Holly & Ivy

Last updated
Holly & Ivy
Natalie Cole, Holly and Ivy.jpg
Studio album by
ReleasedOctober 4, 1994 (1994-10-04)
RecordedApril 1994 [1]
Studio Ocean Way Recording and Record Plant (Hollywood, California); Bill Schnee Studios (North Hollywood, California); O'Henry Recording Studios (Burbank, California)
Genre
Length46:52
Label
Producer
Natalie Cole chronology
Take a Look
(1993)
Holly & Ivy
(1994)
Stardust
(1996)
Singles from Holly & Ivy
  1. "No More Blue Christmas'"
    Released: 1994

Holly & Ivy is a 1994 Christmas album and 16th overall studio album by American singer Natalie Cole. Released on October 4, 1994, by Elektra, it is Cole's first album featuring Christmas music and serves as a follow-up to Take a Look (1993). Cole co-produced the album with American music producer Tommy LiPuma, with whom she had worked on Unforgettable... with Love (1991). Holly & Ivy consists of 12 tracks, including 11 covers of Christmas standards and carols and one original song written by Gerry Goffin and Michael Masser. Cole promoted the album as non-traditional in interviews and live performances.

Contents

Upon release, critics gave generally positive reviews for Holly & Ivy, praising its composition and Cole's interpretations of the covered material. The album was certified gold by Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on March 20, 1996, for 500,000 sales shipments; it peaked at number 36 on the Billboard 200 chart. Holly & Ivy spawned one single "No More Blue Christmas". In support of the album, Cole filmed a television special, "Natalie Cole's Untraditional Traditional Christmas", at State University of New York Performing Arts Center in Purchase, New York; it premiered on WNET on December 7, 1994.

Background and recording

The album was inspired by her father Nat King Cole's album The Magic of Christmas (1960). Nat King Cole 1958.JPG
The album was inspired by her father Nat King Cole's album The Magic of Christmas (1960).

In an interview with Clarence Waldron from Jet , Natalie Cole said the idea of recording a Christmas album started from a telephone call from producer and longtime friend Michael Masser. Cole had previously worked with Masser on the song "Someone That I Used to Love" from her 1980 album Don't Look Back and her 1989 single "Miss You Like Crazy". Cole described the telephone call as unexpected; during their conversation, Masser told her: "I've got this beautiful Christmas song I wrote just for you." When they met, Messer played "No More Blue Christmas"; after the session, they both agreed to record a Christmas album; the songs were recorded and produced in April 1994. Cole expressed hope that the album would remind her fans about "the true spirit of the holiday season". She wanted it to communicate Christmas as "a time for families to reflect and not just wait until the holidays to be a family." [1] Cole's sister Timolin Cole said: "Christmas Eve has always been a magical time with Natalie" when she could connect with family over holiday traditions. [2]

One of the primary inspirations for Holly & Ivy came from her father's album The Magic of Christmas (1960). Cole called it one of "the nicest, warmest Christmas albums that I've heard", and described the original version of the 1945 track "The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)" as "a darling sweet song" that has yet to be imitated by other original Christmas songs. [1] In an interview with NPR, Cole said that: "it took 15 years into [her] career before [she] felt comfortable and confident enough to even attempt at singing my father's music." [3] Holly & Ivy includes three cover version of Nat King Cole's songs: "Caroling, Caroling", "The First Noel", and "The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)". They were each recorded as a tribute to him. Waldron said the album was "keeping the holiday spirit in the family". [1] Cole would later re-record "The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)" as a posthumous duet with her father on her 1999 Christmas album The Magic of Christmas. [4] The song also appears on Cole's 2008 Christmas album ( Caroling, Caroling: Christmas with Natalie Cole ) [5] and her 1995 collaborative Christmas live album with Plácido Domingo and José Carreras (A Celebration of Christmas). [6]

