Helvella acetabulum

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Helvella acetabulum
Helvella acetabulum 47980.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Pezizomycetes
Order: Pezizales
Family: Helvellaceae
Genus: Helvella
Species:
H. acetabulum
Binomial name
Helvella acetabulum
(L.) Quél. (1874)
Synonyms [1]

Peziza acetabulumL. (1753)
Octospora acetabulum(L.) Timm (1788)
Peziza sulcataPers. (1801)
Macroscyphus acetabuliformeGray (1821)
Acetabula sulcata(Pers.) Fuckel (1870)
Acetabula vulgarisFuckel (1870)
Paxina acetabulum(L.) Kuntze (1891)
Paxina sulcata(Pers.) Kuntze (1891)

Contents

Helvella acetabulum
Information icon.svg
Smooth icon.pngSmooth hymenium
Infundibuliform cap icon.svg Cap is infundibuliform
NA cap icon.svg Hymenium attachment is not applicable
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Mycorrhizal fungus.svgEcology is mycorrhizal
Mycomorphbox Caution.pngEdibility is not recommended

Helvella acetabulum is a species of fungus in the family Helvellaceae, order Pezizales. This relatively large cup-shaped fungus is characterized by a tan fruit body with prominent branching ribs resembling a cabbage leaf; for this reason it is commonly known as the cabbage leaf Helvella. Other colloquial names include the vinegar cup and the brown ribbed elfin cup. The fruit bodies reaches dimensions of 8 centimetres (3 in) by 4 cm (1+1⁄2 in) tall. It is found in Eurasia and North America, where it grows in sandy soils, under both coniferous and deciduous trees.

Taxonomy

The fungus was first named as Peziza acetabulum by Carl Linnaeus in his 1753 Species Plantarum . [2] It was given its current name by French mycologist Lucien Quélet in 1874 after having been placed in various Peziza segregates: Joachim Christian Timm placed it in Octospora (1788), Samuel Frederick Gray in Macroscyphus (1821), and Leopold Fuckel in Acetabula (1870). The trend continued, with Claude Casimir Gillet with placing it in Aleuria in 1879, and Otto Kuntze in his new Paxina (of which it would later be designated type species) in 1891. [1]

Described independently as Peziza sulcata by Persoon in 1801, it was placed under that name in both Paxina and Acetabula—alongside its precursor as both taxa were still considered separate at the time. [1] Finally, Frederic Clements renamed Acetabula as Phleboscyphus in 1903 and improperly reused Fuckel's name as the basionym of his Phleboscyphus vulgaris. [3]

The specific epithet acetabulum means "little vinegar cup", and was the Latin word for a small vessel used for storing vinegar (see acetabulum). Common names include the "cabbage leaf Helvella", [4] the "vinegar cup", [5] the "ribbed-stalk cup", [6] and the "brown ribbed elfin cup". [7]

Description

Prominent ribs on the outer surface are characteristic Helvella acetabulum.jpg
Prominent ribs on the outer surface are characteristic

Helvella acetabulum has a deeply cup-shaped fruit body (technically an apothecium) that is up to 8 centimetres (3 inches) in diameter, and 4 cm (1+1⁄2 in) deep. [8] The cream-colored stem is typically 1 to 6 cm (1⁄2 to 2+1⁄2 in) tall by 1 to 3 cm (1⁄2 to 1+1⁄4 in) thick, [5] with ribs extending almost to the top of the fruit body. [9] The fruit body's exterior surface is cream-colored towards the stem and may feel subtly grainy near the margin. [8] The inner spore-bearing surface, the hymenium, is brownish [8] and possibly smooth or slightly wavy. The mushroom's odor and taste are not distinctive. [10]

The spores are smooth, elliptical, translucent (hyaline), and contain a single central oil droplet; they have dimensions of 18–20 by 12–14  μm. The spore-bearing cells, the asci, are 350–400 by 15–20 μm, are operculate—meaning they have an apical "lid" that releases the spores. The tips of the asci are inamyloid, so they do not adsorb iodine when stained with Melzer's reagent. [10] The paraphyses are club-shaped, and have a pale brown color, with tips that are up to 10 μm thick. [4]

Similar species

Helvella queletii has a roughly similar form and appearance, but the ribbing in that species does not extend up the margin as does H. acetabulum. [4] H. griseoalba has ribs that extend halfway up the sides of the fruit body, but the color of the cup is pale to dark gray rather than cream. [6] The ribs of H. solitaria and Dissingia leucomelaena barely touch the cap. [8] H. costifera produces similar fruit bodies but has a grayish to grayish-brown hymenium; like H. acetabulum, it has ribs that extend to most of the outside of the fruit body. There are sometimes intermediate forms between the two species, making them difficult to distinguish. [11] H. robusta is also similar to H. acetabulum, but has a lighter-colored hymenium, a robust stem, and the margin of the fruit body is often bent over the stem at maturity. In contrast, H. acetabulum never has the edge of the fruit body bent over the stem, and the stem is "indistinct or prominent, but never robust". [12] Other similar species include H. leucomelaena [13] and Gyromitra perlata . [8]

