Haladaptatus paucihalophilus

Last updated

Haladaptatus paucihalophilus
Scientific classification
Domain:
Archaea
Phylum:
Euryarchaeota
Class:
Halobacteria
Order:
Halobacteriales
Family:
Halobacteriaceae
Genus:
Haladaptatus
Species:
H. paucihalophilus
Binomial name
Haladaptatus paucihalophilus
Savage et al 2007, emend. [1]

Haladaptatus paucihalophilus is a halophilic archaeal species, originally isolated from a spring in Oklahoma. [1] It uses a new pathway to synthesize glycine, and contains unique physiological features for osmoadaptation. [2]

Contents

Discovery

H. paucihalophilus was originally found in 2004, but was not classified as a species at the time; only the Halobacteriales were studied. [3] H. paucihalophilus was isolated from the Zodletone Spring in Oklahoma. [1] It was originally considered to have two different strains: DX253 and GY252. [1] However, the two strains were later deemed a single species, since they have a 97.7% species similarity in 16S ribosomal RNA sequence analysis. [1] To isolate H. paucihalophilus specifically, soil samples from the spring were taken and later inoculated onto a halophile-selective medium and then analyzed further after colony growth. [1] Testing was done for Gram stain, carbon source, acid production, growth at minimal salt concentration, and antibiotic sensitivity. [1] Also, PCR was performed with the primers A1F and UA1406R. [1] H. paucihalophilus was named for its ability to grow in low-salt environments (Latin paucus meaning little, Greek hals meaning salt, Greek philos meaning loving). [1]

Ecology

Most species within the Halobacteriaceae can be found in environments such as springs and marshes, that contain a high salt concentration. [1] However, many of these archaeal species that have a high tolerance to salt may also exist in low-salt environments. [1] H. paucihalophilus is capable of surviving and growing within a broad range of salt concentrations, so can also be found living in low-salt environments, much like Zodletone Spring. [1]

Phylogeny

On the basis of 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing H. paucihalophilus is similar to the species Halalkalicoccus tibetensis by 89.5-90.8% with the differences concentrated at the base pairs of 1-200 and 400-800. [1] Differences with the phospholipid content in H. paucihalophilus when compared to other halophilic genera mainly constitutes the differentiation. [1]

Characterization

Morphology

H. paucihalophilus is a coccus-shaped chemoorganotroph, nonmotile, and pink-pigmented archaeal species. [1] H. paucihalophius cells are 1.2 μm in diameter with a doubling time of 12–13 hours, and are found growing as single cells or in pairs. [1] This species contains the phospholipids: phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester, and phosphatidylglycerol sulfate. [1] It produces acid, grows at a pH range of 5.0-7.5, and is able to grow in salt concentrations from 0.8-5.1 M. [1]

Metabolism

The flow of carbon for H. paucihalophilus is done with the oxidative tricarboxylic acid cycle, but it does not use the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle. [4] It uses glutamic acid, histidine, norleucine, phenylalanine, D-glucuronic acid, aesculin, trehalose, dextrin, salicin, sucrose, fructose, xylose, glucose, galactose, glycerol, citrate, pyruvate, acetate, starch, lactate, mannitol, fumarate, and malate as sources of carbon. [1] H. paucihalophilus is aerobic, so it uses oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. [5] It is not capable using nitrate, sulfate, thiosulfate, elemental sulfur, dimethyl sulfoxide, or trimethylamine N-oxide as an electron acceptor for growth in anaerobic conditions. [1] In this species, lysine synthesis is done by the diaminopimelate pathway, the typical pathway for halophilic archaea. [4] H. paucihalophillus sets itself apart by its biosynthesis of glycine by using a mixture of three biosynthetic pathways, which are the serine hydroxymethyltransferase pathway, the threonine aldolase pathways, and the reverse of the glycine cleavage system. [4]

Genomics

The size of the genome of H. paucihalophilus is 4,317,540 total bases. [5] It contains 4,489 genes, of which 4,429 are protein-coding genes. [5] The G-C content of H. paucihalophilus is 60.5 mol%. [1]

Scientific importance

This particular halophile has an importance in the scientific field because not only can it survive high salt concentrations, but it can also tolerate low salt concentrations, making it a target species to study in the laboratory. [4] It is also the first microbe to be recognized that is able to synthesize glycine using different pathways besides the typical serine hydroxymethyltransferase pathway. [4] H. paucihalophilus is an organism to study due to its unique physiological features for osmoadaptation, which is its ability to adjust to differences in osmolarity by having salt within its cytoplasm. [2] [6]

Related Research Articles

A halophile is an extremophile that thrives in high salt concentrations. In chemical terms, halophile refers to a Lewis acidic species that has some ability to extract halides from other chemical species.

