted by white styles, are presented at the leaf axis in the austral autumn or winter. The plant is successfully grown in the urbanised sub-coastal regions of southern Australia. [18]

The most common subspecies in cultivation is H. petiolaris subsp. trichophylla. [4]

Ecology

The presentation of flowers at the stem (cauliflory) may be a relictual characteristic of a time when tall forest dominated the region and pollinators such as birds moved within the dense leaf canopy of under-storey species. [19]

Related Research Articles

<i>Hakea</i> Genus of plants in the family Proteaceae endemic to Australia

Hakea is a genus of about 150 species of plants in the Family Proteaceae, endemic to Australia. They are shrubs or small trees with leaves that are sometimes flat, otherwise circular in cross section in which case they are sometimes divided. The flowers are usually arranged in groups in leaf axils and resemble those of other genera, especially Grevillea. Hakeas have woody fruit which distinguishes them from grevilleas which have non-woody fruit which release the seeds as they mature. Hakeas are found in every state of Australia with the highest species diversity being found in the south west of Western Australia.

<i>Hakea salicifolia</i> Species of plant in the family Proteaceae endemic to eastern Australia

Hakea salicifolia commonly known as the willow-leaved hakea, is species of flowering plant that is endemic to eastern Australia. It is an adaptable, fast growing small tree or shrub with attractive foliage and cream white flowers.

<i>Hakea teretifolia</i> Species of plant

Hakea teretifolia, commonly known as the dagger hakea, is a species of woody shrub of the family Proteaceae and is common on heathlands in coastal eastern Australia from northern New South Wales through to Victoria and Tasmania. A very prickly shrub, it is rarely cultivated but easy to grow.

<i>Hakea cygna</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to Western Australia

Hakea cygna, commonly known as the swan hakea, is usually a dense shrub endemic to Western Australia with creamy-white upright flowers appearing from July to August.

<i>Hakea amplexicaulis</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to south west Western Australia

Hakea amplexicaulis, commonly known as prickly hakea, is a shrub endemic to south west Western Australia. An attractive small shrub with unusual stem clasping, sharply serrated foliage and a profusion of sweetly scented variable coloured flowers from late winter to spring.

<i>Hakea decurrens</i> Species of plant in the family Proteaceae from Australia

Hakea decurrens, commonly known as bushy needlewood, is a species of shrub or small tree in the family Proteaceae.

<i>Hakea cristata</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae found in south west Western Australia

Hakea cristata, commonly known as the snail hakea, is a shrub in the family Proteaceae native to Western Australia. An ornamental prickly shrub with attractive foliage and creamy white rounded flowers appearing in profusion in the winter months.

<i>Hakea laevipes</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae from Australia

Hakea laevipes is a shrub in the family Proteaceae. A widespread species found growing on coastal and tableland locations mainly in eastern New South Wales, with scattered populations in south-eastern Queensland.

<i>Hakea pandanicarpa</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to south-west Western Australia

Hakea pandanicarpa is a shrub species in the family Proteaceae. It is endemic to south-west Western Australia.

<i>Hakea ceratophylla</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to Western Australia

Hakea ceratophylla, commonly known as the horned leaf hakea, is a shrub in the family) Proteaceae and is endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. It is a stiff shrub with variably-shaped leaves that are sometimes lobed and flowers with white or rusty-coloured hairs.

<i>Hakea costata</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae native to Western Australia

Hakea costata, commonly known as the ribbed hakea, is a shrub in the family Proteaceae native to Western Australia. A multi-stemmed small shrub producing attractive pink or white brush-like blooms rich in nectar from July to October.

<i>Hakea cyclocarpa</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae from Western Australia.

Hakea cyclocarpa, commonly known as the ram's horn, wild bean or curved-fruit hakea is a shrub in the family Proteaceae. A strongly scented species with large creamy-white flowers with a red style and interesting fruit. Native to an area along the west coast and south west regions of Western Australia.

<i>Hakea elliptica</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteacea endemic to Western Australia

Hakea elliptica, commonly known as the oval-leaf hakea, is a shrub in the family Proteacea and is endemic to Western Australia. A fast growing adaptable species with ornamental wavy leaves, golden bronze new growth and an abundance of showy white flowers. A good wildlife habitat due to its dense form with foliage to ground level.

