History of the University of Chicago

The University of Chicago was an entirely new university founded in 1891, using the same name as a defunct school founded in the 1850s which closed in 1886. See Old University of Chicago. Supporters of a new university raised money, selected a new campus in Hyde Park, and opened its doors in 1890. Most of the original financing came from oil magnate John D. Rockefeller, and the American Baptist Education Society The new university had a dynamic young president William Rainey Harper. Classes began in 1892. The goal ever since then has been to build a world-class university covering all fields of study with an emphasis on advanced research and scholarship.

Major educational reforms were instituted during the tenure of the university's fifth president Robert Maynard Hutchins during the 1930s and 1940s, including the creation of the university's Common Core curriculum for undergraduates.

Recently, the university has begun major campus expansion projects.

Founding

John D. Rockefeller funded the University of Chicago along with the American Baptist Education Society.

John Boyer notes that the key promoters Frederick Gates and Thomas Goodspeed: ^[1]

in 1888 and 1889, were acutely aware of the misery and public humiliation that had accompanied the collapse of the first institution, having had considerable difficulty raising the $400,000 needed to match John D. Rockefeller’s historic offer of $600,000 to re- create a first- rate Baptist college in Chicago.

The University of Chicago's Hyde Park campus began in 1890 through the efforts of the American Baptist Education Society and oil magnate John D. Rockefeller, who later called it "the best investment I ever made." ^[2] The University of Chicago held its first classes there on October 1, 1892. ^[3] The original tract of land, comprising the current main quads, was donated by Marshall Field, owner of the Marshall Field and Company department store. Other rich Chicagoans donated cash to match Rockefeller's offer. Martin A. Ryerson (1856–1932) served as the president of the board of trustees of the University from 1892 to 1922. He donated over $2 million to the university, including $350,000 for the construction of the Ryerson Physical Laboratory and he endowed the Martin A. Ryerson Distinguished Service Professorship in 1925. ^[4]

The modern university replaced the defunct institution of the same name; to avoid confusion it was legally renamed Old University of Chicago. Graduates of the Old Chicago University were later assimilated into the ranks of the alumni of the University of Chicago.

The university's founding was part of a wave of research university foundings that started with Cornell University (1865) and Johns Hopkins University (1876) emulating the research-oriented German universities such as the Humboldt University of Berlin. ^[5] Incorporated in 1890, the university dates its founding as July 1, 1891, when young William Rainey Harper became its first president. The first classes were held on October 1, 1892, with an enrollment of 594 men and women and a faculty of 120, including eight former college presidents. ^[6]

Westward migration, population growth, and industrialization had led to an increasing need for elite schools away from the East Coast, especially schools that would focus on issues vital to national development. Rockefeller ultimately chose Chicago. His choice reflected his strong desire to realize Thomas Jefferson's dream of a natural meritocracy's rise to prominence, determined by talent rather than familial heritage. Rockefeller's early fiscal emphasis on the physics department showed his pragmatic, yet deeply intellectual, desires for the school.

Ryerson Physical Laboratory, located on the Main Quadrangles.

William Rainey Harper was an accomplished scholar of religion and a Baptist clergyman. He believed that a great university should maintain the study of faith as a central focus, to prepare students for careers in teaching and research and ministers for service to the church and community. ^[7] As per this commitment, he brought the Morgan Park Seminary of the Baptist Theological Union to Hyde Park, and the Divinity School was thus founded in 1891 as the first professional school at the new University. Although founded under Baptist auspices, the University of Chicago has never had a sectarian affiliation. The business school was founded thereafter in 1898, ^[8] and the law school was founded in 1902. ^[9] Harper died in 1906, ^[10] and was replaced by a succession of three presidents whose tenures lasted until 1929. ^[11] During this period, the Oriental Institute was founded to support and interpret archeological work in the Near East. ^[12]

Like the other research universities at the time, the University of Chicago thus came to revolve around a number of graduate research institutions, following Germanic precedent. The College of the University of Chicago remained quite small compared to its East Coast peers such as Harvard, Yale and Princeton, until around the middle of the 20th century. The undergraduate school paid the graduate students for much of the teaching, and thereby provided tuition money to fund the graduate programs. As a result, the graduate population of the university dwarfs the undergraduate population 2:1 to this day, while the university's undergraduate student body remains the third smallest amongst the top 10 national universities. The student-to-faculty ratio is 4:1, one of the lowest amongst national universities, and nearly all faculty members teach undergraduate courses. ^{[13] [14]}

