Jingle Bells

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"Jingle Bells"
One Horse Open Sleigh title page.jpg
Title page of "The One Horse Open Sleigh"
Song
LanguageEnglish
PublishedSeptember 16, 1857, by Oliver Ditson & Co., Boston
Genre Christmas
Composer(s) James Lord Pierpont
Lyricist(s) James Lord Pierpont
Originally titled as "The One Horse Open Sleigh"

"Jingle Bells" is one of the most commonly sung [1] songs in the world. It was written in 1850 by James Lord Pierpont at Simpson Tavern in Medford, Massachusetts. It was published under the title "The One Horse Open Sleigh" in September 1857. It has been claimed that it was originally written to be sung by a Sunday school choir for Thanksgiving, or as a drinking song. [2] Although it has no original connection to Christmas, [3] it became associated with winter and Christmas music in the 1860s and 1870s, and it was featured in a variety of parlor song and college anthologies in the 1880s. [4] It was first recorded in 1889 on an Edison cylinder; this recording, believed to be the first Christmas record, is lost, but an 1898 recording - also from Edison Records - survives. [5]

Contents

History

Composition

Plaque at 19 High Street, Medford, Massachusetts Jingle Bells 19 High St Medford MA-2010.jpg
Plaque at 19 High Street, Medford, Massachusetts
Historical marker in Savannah, Georgia Pierpont Jingle Bells Savannah.jpg
Historical marker in Savannah, Georgia
Musical notations of the original version
One Horse Open Sleigh chorus notation.jpg
First half of the chorus
One Horse Open Sleigh chorus other verses.jpg
Second half of the chorus and other verses

James Lord Pierpont originally copyrighted the song with the name "The One Horse Open Sleigh" on September 16, 1857. [6] The songwriting credit given was "Song and Chorus written and composed by J. Pierpont." Possibly intended as a drinking song, it didn't become a Christmas song until decades after it was first performed. Pierpont, later a supporter of the Confederacy, dedicated the song to "John P. Ordway, Esq.", an organizer of a blackface minstrel troupe called "Ordway's Aeolians". [7] [8]

It is an unsettled question where and when Pierpont originally composed the song that would become known as "Jingle Bells". A plaque at 19 High Street in the center of Medford Square in Medford, Massachusetts, commemorates the "birthplace" of "Jingle Bells", and claims that Pierpont wrote the song there in 1850, at what was then the Simpson Tavern. Previous local history narratives claim the song was inspired by the town's popular sleigh races during the 19th century. [9]

The song was republished in 1859 by Oliver Ditson and Company, 277 Washington Street, Boston, with the new title "Jingle Bells; or, The One Horse Open Sleigh". Its sheet music cover featured a drawing of sleigh bells around the title. [10] Sleigh bells were strapped across the horse to make the jingle, jangle sound.[ citation needed ]

"Jingle Bells" was first performed on September 15, 1857, at Ordway Hall in Boston by blackface minstrel performer Johnny Pell. [11] The song was in the then-popular style or genre of "sleighing songs". Pierpont's lyrics are strikingly similar to lines from many other popular sleigh-riding songs of the time; researcher Kyna Hamill argued that this, along with his constant need for money, led him to compose and release the song solely as a financial enterprise: "Everything about the song is churned out and copied from other people and lines from other songs—there's nothing original about it." [4] [11]

By the time the song was released and copyrighted, Pierpont had relocated to Savannah, Georgia, to serve as organist and music director of that city's Unitarian Church (now Unitarian Universalist), where his brother, Rev. John Pierpont Jr., served as minister. In August 1857, Pierpont married Eliza Jane Purse, daughter of the mayor of Savannah. Pierpont remained in Savannah and never returned north. [11] [12]

The double meaning of "upsot" was thought humorous, as a sleigh ride gave an unescorted couple a rare chance to be together, unchaperoned, in distant woods or fields, with all the opportunities that afforded. [11] This "upset", a term Pierpont transposed to "upsot", became the climactic component of a sleigh-ride outing within the sleigh narrative. [11]

Recordings and performances

James Lord Pierpont's 1857 composition "Jingle Bells" became one of the most performed and most recognizable secular holiday songs ever written, not only in the United States, but around the world. In recognition of this achievement, James Lord Pierpont was voted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.[ citation needed ]

"Jingle Bells" was first recorded by banjoist Will Lyle on October 30, 1889 (attested A T E Wangemann Logbook, p. 114), on an Edison cylinder, but no surviving copies are known to exist. [5] The earliest surviving vocal recording was made by the Edison Male Quartette in 1898, also on an Edison cylinder (and 1898 Columbia brown wax 4090), as part of a 'Christmas' medley titled "Sleigh Ride Party". [5] In 1902, the Hayden Quartet recorded "Jingle Bells". The song became a Christmas favorite in the early twentieth century. [4]

Wally Schirra and Tom Stafford of Gemini VI (1965) Schirra and Stafford Suit-Up - GPN-2000-001478.jpg
Wally Schirra and Tom Stafford of Gemini VI (1965)