Composition

Holly & Ivy is a Christmas album influenced by R&B and gospel elements. Cole said she choose to explore other genres, explaining: "she just likes to expand a little, every now and then." Staying true to her soulful roots, the singer described Holly & Ivy as a "non traditional album" and said, "Though we do 'Silent Night', 'Merry Christmas Baby', and a wonderful gospel version of 'Joy to the World', (featuring L.A.'s Friendly Baptist Church choir) we move around a lot". [1] In its biography of Cole, Billboard identified the album and the following 1996 album Stardust as "continu[ing] Cole's exploration of American pop standards". [7]

The album's opening track is "Jingle Bells", which is reinvented with a "jazzy, sassy" sound. [1] The second and third tracks are covers of Nat King Cole's "Caroling, Caroling" and "The First Noel" respectively. The fourth song is "No More Blue Christmas'"; Billboard called the song "a soulful, torch-like burner". [8] "Christmas Medley" contains excerpts from "Jingle Bell Rock", "Winter Wonderland", "Little Drummer Boy", and "I'll Be Home for Christmas". A writer from Billboard picked out the "pure blues 'Merry Christmas Baby'" as a highlight of the album. [8]

Clarence Waldron described Cole's interpretation of the seventh track, "Joy to the World", as "tak[ing] listeners to church on her gospel flavored rendition", [1] while a writer from Billboard called it "rollicking". [8] The eighth and ninth tracks are covers of Vera Lynn's "The Little Boy That Santa Claus Forgot" and Ida Zecco's "A Song for Christmas" respectively. The tenth track is a cover of "Silent Night". "The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)" is the third and final cover of Nat King Cole on the album; David Browne of Entertainment Weekly felt that the decision to cover "The Christmas Song" with no vocals from her father benefited the song, which he said worked better "alone, not as a duet with the dead". [9] The album concludes with the title track "Holly and Ivy", which Waldron called a "touching Christmas ballad" and described Cole's vocal performance as belonging to "one of the sweetest songbirds". [1]

Release and promotion

Holly & Ivy was first released by Elektra and the Warner Music Group on cassette and CD in the United States and Canada on October 25, 1994. It would later be made available as a digital download in both countries in 2010, sixteen years after its original release. [10] [11] Cole promoted the record by headlining a special edition of the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) series Great Performances , titled "Natalie Cole's Untraditional Traditional Christmas"; the program was directed by Patricia Birch and was filmed at the State University of New York Performing Arts Center in Purchase, New York. [12] Cole wore subdued clothing for her performances to match the album's "untraditional" quality. [9] It featured special appearances by the New York Restoration Choir and Sesame Street character Elmo. [12] The show premiered on WNET on December 7, 1994, and was later released on a VHS home video cassette that was distributed by Warner Music Vision. [13] KCET-TV aired the program along with two other Christmas specials, "Perry Como's Irish Christmas" and "A Christmas Special With Luciano Pavarotti". [14] It was Cole's first television special, [15] and served as the album's primary promotional medium. [1] [8] "No More Blue Christmas'" was released as the lead single from the album, [1] [8] with Cole promoting it through a performance on the special. [16]

The program received a lukewarm reception from critics. Chris Willman from the Los Angeles Times said the program's title was misleading because "it's hard to find anything the slightest bit untraditional about [it]". Willman commended the 1960s influence reminiscent of her father's Christmas songs and said the special was "a good-enough live video counterpart" to the album with an obvious inclusion of 'The Christmas Song'". [17] John J. O'Conner of The New York Times gave it a negative review, saying, "a couple of new songs are forgettable" and describing Cole's performance as "sweetly, and somewhat lifelessly", and the production as unable to leave a lasting impression on the viewers. O'Connor also said Cole's rendition of "The Christmas Song" was the highlight of the show and, "Ms. Cole once again dips in the repertory of her incomparable father". He compared the program to "Perry Como's Irish Christmas" and said both had "the same lulling level". [18] Following Cole's death on December 31, 2015, PBS released a statement saying "we are grateful to have been able to capture [Cole's] extraordinary artistry for generations to come" through her Great Performances solo specials including her Christmas special. [19]

Critical reception

Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic Star full.svgStar full.svgStar full.svgStar empty.svgStar empty.svg [20]
Cash Box (favorable) [21]
Entertainment Weekly B [9]