Distribution and habitat

This fungus is widespread in North America and Europe. [9] In North America, the distribution extends north to Alberta, Canada. [12] In Mexico, it has been collected from State of Mexico, Guanajuato, Guerrero, and Tlaxcala. [14] It is also found in Israel, [15] Jordan, [16] Turkey, [17] Iran [18] China (Xinjiang) [19] and Japan. [20]

The fruit bodies grows solitary, scattered, or clustered together on soil in both coniferous and deciduous woods, typically in spring and summer. [5] A preference for growing in association with coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) has been noted for Californian populations. [21]

Potential toxicity

Although the edibility of the fruit bodies is often listed as "unknown", [21] [22] consumption of this fungus is not recommended as similar species in the family Helvellaceae contain varying levels of monomethylhydrazine (MMH). [23] Although MMH can be removed by boiling in a well-ventilated area, consumption of any MMH-producing mushroom is not advisable (as with G. esculenta ). Roger Phillips lists the species as poisonous. [24]

Related Research Articles

<i>Helvella crispa</i> Species of fungus

Helvella crispa, also known as the fluted white elfin saddle, white saddle, elfin saddle or common helvel, is an ascomycete fungus of the family Helvellaceae. The mushroom is readily identified by its irregularly shaped whitish cap, fluted stem, and fuzzy undersurfaces. It is found in eastern North America and in Europe, near deciduous trees in summer and autumn.

<i>Sarcoscypha coccinea</i> Species of fungus

Sarcoscypha coccinea, commonly known as the scarlet elf cup, or the scarlet cup, is a species of fungus in the family Sarcoscyphaceae of the order Pezizales. The fungus, widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, has been found in Africa, Asia, Europe, North and South America, and Australia. The type species of the genus Sarcoscypha, S. coccinea has been known by many names since its first appearance in the scientific literature in 1772. Phylogenetic analysis shows the species to be most closely related to other Sarcoscypha species that contain numerous small oil droplets in their spores, such as the North Atlantic island species S. macaronesica. Due to similar physical appearances and sometimes overlapping distributions, S. coccinea has often been confused with S. occidentalis, S. austriaca, and S. dudleyi.

<i>Paragyromitra infula</i> Species of fungus

Paragyromitra infula, commonly known as the hooded false morel or the elfin saddle, is a species of fungus in the family Discinaceae. The dark reddish-brown caps of the fruit bodies develop a characteristic saddle-shape in maturity, and the ends of both saddle lobes are drawn out to sharp tips that project above the level of the fruit body. The stipe is white or flushed pale brown, smooth on the outside, but hollow with some chambers inside.

<i>Helvella</i> Genus of fungi

Helvella is a genus of ascomycete fungus of the family Helvellaceae. The mushrooms, commonly known as elfin saddles, are identified by their irregularly shaped caps, fluted stems, and fuzzy undersurfaces. They are found in North America and in Europe. Well known species include the whitish H. crispa and the grey H. lacunosa. They have been reported to cause gastrointestinal symptoms when eaten raw.

<i>Helvella lacunosa</i> Species of fungus

Helvella lacunosa, known as the slate grey saddle or fluted black elfin saddle in North America, simply as the elfin saddle in Britain, is an ascomycete fungus of the family Helvellaceae. It is one of the most common species in the genus Helvella. The mushroom is readily identified by its irregularly shaped grey cap, fluted stem, and fuzzy undersurfaces. It is usually found in Eastern North America and in Europe, near deciduous and coniferous trees in summer and autumn.

<i>Peziza violacea</i> Species of fungus

Peziza violacea, commonly known as the violet fairy cup or the violet cup fungus, is a species of fungus in the genus Peziza of the family Pezizaceae. As both it common names and specific epithet suggest, the cup-shaped fruiting bodies are violet colored on the interior surface. P. violacea is typically found growing on burnt soil.

<i>Geopyxis carbonaria</i> Species of fungus

Geopyxis carbonaria is a species of fungus in the genus Geopyxis, family Pyronemataceae. First described to science in 1805, and given its current name in 1889, the species is commonly known as the charcoal loving elf-cup, dwarf acorn cup, stalked bonfire cup, or pixie cup. The small, goblet-shaped fruitbodies of the fungus are reddish-brown with a whitish fringe and measure up to 2 centimetres across. They have a short, tapered stalk.