The school's traditions of rigorous scholarship were established primarily by presidents Harper and Robert Maynard Hutchins. Chicago opened its door to women and minorities from the very beginning, a time when they seldom had access to other leading universities. It was the first major university to enroll women on an equal basis with men, ^[15] as well as the first major, predominantly white university to offer a black professor a tenured position, in 1947. ^[16]

Presidency of Robert Hutchins

During his presidency, Robert Maynard Hutchins met with the president of academic rival Northwestern University to discuss the future of the two institutions through the Depression and the looming war. Hutchins concluded that, in order to secure the future of both universities, it was in the best interest of both for the two campuses to merge as the "Universities of Chicago", with Northwestern's campus serving as the site for undergraduate education and the Hyde Park campus serving as the graduate studies campus. President Hutchins' vision for what he hoped would become the preeminent university in the world eventually faltered amidst opposition from several groups, most notably Northwestern's medical faculty. Hutchins called the episode "one of the lost opportunities of American education." ^[17]

Starting in the 1930s, the university conducted a more successful experiment on the college. To make the university a preeminent undergraduate academic institution, administrators decided to implement President Hutchins' philosophy of secular perennialism. This led to the innovation of the common core, an educational strategy in which students read original source materials rather than textbooks, and discuss them in small groups using the Socratic method rather than a lecture approach. ^[18] The common core is still an important feature of Chicago's undergraduate education. In addition to pioneering this new undergraduate curriculum, the university took steps to eliminate "distractions" such as varsity sports, fraternities, and religious organizations. This attracted free-thinkers such as Carl Sagan and Kurt Vonnegut to the university. The university succeeded in eliminating all varsity sports for 20 years and all but five fraternities, although three of the eliminated fraternities were re-chartered in the 1980s.

Science at Chicago

The University of Chicago made contributions to 20th century science. In 1909, Professor Robert Andrews Millikan performed the oil-drop experiment in the Ryerson Physical Laboratory on the university campus. ^[19] This experiment allowed Millikan to calculate the charge of an electron and paved the way for the theory of quantum mechanics in the 1940s. The American Physical Society now designates Ryerson Laboratory a historic physics site. ^[20]

As part of the Manhattan Project, University of Chicago chemists, led by Glenn T. Seaborg, began to study the newly manufactured radioactive element plutonium. The George Herbert Jones Laboratory was the site where, for the first time, a trace quantity of this new element was isolated and measured in September 1942. This procedure enabled chemists to determine the new element's atomic weight. Room 405 of the building was named a National Historic Landmark in May 1967. ^[21]

On December 2, 1942, scientists achieved the world's first self-sustained nuclear reaction at a university athletic field known as Stagg Field under the direction of professor Enrico Fermi. A sculpture by Henry Moore marks the spot, now deemed a National Historic Landmark, where the nuclear reaction took place. The original Stagg Field has since been demolished to make way for the Regenstein Library.

Other scientific discoveries that have taken place at the University of Chicago include:

• The technique of radiocarbon dating, developed in 1949 by Willard Libby and his team during his tenure as a professor at the university. Libby was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1960 for this discovery. ^[22]
• The discovery of the atmosphere's jet stream.^{[ citation needed ]}
• The discovery of REM sleep. ^[23]
• The discovery of synchronized menstrual cycles^{[ citation needed ]}
• The famous Miller–Urey experiment, considered to be the classic experiment on the origin of life. ^[24]
• The development of Agent Orange, a highly-toxic herbicide that would gain notoriety for its use during the Malayan Emergency and the Vietnam War. ^[25]
• The prediction of white dwarfs and black holes by Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1983. ^[26]

Arts at Chicago

The Rockefeller Chapel, the tallest structure on campus.