<i>Halobacterium</i> Genus of archaea

Halo bacterium is a genus in the family Halobacteriaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Halobacteriales</span> Order of archaea

Halobacteriales are an order of the Halobacteria, found in water saturated or nearly saturated with salt. They are also called halophiles, though this name is also used for other organisms which live in somewhat less concentrated salt water. They are common in most environments where large amounts of salt, moisture, and organic material are available. Large blooms appear reddish, from the pigment bacteriorhodopsin. This pigment is used to absorb light, which provides energy to create ATP. Halobacteria also possess a second pigment, halorhodopsin, which pumps in chloride ions in response to photons, creating a voltage gradient and assisting in the production of energy from light. The process is unrelated to other forms of photosynthesis involving electron transport; however, and halobacteria are incapable of fixing carbon from carbon dioxide.

Pyrobaculum is a genus of the Thermoproteaceae.

Haladaptatus is a genus of halophilic archaea in the family of Halobacteriaceae. The members of Haladaptatus thrive in environments with salt concentrations approaching saturation

Halorubrum is a genus in the family Halorubraceae. Halorubrum species are usually halophilic and can be found in waters with high salt concentration such as the Dead Sea or Lake Zabuye.

Archaeocin is the name given to a new type of potentially useful antibiotic that is derived from the Archaea group of organisms. Eight archaeocins have been partially or fully characterized, but hundreds of archaeocins are believed to exist, especially within the haloarchaea. Production of these archaeal proteinaceous antimicrobials is a nearly universal feature of the rod-shaped haloarchaea.

Methanococcoides burtonii is a methylotrophic methanogenic archaeon first isolated from Ace Lake, Antarctica. Its type strain is DSM 6242.

<i>Haloferax volcanii</i> Species of Halobacteria

Haloferax volcanii is a species of organism in the genus Haloferax in the Archaea.

<i>Methanohalophilus mahii</i> Species of archaeon

Methanohalophilus mahii is an obligately anaerobic, methylotrophic, methanogenic cocci-shaped archaeon of the genus Methanohalophilus that can be found in high salinity aquatic environments. The name Methanohalophilus is said to be derived from methanum meaning "methane" in Latin; halo meaning "salt" in Greek; and mahii meaning "of Mah" in Latin, after R.A. Mah, who did substantial amounts of research on aerobic and methanogenic microbes. The proper word in ancient Greek for "salt" is however hals (ἅλς). The specific strain type was designated SLP and is currently the only identified strain of this species.

Halococcus salifodinae is an extremely halophilic archaeon, first isolated in an Austrian salt mine. It is a coccoid cell with pink pigmentation, its type strain being Blp.

Halococcus dombrowskii is an archaeon first isolated from a Permian alpine salt deposit. It is an extremely halophilic coccoid with type strain H4T.

Halobacterium noricense is a halophilic, rod-shaped microorganism that thrives in environments with salt levels near saturation. Despite the implication of the name, Halobacterium is actually a genus of archaea, not bacteria. H. noricense can be isolated from environments with high salinity such as the Dead Sea and the Great Salt Lake in Utah. Members of the Halobacterium genus are excellent model organisms for DNA replication and transcription due to the stability of their proteins and polymerases when exposed to high temperatures. To be classified in the genus Halobacterium, a microorganism must exhibit a membrane composition consisting of ether-linked phosphoglycerides and glycolipids.

Haloferax larsenii is a gram-negative, aerobic, neutrophilic, extremely halophilic archaeon. It was named in honor of Professor Helge Larsen, who pioneered research on halophiles.