<i>Chorioactis</i> Genus of fungi that contains the single species Chorioactis geaster

Chorioactis is a genus of fungi that contains the single species Chorioactis geaster. The mushroom is commonly known as the devil's cigar or the Texas star in the United States, while in Japan it is called kirinomitake (キリノミタケ). This extremely rare mushroom is notable for its unusual appearance and disjunct distribution; it is found only in select locales in Texas and Japan. The fruit body, which grows on the stumps or dead roots of cedar elms or dead oaks, somewhat resembles a dark brown or black cigar before it splits open radially into a starlike arrangement of four to seven leathery rays. The interior surface of the fruit body bears the spore-bearing tissue known as the hymenium, and is colored white to brown, depending on its age. The fruit body opening can be accompanied by a distinct hissing sound and the release of a smoky cloud of spores.

<i>Caloscypha</i> Genus of fungi

Caloscypha is a fungal genus in the family Caloscyphaceae. A monotypic genus, it contains the single species Caloscypha fulgens, commonly known as the snowbank orange peel fungus, spring orange peel fungus, the golden cup, or the dazzling cup. It is a cup fungus, typically up to 4 centimetres in diameter, with a bright to pale orange interior and orange; specimens that are old or bruised often have an olive-green discoloration, especially around the edges.

<i>Helvella corium</i> Species of fungus

Helvella corium is a species of fungus in the family Helvellaceae of the order Pezizales. This inedible cup-shaped fungus is black, and grows on the ground often near willows in deciduous or mixed forests.

<i>Helvella elastica</i> Species of fungus

Helvella elastica, commonly known as the flexible Helvella or the elastic saddle, is a species of fungus in the family Helvellaceae of the order Pezizales. It is found in Asia, Europe, and North America. It has a roughly saddle-shaped yellow-brown cap atop a whitish stipe, and grows on soil in woods. Another colloquial name is the brown elfin saddle.

<i>Dissingia leucomelaena</i> Species of fungus

Dissingia leucomelaena, commonly known as the white-footed elf cup, is a species of fungus in the family Helvellaceae of the order Pezizales. As its common name implies, it is characterized by the white coloring of its stem.

<i>Helvella macropus</i> Species of fungus

Helvella macropus is a species of fungus in the family Helvellaceae of the order Pezizales. Its ascocarps are found in summer and autumn in woodland, usually associated with broad-leaved trees.

<i>Helvella costifera</i> Species of fungus

Helvella costifera is a species of fungus in the family Helvellaceae, Pezizales order. Its ascocarp has conspicuous ribs on its undersurface.

<i>Sarcosphaera</i> Genus of fungi

Sarcosphaera is a fungal genus within the Pezizaceae family. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Sarcosphaera coronaria, commonly known as the pink crown, the violet crown-cup, or the violet star cup. Although several taxa have been described as Sarcosphaera species since the introduction of the genus in 1869, most lack modern descriptions, have been transferred to the related genus Peziza, or are considered synonymous with S. coronaria.

<i>Plectania nannfeldtii</i> Species of fungus

Plectania nannfeldtii, commonly known as Nannfeldt's Plectania, the black felt cup, or the black snowbank cup fungus, is a species of fungus in the family Sarcosomataceae. The fruit bodies of this species resemble small, black, goblet-shaped shallow cups up to 3 cm wide, with stems up to 4 cm long attached to black mycelia. Fruit bodies, which may appear alone or in groups on the ground in conifer duff, are usually attached to buried woody debris, and are commonly associated with melting snow. Plectania nannfeldtii is found in western North America and in Asia, often at higher elevations. Similar black cup fungi with which P. nannfeldtii may be confused include Pseudoplectania vogesiaca, P. nigrella, and Helvella corium.

<i>Sarcoscypha occidentalis</i> Species of fungus

Sarcoscypha occidentalis, commonly known as the stalked scarlet cup or the western scarlet cup, is a species of fungus in the family Sarcoscyphaceae of the Pezizales order. Phylogenetic analysis has shown that it is most closely related to other Sarcoscypha species that contain large oil droplets in their spores. S. occidentalis has an imperfect form, classified as Molliardiomyces occidentalis.

<i>Sarcoscypha dudleyi</i> Species of fungus

Sarcoscypha dudleyi, commonly known as the crimson cup or the scarlet cup, is a species of fungus in the family Sarcoscyphaceae of the order Pezizales. It has been frequently confused with Sarcoscypha coccinea, but can be distinguished from this and other related species in Sarcoscypha by differences in microscopic characteristics, such as the presence and number of oil droplets in the spores. An imperfect form of the fungus, lacking a sexually reproductive stage in its life cycle, is classified as the species Molliardiomyces dudleyi.