Although the University of Chicago is better known for its academic and scientific achievements, its students and faculty have also made significant contributions to the arts. In 1955, the University of Chicago became the birthplace of improvisational comedy with the formation of the undergraduate comedy troupe, the Compass Players. ^[27] In 1959, alumnus Paul Sills, who many consider the father of improvisational theater, founded The Second City along with Bernard Sahlins, also a graduate of the university. Since its founding, The Second City Theater has inspired other comedy troupes such as Saturday Night Live, as well as serving as an incubator for artists such as Alan Arkin, Mike Nichols, Harold Ramis, Bill Murray, Mike Myers, Stephen Colbert, Tina Fey, Jack McBrayer, and Steve Carell. ^[28]

In 1964, Professor Ralph Shapey founded the University of Chicago Contemporary Chamber Players, one of the oldest and most successful professional new music groups in the nation. The Contemporary Chamber Players, also known as "contempo", has given over eighty world premieres of established and emerging composers. ^[29]

While teaching on the Committee on Social Thought, Professor Saul Bellow wrote several best-selling novels, including Herzog in 1964 and Humboldt's Gift in 1975, for which he was awarded the 1976 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and Nobel Prize in Literature. ^[30]

The University of Chicago also founded the Renaissance Society in 1915, which is devoted to the exhibition of contemporary art. The Society's 1934 exhibition of Alexander Calder's "mobiles" and its 1936 survey of paintings and drawings by Fernand Léger were the first solo exhibitions of these artists in the United States. ^[31]

The Smart Museum was established in 1974 in association with the University of Chicago's Art History department. It was endowed by David A. Smart and his brother Alfred Smart. In 1983, the museum became a separate unit of the university devoted to serving the entire community, including educational outreach activities in local public schools. In 2000 it completed a $2 million renovation.

1950s–1980s

In the early 1950s, student applications declined as a result of increasing crime and poverty in the Hyde Park neighborhood. In response, the university became a major sponsor of a controversial urban renewal project for Hyde Park, which profoundly affected both the neighborhood's architecture and street plan. For details of this urban renewal effort, see Hyde Park. ^[32]

Snell and Hitchcock Halls, the oldest residence halls still in use on campus

The Spring 1958 edition of the university's literary journal the Chicago Review , edited by Irving Rosenthal and Paul Carroll, published excerpts from William S. Burroughs’ experimental novel Naked Lunch. The university was criticized for publishing fiction deemed obscene by a columnist in the Chicago Daily News and suppressed the Winter 1959 issue, which contained more material from the Naked Lunch manuscript. The university administration fired Rosenthal and Carroll, who regarded the university's attempt at suppressing Naked Lunch as censorship. ^[33]

The university experienced its share of student unrest during the 1960s, beginning in 1962, when students occupied President George Beadle's office in a protest over the university's off-campus rental policies. In 1969, more than 400 students, angry about the dismissal of a popular professor, Marlene Dixon, occupied the Administration Building for two weeks. After the sit-in ended, when Dixon turned down a one-year reappointment, 42 students were expelled and 81 were suspended, ^[34] the most severe response to student occupations of any American university during the student movement. ^[35]

In 1978, Hanna Holborn Gray, then the provost of Yale University, became President of the University of Chicago, the first woman ever to serve as the full president of a major research university.^{[ citation needed ]}

1990s–present

Max Palevsky Residential Commons, an undergraduate dormitory that opened in 2002.

In 1990, the Consortium on Chicago School Research (CCSR) was created after the passage of the Chicago School Reform Act that decentralized governance of the city's public schools. Researchers at the University of Chicago joined with researchers from Chicago Public Schools and other organizations to form CCSR with the imperative to study this landmark restructuring and its long-term effects. Since then CCSR has undertaken research on many of Chicago's school reform efforts, some of which have been embraced by other cities as well. Thus, CCSR studies have also informed broader national movements in public education.

On May 21, 1991, Divinity School professor Ioan P. Culianu was assassinated in a bathroom stall on the third floor of Swift Hall. ^[36]

In 1999, then-President Hugo Sonnenschein announced plans to relax the university's famed core curriculum, reducing the number of required courses from 21 to 15. When The New York Times , The Economist , and other major news outlets picked up this story, the university became the focal point of a national debate on education. The changes were ultimately implemented, but the controversy led to President Sonnenschein's resignation in 2000.

In 2006, the University of Chicago's Oriental Institute became the center of controversy when U.S. federal courts ruled to seize and auction its valuable collection of ancient Persian artifacts, the proceeds of which would go to compensate the victims of a 1997 bombing in Jerusalem that the United States believes was funded by Iran.^{[ citation needed ]} The ruling threatens the university's invaluable collection of ancient clay tablets held by the Oriental Institute since the 1930s but officially owned by Iran.^{[ citation needed ]}

The quadrangles of the University of Chicago were modeled after Oxford and Cambridge universities.

