Hispaniolan mango

Hispaniolan mango
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) [1]
CITES Appendix II (CITES) [2]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Class:	Aves
Clade:	Strisores
Order:	Apodiformes
Family:	Trochilidae
Genus:	Anthracothorax
Species:	A. dominicus
Binomial name
Anthracothorax dominicus (Linnaeus, 1766)
Synonyms
Trochilus dominicusLinnaeus, 1766

The Hispaniolan mango (Anthracothorax dominicus) is a species of hummingbird in the subfamily Polytminae. It is endemic to the Caribbean island of Hispaniola (in both the Dominican Republic and Haiti). ^{[3] [4]}

Taxonomy and systematics

The Hispaniolan mango was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1766 in the twelfth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Trochilus dominicus. ^[5] Linnaeus based his description on the "colibry de S. Domingue" that was described and illustrated by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760. ^[6] The type locality is in the Dominican Republic on the island of Hispaniola (and not the island of Dominica). ^[7] The Antillean mango is now placed in the genus Anthracothorax that was introduced by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie in 1831. ^{[8] [3]}

From about 1945, some taxonomic systems treated what are now the Hispaniolan mango and the Puerto Rican mango (Anthracothorax aurulentus) as subspecies of the "Antillean mango" under the same binomial, A. dominicus, as the current species. BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) treated the two as separate species as early as 2003 and called A. dominicus the "Hispaniolan mango". The American Ornithological Society (AOS), the International Ornithological Committee (IOC), and the Clements taxonomy followed suit in 2022. ^{[4] [9] [3] [10]}

Female Antillean mango, Dominican Republic

Description

Hispaniolan mangoes are 11.5 to 13.5 cm (4.5 to 5.3 in) long; males weigh 6.0 to 8.2 g (0.21 to 0.29 oz) and females 4.0 to 7.0 g (0.14 to 0.25 oz). Adult males have shiny bronze-green upperparts. The chin and throat are metallic green and the rest of the underparts velvety black with a bluish tinge. The tail is mostly violet; the inner webs of the feathers are coppery and the tips blue-black. The female's upperparts are also shiny bronze-green. Its underparts are grayish lightening to pale white on the abdomen. The tail is reddish violet with broad black marks near the end; the outermost feathers have white tips. The juvenile is thought to be like the female but with a black line down the center of the underparts. ^[11]

Distribution and habitat

The Hispaniolan mango is found throughout Hispaniola and several of its small offshore islands. It inhabits a variety of both moist and dry landscapes including clearings, gardens, shade coffee plantations, secondary forest, and coastal shrublands. It occurs generally below 1,500 m (4,900 ft) but is found (though rarely) as high as 2,600 m (8,500 ft).

Behavior

Movements

The Hispaniolan mango is resident throughout its range. ^[11]

Feeding

The Hispaniolan mango feeds on both nectar and arthropods, though details are not well known. It takes nectar from a wide variety of flowering plants and males defend nectar-rich territories. Insects are mostly taken on the wing and spiders from leaves and bark. It forages as high as 20 m (66 ft) above the ground. ^[11] The species is the primary pollinator for the flowers Heliconia bihai and H. caribaea . ^{[12] [13]}

Breeding

The Hispaniolan mango's breeding phenology has not been studied; most information is anecdotal. It is believed to breed at any time of the year. The nest is a cup of soft plant fibers bound with spider silk and covered on the outside with lichens and bark flakes. It is usually placed in a tree or shrubs. The clutch size is two eggs.

Songs and calls Listen to Antillean mango on xeno-canto

Vocalization

The Hispaniolan mango is thought to be mostly silent, and its song has not been described. The calls include "a repeated short tsip" and "a high-pitched liquid trill". ^[11]

Status

The IUCN has assessed the Hispaniolan mango as being of Least Concern, though its population size and trend are not known. ^[1] It generally common in coastal areas and is abundant in dry areas. It has been extirpated from some small offshore islands. ^[11]

References

1. BirdLife International (2016). "Antillean Mango Anthracothorax dominicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T22725737A94901288. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22725737A94901288.en . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
2. "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
3. Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (August 2022). "Hummingbirds". IOC World Bird List. v 12.2. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
4. HBW and BirdLife International (2021) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 6. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v6_Dec21.zip retrieved August 7, 2022
5. Linnaeus, Carl (1766). Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (12th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 191.
6. Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 3. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. pp. 672–373, Plate 35 fig 4.
7. Peters, James Lee, ed. (1945). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 26.
8. Boie, Friedrich (1831). "Bemerkungen über Species und einige ornithologische Familien und Sippen". Isis von Oken (in German). 24. Cols 538–548 [545].
9. "Check-list of North and Middle American Birds". American Ornithological Society. August 2022. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
10. Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2022. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2022. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved November 10, 2022
11. Kirwan, G. M., J. del Hoyo, K.L. Schuchmann, N. Collar, and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). Antillean Mango (Anthracothorax dominicus), version 2.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.antman1.02 retrieved January 18, 2022
12. "Hispaniolan Mango (Anthracothorax dominicus)". www.hbw.com. doi:10.2173/bow.antman1.02. S2CID   241472881 . Retrieved 2019-05-25.
13. Martén-Rodríguez, Silvana (December 2011). "Plant–pollinator interactions and floral convergence in two species of Heliconia from the Caribbean Islands". Oecologia. 167 (4): 1075–1083. Bibcode:2011Oecol.167.1075M. doi:10.1007/s00442-011-2043-8. PMID   21792557. S2CID   7713862.