Critical response to Holly & Ivy was primarily positive upon its release. Clarence Waldron referred to it as a "top favorite among music lovers this season". [1] Describing the album as a "fine outing", AllMusic's Robert Taylor praised Cole's choice of holiday classics and lesser known songs such as "The Little Boy That Santa Claus Forgot" and "No More Blue Christmas". [20] David Browne of Entertainment Weekly commended the singer's ability to make "the usual yuletide tunes brassy and bustling", and highlighted her interpretation of 'Winter Wonderland' as sounding "like Christmas Eve at the Copa". He described Cole's voice as "warm and toasty" even when the material is lowered "from overly gushy arrangements". [9] A Billboard's review, edited by Paul Verna, Marilyn A. Gillen, and Peter Cronin, described the album as the "rarest of Christmas albums: an elegant set with appeal that could outlast the season". [8]

Holly & Ivy received some mixed reviews when compared to other Christmas albums. David Browne praised Cole's decision to stay away from traditionally Christmas images and sounds, instead "opt[ing] for a simple black evening dress on the cover" in comparison to Mariah Carey's Merry Christmas , released in the same year. [9] While giving the album three stars out of five, Robert Taylor criticized it for "not hav[ing] the same 'classic' quality of her dad's 'The Christmas Album'". [20]

Commercial performance

Holly & Ivy peaked on the Billboard 200 at number 36 and on Billboard's R&B Albums chart at number 20. [22] [23] It also reached at number 25 on Billboard's Catalog Albums chart on January 6, 1996. [24] Holly & Ivy peaked on the U.S. Top Holiday Albums at number six, on February 27, 2013, roughly nineteen years after its release, becoming Cole's only Christmas album to appear on that chart. [25] The album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting shipments of 500,000 copies. [26]

Track listing

No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length
1."Jingle Bells" James Pierpont Tommy LiPuma3:34
2."Caroling, Caroling"
LiPuma3:08
3."The First Noel"LiPuma4:23
4."No More Blue Christmas'"Masser4:21
5."Christmas Medley: "Jingle Bell Rock" / "Winter Wonderland" / "Little Drummer Boy" / "I'll Be Home for Christmas"
André Fisher6:08
6."Merry Christmas Baby"LiPuma3:24
7."Joy to the World"
  • Baxter
  • Brown
  • Moore
Fisher2:49
8."The Little Boy That Santa Claus Forgot"Fisher3:04
9."A Song for Christmas" Carroll Coates LiPuma3:24
10."Silent Night"Fisher5:02
11."The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting On An Open Fire)"Fisher3:38
12."The Holly and the Ivy"TraditionalLiPuma3:57
Total length:46:52

Personnel

Musicians

Arrangements

Children's choir on "Caroling, Caroling"

Choir on "Joy to the World"

Choir on "Silent Night"

Production

Charts

Chart (1994)Peak
position
US Billboard 200 [22] 36
US Catalog Albums ( Billboard ) [24] 25
US Top Holiday Albums ( Billboard ) [25] 6
US R&B Albums ( Billboard ) [23] 20

Certifications

RegionCertification Certified units/sales
United States (RIAA) [26] Gold500,000^

^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.

Release history

The follow release history was adapted from Amazon and AllMusic. [10] [11]

CountryDateFormatLabel
United States Elektra, WEA Digital download 2010
Audio CD October 25, 1994
Cassette
Canada Digital download 2010
Audio CD October 25, 1994
Cassette

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Christmas music</span> Music associated with Christmas

Christmas music comprises a variety of genres of music regularly performed or heard around the Christmas season. Music associated with Christmas may be purely instrumental, or, in the case of carols, may employ lyrics about the nativity of Jesus Christ, traditions such as gift-giving and merrymaking, cultural figures such as Santa Claus, or other topics. Many songs simply have a winter or seasonal theme, or have been adopted into the canon for other reasons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Natalie Cole</span> American singer (1950–2015)