In 2007, the University of Chicago received a $35 million donation from David and Reva Logan to be used toward the construction of the Reva and David Logan Center for the Arts. The new arts center "will be a venue for the artistic expression and multidisciplinary inquiry, performance and production of our faculty and students", said President Robert Zimmer in his May 3 note. The building was constructed next to Midway Studios, which was the personal residence and studio for sculptor Lorado Taft. The university selected the firm of Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects to design the center. ^[37]

Later in 2007, the University of Chicago received a donation of $100 million from anonymous donor known only as "Homer". The donation will be used as the cornerstone of a $400 million undergraduate student aid initiative. Beginning in the fall of 2008, students became eligible for enhanced financial aid packages called Odyssey Scholarships, which aim to eliminate student loans entirely among students whose annual family income is less than $75,000 and to eliminate half the student loan packages among students whose annual family income is between $75,000 and $90,000. The College expected nearly a quarter of the entire College population to benefit from the program. ^[38]

In 2008, the University of Chicago announced plans to establish the Milton Friedman Institute. Friedman, a Nobel Laureate in economics, received his A.M. in economics from the university in 1933 and was a professor at the University of Chicago for over thirty years. The institute will cost around $200 million and occupy the buildings of the Chicago Theological Seminary. Some faculty members and students signed petition against these plans. ^[39] During the same year, investor David G. Booth donated $300 million to the university's Graduate School of Business, which is the largest gift in the university's history and the largest gift ever to any business school. ^[40]

Also in 2008, the University of Chicago and particularly its surrounding neighborhood of Hyde Park attracted international media attention because of former Law School lecturer Barack Obama's election as President of the United States. ^[41]

See also

• List of University of Chicago people
• Chicago school of economics
  • Becker Friedman Institute for Research in Economics, since 2011
  • Milton Friedman Institute for Research in Economics, 2008-2011
• Chicago school (sociology)
• Committee on Social Thought, interdisciplinary intellectual history, since 1941
• Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice
• The Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, West Asia & North Africa (ISAC); before 2023 it was "the Oriental Institute," established in 1919.
• Pritzker School of Medicine
  • University of Chicago Medical Center
• Regenstein Library, the main library since 1970.
  • University of Chicago Graduate Library School, 1928-1989, now closed
• Smart Museum of Art
  • Renaissance Society, art museum on campus; since 1915, an independent affiliate
• University of Chicago Booth School of Business
• University of Chicago Divinity School
• University of Chicago Hong Kong, since 2018
• University of Chicago Laboratory Schools, for pre-K to grade 12
• University of Chicago Law School
• Harris School of Public Policy
• University of Chicago Press
  • List of University of Chicago Press journals