<i>Hakea erecta</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to Western Australia

Hakea erecta is a shrub in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to Western Australia. It is a dense rounded shrub with linear twisted leaves and up to 24 pink or white fragrant flowers appearing in leaf axils in spring.

<i>Hakea hastata</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to southern Western Australia

Hakea hastata is a shrub in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to southern Western Australia. It is an open, upright shrub with light green leaves, branches covered in dense hairs and white flowers in spring.

<i>Hakea recurva</i> Species of plant in the family Proteaceae endemic to Western Australia

Hakea recurva, commonly known as jarnockmert, is a flowering shrub or small tree in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to an area in the Mid West, northern Wheatbelt and the Goldfields-Esperance regions of Western Australia. It has creams-white to yellow flowers and thick, prickly, curved leaves.

<i>Hakea stenophylla</i> Species of plant in the family Proteaceae endemic to Western Australia

Hakea stenophylla is a shrub or tree in the family Proteacea, with sweetly scented creamy-white flowers. It is endemic to Western Australia.

Hakea leucoptera subsp. leucoptera, commonly known as silver needlewood, needlewood, needle bush, needle hakea or kulua, is a shrub or small tree with cylinder-shaped leaves and with flowers which have a covering of white, woolly hairs on the flower stalks. It is found in western New South Wales, north-western Victoria, South Australia and the Northern Territory. It grows in grassland, shrubland and woodland.

Hakea leucoptera subsp. sericipes is a small tree with cylinder-shaped leaves and clusters of up to forty-five white fragrant flowers. It is found in northwestern New South Wales, Queensland and Western Australia.

Hakea recurva subsp. recurva is a plant in the family Proteaceae endemic to the south-west of Western Australia.

References

  1. 1 2 "Hakea petiolaris". FloraBase . Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
  2. "Hakea petiolaris". APNI. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  3. Brown, Roland Wilbur (1956). The Composition of Scientific Words. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
  4. 1 2 3 "Hakea petiolaris". Australian Native Plants Society (Australia). Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  5. "Hakea petiolaris subsp. petiolaris". APNI. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  6. 1 2 "Hakea petiolaris ssp. petiolaris". State Herbarium of South Australia. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  7. 1 2 "Hakea petiolaris subsp. petiolaris". Western Australian Herbarium. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  8. "Hakea petiolaris subsp. trichophylla". APNI. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  9. 1 2 "Hakea petiolaris ssp. trichophylla". State Herbarium of South Australia. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  10. 1 2 "Hakea petiolaris subsp. trichophylla". Western Australian Herbarium. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  11. Nikulinsky, Philippa; Hopper, Stephen (2008). Life on the rocks: the art of survival (2nd ed.). North Fremantle, Western Australia: Fremantle Press. p. 64. ISBN   9781921361289.
  12. Liddell, H.G. & Scott, R. (1940). A Greek-English Lexicon. Revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie.Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  13. Haegi, L.; Barker, W. R.; Barker, R. M. (1999). Flora of Australia Vol 17B-Proteaceae 3 Hakea to Dryandra (PDF). Canberra/Melbourne: ABRS-Department of Environment & Heritage. p. 395. ISBN   0-643-06454-0.
  14. "Hakea petiolaris subsp. angusta". APNI. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  15. 1 2 "Hakea petiolaris ssp. angusta". Sate Herbarium of South Australia. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  16. 1 2 "Hakea petiolaris subsp. angusta". Western Australian Herbarium. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  17. Haegi, L.; Barker, W. R.; Barker, R. M. (1999). Flora of Australia Vol 17B-Proteaceae 3 Hakea to Dryandra (PDF). Canberra/Melbourne: ABRS-Department of Environment & Heritage. p. 395. ISBN   0-643-06454-0.
  18. Wrigley, J.W.; Fagg, M.A. (2003). Australian native plants : cultivation, use in landscaping and propagation (2nd ed.). Sydney: Reed New Holland. pp. 240–241. ISBN   1876334908.
  19. Main, Barbara York (1998). "Granite outcrops: a collective ecosystem" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia. 80: 113–122.

Further reading