Natalie Maria Cole was an American singer, songwriter, and actress. She was the daughter of singer and jazz pianist Nat King Cole. She rose to prominence in the mid-1970s, with the release of her debut album Inseparable (1975), along with the song "This Will Be ", and the album's title track. Its success led to her receiving the Grammy Award for Best New Artist at the 18th Annual Grammy Awards, for which she became the first African-American recipient, as well as the first R&B act to win the award. The singles "Sophisticated Lady" (1976), "I've Got Love on My Mind", and "Our Love" (1977) followed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Holly Cole</span> Canadian jazz singer

Holly Cole is a Canadian jazz singer and actress. For many years she performed with her group The Holly Cole Trio.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Little Drummer Boy</span> 1958 single by Harry Simeone Chorale

"The Little Drummer Boy" is a popular Christmas song written by American composer Katherine Kennicott Davis in 1941. First recorded in 1951 by the Trapp Family, the song was further popularized by a 1958 recording by the Harry Simeone Chorale; the Simeone version was re-released successfully for several years, and the song has been recorded many times since. In the lyrics, the singer relates how, as a poor young boy, he was summoned by the Magi to the Nativity of Jesus. Without a gift for the Infant, the little drummer boy played his drum with approval from Jesus' mother, Mary, recalling, "I played my best for him" and "He smiled at me".

"Carol of the Bells" is a popular Christmas carol which is based on the Ukrainian song called "Shchedryk". The "Carol of the Bells" uses the original melody from "Shchedryk," written by the Ukrainian composer Mykola Leontovych in 1914.

<i>Merry Christmas</i> (Mariah Carey album) 1994 studio album by Mariah Carey

Merry Christmas is the fourth studio album by American singer-songwriter Mariah Carey, and her first Christmas album. Released by Columbia Records on October 28, 1994, at the peak of the initial stretch of Carey's career, between Music Box (1993) and Daydream (1995), the album features cover versions of popular Christmas songs in addition to original material. Carey worked with Walter Afanasieff, with whom she wrote all of the original tracks, as well as producing Carey's interpretations of the covered material. Three singles were released from the album, of which "All I Want for Christmas Is You" went on to become one of the best-selling singles of all time and the best-selling Christmas ringtone in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">When I Fall in Love</span> Song from One Minute to Zero

"When I Fall in Love" is a popular song, written by Victor Young (music) and Edward Heyman (lyrics). It was introduced in Howard Hughes' last film One Minute to Zero as the instrumental titled "Theme from One Minute to Zero". Jeri Southern sang on the first vocal recording released in April 1952 with the song's composer, Victor Young, handling the arranging and conducting duties. The song has become a standard, with many artists recording it; the first hit version was sung by Doris Day released in July 1952.

"The Christmas Song" is a classic Christmas song written in 1945 by Robert Wells and Mel Tormé.

Alfred Shaddick Burt was an American jazz musician who is best known for composing the music for fifteen Christmas carols between 1942 and 1954. Only one of the carols was performed in public outside his immediate family circle during his lifetime.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">This Christmas (Donny Hathaway song)</span> 1970 single by Donny Hathaway

"This Christmas" is a song by American soul musician Donny Hathaway released in 1970 by Atco Records. The song gained renewed popularity when it was included in 1991 on Atco Records' revised edition of their 1968 Soul Christmas compilation album and has since become a modern Christmas standard, with the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers reporting that it was the 30th most-performed holiday song of all time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Unforgettable (Nat King Cole song)</span> 1951 popular song

"Unforgettable" is a popular song written by Irving Gordon. The song's original working title was "Uncomparable"; however, the music publishing company asked Gordon to change it to "Unforgettable". The song was published in 1951.

<i>3 Ships</i> 1985 studio album by Jon Anderson

3 Ships is the fourth solo album by Yes lead singer Jon Anderson, released on Elektra Records in 1985. It includes versions of traditional Christmas carols as well as original material by Anderson. The album title references the song "I Saw Three Ships", which states, "I saw three ships come sailing in, on Christmas day in the morning". It was dedicated to the organisation Beyond War. Trevor Rabin plays guitar on the album.