References

1. John W. Boyer, The University of Chicago: A History (2015) , p. 7.
2. "A Brief History of the University of Chicago". The University of Chicago. 2000. Retrieved April 30, 2006.
3. Robertson, David Allan (1918). The Quarter-Centennial Celebration of the University of Chicago, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
4. Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz, Culture and the City: Cultural Philanthropy in Chicago from the 1880s to 1917 (1976) p. 234.
5. John R. Thelin, A history of American higher education (JHU Press, 2011) pp 110-135.
6. "History and Purpose of the University of Chicago". The University of Chicago. Retrieved September 3, 2006.
7. "History and Mission, The University of Chicago Divinity School". Archived from the original on June 7, 2016. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
8. "Chicago Booth History". University of Chicago Booth School of Business. Archived from the original on June 2, 2009. Retrieved September 8, 2009.
9. "History of the Law School". University of Chicago Law School. Retrieved September 8, 2009.
10. "History of the Office:William Rainey Harper". University of Chicago. Archived from the original on October 28, 2009. Retrieved September 8, 2009.
11. "History of the Office". University of Chicago. Archived from the original on September 12, 2009. Retrieved September 8, 2009.
12. "A Brief History of the Oriental Institute". The Oriental Institute. Since its establishment in 1919, The Oriental Institute has sponsored archaeological and survey expeditions in every country of the Near East.
13. "Best 361 College Rankings: University of Chicago summary". The Princeton Review (registration required). Retrieved August 20, 2006.
14. "College Closeup: University of Chicago". Peterson's. Archived from the original on March 10, 2007. Retrieved August 19, 2006.
15. Barron's Profiles of American Colleges. Barron's. 1986. p. 253. The University of Chicago was founded in 1890 as a private, independent institution, and was the first major university to accept women as students on an equal basis with men.
16. "Ranking America's Leading Universities on Their Success in Integrating African Americans". The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. Archived from the original on July 1, 2006. Retrieved June 27, 2006.
17. "The deal that almost was: 'The Universities of Chicago'". Northwestern University. Archived from the original on May 13, 2006. Retrieved June 9, 2006.
18. Hutchins, Robert Maynard (1954). Great Books: The Foundation of a Liberal Education, New York: Simon & Schuster.
19. "Historical Sketch, 1893–1986". The University of Chicago Department of Physics. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008. Retrieved July 21, 2009.
20. "American Physical Society to commemorate University of Chicago as historic physics site in honor of Nobel laureate Robert Millikan". The University of Chicago News Office.
21. "Room 405, George Herbert Jones Laboratory". National Park Service. Archived from the original on July 16, 2009. Retrieved September 9, 2006.
22. "Radiocarbon Web Info" . Retrieved August 10, 2009.
23. Lamberg, Lynne (January 2, 2004). "'53 REM Discovery Launched Study of Sleep Disorders". Psychiatric News. p. 22. Archived from the original on June 6, 2009. Retrieved August 10, 2009.
24. "Miller/Urey Experiment". Archived from the original on August 21, 2009. Retrieved August 10, 2009.
25. Bruce Cumings (1998). The Global Politics of Pesticides: Forging Consensus from Conflicting Interests. Earthscan. p. 61.
26. Chandrasekhar, Subramanyan. "Subramanyan Chandrasekhar" . Retrieved August 10, 2009.
27. "Some students walk into a bar..." The University of Chicago Magazine. October 2005. Retrieved April 30, 2006.
28. "Paul Sills, father of Second City improv, dies at 80". Chicago Tribune. 2008. Retrieved June 3, 2008.
29. "contempo". The University of Chicago. 2008. Retrieved June 3, 2008.
30. Slater, Elinor; Robert Slater (1996). "Saul Bellow: Winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature". Great Jewish Men. Jonathan David Company. p. 42. ISBN   0-8246-0381-8 . Retrieved June 11, 2008.
31. "The Renaissance Society". The Renaissance Society. 2008. Archived from the original on April 15, 2013. Retrieved June 3, 2008.
32. Boyer, John W. "The Kind of University That We Desire to Become", Annual Report to the Faculty of the College (October 28, 2008). Excerpt available online at: https://www.uchicago.edu/pdfs/boyer_report.pdf Archived September 1, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
33. Brennan, Gerald E. "Naked Censorship: The True Story of the University of Chicago and William S. Burroughs's Naked Lunch, Part I", Chicago Reader 24:52 (September 29, 1995): 17–18. Excerpt available online at: http://humanities.uchicago.edu/orgs/review/60th/14burroughsindex.shtml Archived June 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
34. The University of Chicago – Alumni Weekend Archived September 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
35. Boris, Eileen (1999). Voices of Women Historians: The Personal, the Political, the Professional. Indiana University Press. ISBN   978-0-253-33494-7 . Retrieved June 11, 2008.
36. Anton, Ted (1996). Eros, Magic, and the Murder of Professor Culianu. Northwestern University Press.
37. "Logan family's $35 million gift puts name on arts center". The University of Chicago Chronicle. May 10, 2007. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
38. "Alumnus' $100 million gift launches new Odyssey scholarship program". The University of Chicago Chronicle. June 7, 2007. Retrieved June 19, 2007.
39. "Milton Friedman Petition". Archived from the original on January 8, 2009.
40. "Booth Donates $300 Million to Chicago Business School". Bloomberg. November 7, 2008. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
41. Grossman, Ron (November 7, 2008). "Hyde Park adjusts to being in the limelight". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 5, 2009.