<i>Galiella rufa</i> Species of fungus

Galiella rufa, commonly known as the rubber cup, the rufous rubber cup, or the hairy rubber cup, is a species of fungus in the family Sarcosomataceae. It produces cup-shaped fruit bodies with the texture of tough, gelatinous rubber, with a rough, blackish-brown, felt-like outer surface and a smooth reddish-brown inner surface.

<i>Helvella compressa</i> Species of fungus

Helvella compressa, also known as the compressed elfin saddle, is a species of ascomycete "sac fungus" related to the Peziza cups. Helvella compressa is endemic to North America west of the Rocky Mountains. According to David Arora, H. compressa "seems to be the most common" of the non-fluted Helvellas found in California. Helvella compressa is possibly also present in China and Tibet.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Helvella acetabulum (L.) Quél". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
  2. ↑ Linnaeus C. (1753). Species Plantarum (in Latin). Vol. 2 (1 ed.). Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. p. 1181.
  3. ↑ Clements, Frederic E. (1903). "Nova Ascomycetum Genera Speciesque". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club (in Latin). 30 (2): 83–94. doi:10.2307/2478878. hdl: 2027/hvd.32044106398282 . JSTOR   2478878.
  4. 1 2 3 Tylutki EE. (1979). Mushrooms of Idaho and the Pacific Northwest. Moscow, ID: University Press of Idaho. p. 74. ISBN   0-89301-062-6.
  5. 1 2 3 McKnight VB, McKnight KH (1987). A Field Guide to Mushrooms, North America. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 43–4. ISBN   0-395-91090-0.
  6. 1 2 Bessette AE, Roody WC, Bessette AR (2007). Mushrooms of the Southeastern United States. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. p. 300. ISBN   978-0-8156-3112-5.
  7. ↑ Arora D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi . Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. p.  807. ISBN   0-89815-169-4.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Audubon (2023). Mushrooms of North America. Knopf. p. 27. ISBN   978-0-593-31998-7.
  9. 1 2 Orr DB, Orr RT (1979). Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 29–30. ISBN   0-520-03656-5.
  10. 1 2 Jordan M. (2004). The Encyclopedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe. London, UK: Frances Lincoln. p. 52. ISBN   0-7112-2379-3.
  11. ↑ Calonge FD, Arroyo I (1990). "Notes on the genus Helvella in Spain". Mycotaxon. 39: 203–17.
  12. 1 2 Abbott SP, Currah RS (1988). "The genus Helvella in Alberta". Mycotaxon. 33: 229–50.
  13. ↑ Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 395–396. ISBN   978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC   797915861.
  14. ↑ Vite-Garín TM, Villarruel-Ordaz JL, Cifuentes-Blanco J (2006). "Contribución al conocimineto del género Helvella (Ascomycota: Pezizales) en México: descriptión de especies poco conocidas" [Contribution to the study of the genus Helvella (Ascomycota : Pezizales) in Mexico: description of poorly known species]. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad (in Spanish). 77 (2): 143–51.
  15. ↑ Barseghyan GS, Wasser SP (2008). "Species diversity of the genera Morchella St. Amans and Helvella L. ex St. Amans (Ascomycota, Pezizales) in Israeli mycobiota". Nova Hedwigia. 87 (3–4): 315–36. doi:10.1127/0029-5035/2008/0087-0315.
  16. ↑ Natour RM. (2006). Mushrooms of Jordan. Higher Council of Science and Technology. p. 20.
  17. ↑ Gezer K, Fatma T, Turkoglu A (2008). "Macrofungi of Karci Mountain (Denizli, Turkey)". Turkish Journal of Botany. 32 (1): 91–6. ISSN   1300-008X.
  18. ↑ Asef MR, Ozzar A, Siami A (2010). "Helvella acetabulum, a new record from Iran". Rostaniha. 11 (2): 199–200.
  19. ↑ Zhuang WY. (2004). "Preliminary survey of the Helvellaceae from Xinjiang, China". Mycotaxon. 90 (1): 35–42.
  20. ↑ Nagao H. (2002). "Fungal flora in Chiba Pref., central Japan (III) Ascomycetes: Plectomycetes and Discomycetes". Journal of the Natural History Museum and Institute Chiba (in Japanese). 5: 111–32.
  21. 1 2 Wood M, Stevens F. "Helvella acetabulum". California Fungi. MycoWeb. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
  22. ↑ Metzler V, Metzler S (1992). Texas Mushrooms: A Field Guide. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. p. 325. ISBN   0-292-75126-5.
  23. ↑ McClintock ER, Fuller TH (1986). Poisonous Plants of California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p.  32. ISBN   0-520-05569-1.
  24. ↑ Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 367. ISBN   978-1-55407-651-2.

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