<i>Midwinter Graces</i> 2009 studio album by Tori Amos

Midwinter Graces is the eleventh solo studio album by singer-songwriter Tori Amos, released on November 10, 2009, through Universal Republic Records. It is the first seasonal album by Amos and is also notable for marking her return to a more classical, stripped-down, baroque sound with various synths, string instruments, the harpsichord, and Amos's own signature Bösendorfer piano at center stage, once more. The album, like previous releases from Amos, is available in a single-form CD or a deluxe edition, which includes three bonus tracks, a twenty-page photo book, and a DVD containing an interview with Amos. The standard edition was not released in the US or Canada. Midwinter Graces became Amos's lowest-charting album on the Billboard 200, peaking at number 66.

<i>The Andy Williams Christmas Album</i> 1963 studio album by Andy Williams

The Andy Williams Christmas Album is the first Christmas holiday album released by singer Andy Williams and his twelfth studio album overall. It was issued by Columbia Records in 1963, the first of eight Christmas albums released by Williams. Though it was also the album that introduced Williams's perennial holiday classic "It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year", Columbia instead released Williams's cover of "White Christmas" as the album's promotional single at the time.

<i>Happy Christmas</i> (Jessica Simpson album) 2010 studio album by Jessica Simpson

Happy Christmas is the seventh studio album and second Christmas album by American recording artist Jessica Simpson, released on November 22, 2010 by Primary Wave. Produced by Kuk Harrell, Aaron Pearce, C. "Tricky" Stewart and The-Dream, it was her first album released by Primary Wave and features cover versions of various Christmas standards in addition to original material.

<i>Natalie Cole en Español</i> 2013 studio album by Natalie Cole

Natalie Cole en Español is the 20th and final studio album by Natalie Cole, released on June 25, 2013 through Verve Records. Produced by the Cuban American composer Rudy Pérez, it is her first and only Spanish album and her first record released following her kidney transplant in 2009. The album is a follow-up to her third Christmas album Caroling, Caroling: Christmas with Natalie Cole.Natalie Cole en Español consists of twelve tracks, which are cover versions of Spanish standards. The album features duets with Juan Luis Guerra, Chris Botti, Arthur Hanlon, Andrea Bocelli and a posthumous duet with her father Nat King Cole.

<i>The Magic of Christmas</i> (Natalie Cole album) 1999 studio album by Natalie Cole and London Symphony Orchestra

The Magic of Christmas is a collaborative Christmas album by American recording artist Natalie Cole and London Symphony Orchestra, released on September 21, 1999, by Elektra Records. The album is a follow-up to Snowfall on the Sahara. It reached peak positions of number 157 on the US Billboard 200 and number 84 on Billboard's Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. A number of the tracks on The Magic of Christmas were first released on the 1998 album Christmas With You, which was produced exclusively for Hallmark Cards.

<i>Leavin</i> (album) 2006 studio album by Natalie Cole

Leavin' is the 18th studio album by American recording artist Natalie Cole, released on September 26, 2006, by Verve Records. The album consists of ten cover versions of various R&B and pop songs and two original songs: "5 Minutes Away" and "Don't Say Goodnight ". It was the second of Cole's albums to be released by Verve Records, and her first album in four years, following Ask a Woman Who Knows (2002). Cole promoted the album as a return to her R&B roots, distancing herself from an identification as a jazz artist.

<i>Christmas with Friends</i> (India.Arie and Joe Sample album) 2015 studio album by India.Arie and Joe Sample

Christmas with Friends is a collaborative Christmas album by American singer India.Arie and American pianist Joe Sample. It was released on October 16, 2015, through Motown and Soulbird Music. Arie worked as one of the album's executive producers with American pianist John Burke and American musician Dave Koz. Sample contributed to four of the songs, but died from mesothelioma before the album's completion. After placing the project on hold for a year, Arie decided to collaborate with other artists to complete it.