Further reading

• Boyer, John. The University of Chicago: A History (University of Chicago Press, 2015)
• Burstein, Stanley M. "Werner Jaeger Comes to Chicago." International Journal of the Classical Tradition 26.3 (2019): 319-332.
• Diner, Steven J. A city and its universities: Public policy in Chicago, 1892-1919 (UNC Press Books, 2017) online.
• Dunn, William N. Pragmatism and the origins of the policy sciences: rediscovering Lasswell and the Chicago school (Cambridge University Press, 2019).
• Dzuback, Mary Ann. Robert M. Hutchins: Portrait of an Educator (1991)
• Eldred, Juliet Sprung. "“A Highly Complex Set of Interventions”: The University of Chicago as Urban Planner, 1890-2017." Chicago Studies 2016-17 (2019).
• Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz. Culture & the City: Cultural Philanthropy in Chicago from the 1880s to 1917 (U of Kentucky Press, 1976).

• Irwin, Douglas A. "The midway and beyond: recent work on economics at Chicago." History of Political Economy 50.4 (2018): 735-775. online

• Jaworski, Gary D. "On loyalty and betrayal in postwar social science, mainly in Chicago." Journal of Classical Sociology 22.3 (2022): 320-349. online
• Karl, Barry D. Charles E. Merriam and the Study of Politics (1974).
• Lester, Robin. Stagg’s University: The Rise, Decline, and Fall of Big- Time Football at Chicago (1995).
• MacAloon, John J., ed. General Education in the Social Sciences: Centennial Reflections on the College of the University of Chicago (1992)
• McArthur, Benjamin. “A Gamble on Youth: Robert M. Hutchins, the University of Chicago, and the Politics of Presidential Selection.” History of Education Quarterly 30 (1990): 161– 86.
• McNeill, William H. Hutchins’ University: A Memoir of the University of Chicago, 1929–1950 (1991), a primary source.
• Maienschein, Jane. “Whitman at Chicago: Establishing a Chicago Style of Biology?” In Ronald Rainger, Keith R. Benson, and Jane Maienschein, eds., The American Development of Biology (1988).
• Martín, Àngel Pascual. "Liberal education, residential practices and collegial life in the age of Great Universities in the US. Chicago and President Hutchins’ policy." Espacio, Tiempo y Educación 10.1 (2023): 77-94. online

• Mayer, Milton. Robert Maynard Hutchins: A Memoir (1993), a primary source.
• Meyer, Daniel. “The Chicago Faculty and the University Ideal: 1891–1929.” (PhD dissertation, University of Chicago, 1994)
• Overtveldt, Johan van. The Chicago School: How the University of Chicago Assembled the Thinkers Who Revolutionized Economics and Business (2007).
• Plath, Paul John. "The fox and the hedgehog: Liberal education at the University of Chicago" (PhD dissertation,. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign;  ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,  1989. 9010987)..

• Ritchey, Sara M. Life of the Spirit, Life of the Mind: Rockefeller Memorial Chapel at 75 (2004).
• Ryan, W. Carson. Studies in Early Graduate Education: The Johns Hopkins, Clark University, the University of Chicago (1939).
• Shils, Edward, ed., Remembering the University of Chicago: Teachers, Scientists, and Scholars (1991).
• Stigler, Stephen M. “University of Chicago Department of Statistics.” In A. Agresti and X. L. Meng, eds., Strength in Numbers: The Rising of Academic Statistics Departments in the U.S. (2013)

• Storr, Richard J. Harper’s University: The Beginnings (1966), a major scholarly history..

• Veith, Ilza, and McLean, Franklin C. The University of Chicago Clinics and Clinical Departments, 1927–1952: A Brief Outline of the Origins, the Formative Years, and the Present State of Medicine at the University of Chicago (1952).
• Vermeulen, Cornelius W. For the Greatest Good to the Largest Number: A History of the Medical Center, the University of Chicago, 1927–1977 (1977).

• Webber, Henry S. “The University of Chicago and Its Neighbors: A Case Study in Community Development.” In David C. Perry and Wim Wiewel, eds., The University as Urban Developer: Case Studies and Analysis (2005).

• White, Woodie T. “The Study of Education at the University of Chicago 1892–1958.” (PhD dissertation, University of Chicago;  ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,  1977. T-26498).
• Wind, James P. The Bible and the University: The Messianic Vision of William Rainey Harper (1987).