Halorhodospira halophila is a species of Halorhodospira distinguished by its ability to grow optimally in an environment of 15–20% salinity. It was formerly called Ectothiorhodospira halophila. It is an anaerobic, rod-shaped Gram-negative bacterium. H. halophila has a flagellum.

Halostagnicola larsenii is a non-motile, aerobic, gram-negative, rod shaped archaeon. It is a halophilic, neutrophilic, chemo-organotroph and was isolated from samples taken from a saline lake in China. The etymology of the name comes from hals, halos Greek for salt, stagnum Latin for a piece of standing water, -cola Latin for inhabitant or dweller, and Larsenii named after the Norwegian microbiologist, Helge Larsen, who was a pioneer in research regarding halophiles.

Acidilobus saccharovorans is a thermoacidophilic species of anaerobic archaea. The species was originally described in 2009 after being isolated from hot springs in Kamchatka.

Haloarcula marismortui is a halophilic archaeon isolated from the Dead Sea.

Salisediminibacterium halotolerans is a gram-positive, alkalitolerant, and halophilic bacterium from the family Bacillaceae and genus of Salisediminibacterium, which was one of three bacterial strains, and the only novel species, isolated from sediments from the Xiarinaoer soda lake in Mongolia in 2012.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zodletone Mountain</span> Mountain in Oklahoma, United States

Zodletone Mountain is a mountain in the United States. It is located in eastern Kiowa County just west of neighboring Caddo County in the southwestern part of the state of Oklahoma. On the northern slope of the mountain is the sulfide-rich and strictly anaerobic artesian Zodletone Spring with a National Science Foundation (NSF) microbial observatory.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Savage, K. N.; Krumholz, L. R.; Oren, A.; Elshahed, M.S. (2007). "Haladaptatus paucihalophilus gen. nov., sp. nov., a halophilic archaeon isolated from a low-salt, sulfide-rich spring". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 57 (1): 19–24. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.64464-0 . PMID   17220434.
  2. 1 2 Youssef, N. H.; Savage-Ashlock, K. N.; McCully, A. L.; Luedtke, B.; Shaw, E. I.; Hoff, W. D.; Elshahed, M. S. (2014). "Trehalose/2-sulfotrehalose biosynthesis and glycine-betaine uptake are widely spread mechanisms for osmoadaptation in the Halobacteriales". The ISME Journal. 8 (3): 636–649. doi:10.1038/ismej.2013.165. PMC   3930309 . PMID   24048226.
  3. ↑ Elshahed, M.S.; Najar, F. Z.; Roe, B. A.; Oren, A.; Dewers, T. A.; Krumholz, L (2004). "Survey of archael diversity reveals an abundance of halophilic Archaea on a low-salt, sulfide- and sulfur-rich spring". Appl Environ Microbiol. 70 (4): 2230–2239. Bibcode:2004ApEnM..70.2230E. doi:10.1128/AEM.70.4.2230-2239.2004. PMC   383155 . PMID   15066817.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Liu, G.; Zhang, M.; Mo, T.; He, L.; Zhang, W.; Yu, Y.; Ding, W. (2015). "Metabolic flux analysis of the halophilic archaeon haladaptatus paucihalophilus". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 467 (4): 1058–1062. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.174. PMID   26441084.
  5. 1 2 3 Markowitzl, Victor M; Chen, I-Min A.; Palaniappan, Krishna; Chu, Ken; Szeto, Ernest; Grechkin, Yuri; Ratner, Anna; Jacob, Biju; Huang, Jinghua; Williams, Peter; Huntemann, Marcel; Anderson, Iain; Marvromatis, Konstantinos; Ivanova, Natalia N.; Kyrpides, Nikos C. "Haladaptatus paucihalophilus DX253". IMG: the integrated microbial genomes database and comparative analysis system. Retrieved 26 April 2016.[ permanent dead link ]
  6. ↑ Sleator, Roy D; Hill, Colin (2002). "Bacterial osmoadaptation: the role of osmolytes in bacterial stress and virulence". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 26 (1): 49–71. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2002.tb00598.x . PMID   12007642.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.