<i>A Holly Dolly Christmas</i> 2020 studio album by Dolly Parton

A Holly Dolly Christmas is the forty-seventh solo studio album by American singer-songwriter Dolly Parton. It was released on October 2, 2020, by Parton's Butterfly Records in partnership with 12-Tone Music Group. The album was produced by Kent Wells, with Parton serving as executive producer. It is Parton's third Christmas album, following 1984's Once Upon a Christmas with Kenny Rogers and 1990's Home for Christmas. The album features guest appearances by Michael Bublé, Billy Ray Cyrus, Miley Cyrus, Jimmy Fallon, Willie Nelson, and Parton's brother Randy. It peaked at number one on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart, becoming Parton's eighth album to top the chart. The album also peaked at number one on the Billboard Top Holiday Albums chart and number 16 on the Billboard 200. The album was nominated for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album at the 64th Annual Grammy Awards.

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Waldron, Clarence (December 19, 1994). "Natalie Cole - Cover Story". Jet . Archived from the original on July 9, 2016.
  2. Marx, Linda (January 3, 2016). "Natalie Cole's Sisters Are Grateful They Got to Spend One Last Christmas with the Singer". People . Archived from the original on July 9, 2016.
  3. "Remember Natalie Cole, Who Made a Name All Her Own". NPR. January 2, 2016. Archived from the original on July 9, 2016.
  4. "The Magic of Christmas". AllMusic. Archived from the original on July 9, 2016.
  5. Caroling, Caroling: Christmas with Natalie Cole. Elektra (Inlay cover). Natalie Cole. January 1, 2008.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  6. A Celebration of Christmas. Erato (Inlay cover). Natalie Cole. October 29, 1996.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  7. "Natalie Cole - Biography". Billboard . Archived from the original on November 21, 2016.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Billboard". November 26, 1994. Archived from the original on July 9, 2016.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Browne, David (November 18, 1994). "Music Reviews: Winter Holiday Albums". Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 10, 2013.
  10. 1 2 "Amazon: Holly & Ivy". Amazon. January 3, 2016. Archived from the original on November 21, 2016.
  11. 1 2 "Natalie Cole- Holly & Ivy Releases". AllMusic. January 3, 2016. Archived from the original on July 9, 2016.
  12. 1 2 "A Cole Christmas : Natalie's Gifts: Singing on PBS and Acting in USA Movie". Los Angeles Times . December 4, 1994. Archived from the original on November 21, 2016.
  13. "Natalie Cole's Untraditional Traditional Christmas". Trove . Archived from the original on November 21, 2016.
  14. "Weekend TV : Christmas Melodies From Como, Cole and Pavarotti". Los Angeles Times . December 10, 1994. Archived from the original on July 9, 2016.
  15. Fearn-Banks (2006): p. 305
  16. Birch, Patricia (Director) (December 7, 1994). Natalie Cole's Untraditional Traditional Christmas (TV special). United States: WNET.
  17. Willman, Chris (December 7, 1994). "Natalie Cole, Singer and Actress, Does Double Duty". Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 21, 2016.
  18. O'Connor, John J. (December 7, 1994). "Television Review - Keeping Dignity Intact Amid Holiday Specials". The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 9, 2016.
  19. "Natalie Cole: In Memoriam". PBS. January 4, 2016. Archived from the original on November 21, 2016.
  20. 1 2 3 "Holly & Ivy - Natalie Cole". AllMusic. October 25, 1994. Archived from the original on July 9, 2016.
  21. Martinez, M.R. (December 10, 1994). "Urban — Reviews" (PDF). Cash Box . Retrieved March 9, 2022.
  22. 1 2 "Natalie Cole - Chart history". Billboard . Archived from the original on July 9, 2016.
  23. 1 2 "Holly & Ivy - Natalie Cole | Awards". AllMusic. October 25, 1994. Archived from the original on November 21, 2016.
  24. 1 2 "Natalie Cole - Chart history". Billboard . Archived from the original on November 21, 2016.
  25. 1 2 "Natalie Cole - Chart history". Billboard . February 27, 2013. Archived from the original on April 3, 2016.
  26. 1 2 "American album certifications – Natalie Cole – Holly". Recording Industry Association of America.
  27. Holly & Ivy (Inlay cover). Natalie Cole. Elektra. October 25, 1994.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)

Book sources

  • Fearn-Banks, Kathleen (2006). The A to Z of African-American Television. Mitchellville: Scarecrow Press. ISBN   0-8108-6348-0.