In 1935, Benny Goodman and His Orchestra reached No. 18 on the charts with their Swing or big band recording of "Jingle Bells". In 1941, Glenn Miller and His Orchestra with Tex Beneke, Marion Hutton, Ernie Caceres, and the Modernaires on vocals had a No. 5 hit on the Billboard pop singles chart with a big band arrangement of "Jingle Bells" on RCA Victor as Bluebird 11353-A. In 1943, Bing Crosby and the Andrews Sisters recorded "Jingle Bells" as Decca 23281 [13] which reached No. 19 on the charts [14] and sold over a million copies. In 1951, Les Paul had a No. 10 hit with a multi-tracked version on guitar. In 2001, House of Mouse version, sung by Wayne Allwine, Russi Taylor, and Bill Farmer. In 2006, Kimberley Locke had a No. 1 hit on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart with a recording of the song.[ citation needed ]

First song in space

"Jingle Bells" was one of the first songs to broadcast from space, in a Christmas-themed prank by Gemini 6 astronauts Tom Stafford and Wally Schirra. While in space on December 16, 1965, they sent this report to Mission Control:

C6: Gemini VII, this is Gemini VI. We have an object, looks like a satellite going from north to south, probably in a polar orbit. He's in a very low trajectory traveling from north to south and has a very high climbing ratio. It looks like it might even be a ... Very low. Looks like he might be going to reenter soon. Stand by one ... You might just let me try to pick up that thing. (Music – Jingle Bells – from Spacecraft VI) P7: We got the tune, VI. C6: That was live, VII, not tape. CC: You're too much, VI. [15]

The astronauts then produced a smuggled harmonica and sleigh bells, and with Schirra on the harmonica and Stafford on the bells, broadcast a rendition of "Jingle Bells". [16] [17] The harmonica, shown to the press upon their return, was a Hohner "Little Lady", a tiny harmonica approximately one inch (2.5 cm) long, by 3⁄8 of an inch (0.95 cm) wide. [16]

Audio-input-microphone.svg
Radio transmission
Between Gemini VI, Gemini VII and Mission Control in Houston, December 16, 1965
Problems playing this file? See media help.

Lyrics

Music historian James Fuld notes that (as opposed to an adjective), "the word jingle in the title and opening phrase is apparently an imperative verb." [18] In the winter in New England in pre-automobile days, it was common to adorn horses' harnesses with straps bearing bells as a way to avoid collisions at blind intersections, since a horse-drawn sleigh in snow produces almost no audible noise. The rhythm of the tune apparently mimics that of a trotting horse's bells; however, "jingle bells" is commonly interpreted to mean a certain kind of bell.

Jingle Bells

Dashing through the snow
In a one-horse open sleigh
O'er the fields we go
Laughing all the way
Bells on bob tail [ sic ] ring
Making spirits bright
What fun it is to ride and sing
A sleighing song tonight! Oh!

Jingle bells, jingle bells,
Jingle all the way.
Oh! what fun it is to ride
In a one-horse open sleigh. Hey!
Jingle bells, jingle bells,
Jingle all the way;
Oh! what fun it is to ride
In a one-horse open sleigh.

Although less well-known than the opening, the remaining verses depict high-speed youthful fun. In the second verse, the narrator takes a ride with a girl and loses control of the sleigh:

A day or two ago
I thought I'd take a ride
And soon, Miss Fanny Bright
Was seated by my side,
The horse was lean and lank
Misfortune seemed his lot
He got into a drifted bank
And then we got upsot. [lower-alpha 1]
|: chorus :|

In the next verse (which is often skipped), he falls out of the sleigh and a rival laughs at him:

A day or two ago,
The story I must tell
I went out on the snow,
And on my back I fell;
A gent was riding by
In a one-horse open sleigh,
He laughed as there I sprawling lie,
But quickly drove away. Ah!
|: chorus :|

In the last verse, after relating his experience, he gives advice to a friend to pick up some girls, find a faster horse, and take off at full speed:

Now the ground is white
Go it while you're young,
Take the girls tonight
and sing this sleighing song;
Just get a bobtailed bay
Two forty as his speed [lower-alpha 2]
Hitch him to an open sleigh
And crack! you'll take the lead.
|: chorus :|

Notes to lyrics

  1. ↑ "Upsot" is a jocular variant of "upset".
  2. ↑ Two forty refers to a mile in two minutes and forty seconds at the trot, or 22.5 miles per hour (36.2 km/h). This is a good speed, and suggests the desired horse of that era was a type later known as a Standardbred.

Original lyrics

The two first stanzas and chorus of the original 1857 lyrics differed slightly from those known today. It is unknown who replaced the words with those of the modern version. [18] Underlined lyrics are the removed lyrics from the original version. Bold lyrics are the new lyrics in the current version.

Dashing thro' the snow,
In a one-horse open sleigh,
O'er the hills (fields) we go,
Laughing all the way;
Bells on bob tail ring,
Making spirits bright,
Oh what sport (What fun it is) to ride and sing
A sleighing song tonight.

|: chorus :|
Jingle bells, jingle bells,
Jingle all the way;
Oh! what joy (fun) it is to ride
In a one-horse open sleigh.

A day or two ago
I tho't I'd take a ride
And soon Miss Fannie Bright
Was seated by my side.
The horse was lean and lank
Misfortune seemed his lot
He got into a drifted bank
And we— (then) we got upsot.

Melody

Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg
Jingle Bells, or The One Horse Open Sleigh
Original melody
Jingle Bells
Performed on piano, flute, clarinet, French horn
Jingle Bells
Performed on celesta and violin
Jingle Bells
Performed on piano, glockenspiel, celesta
Problems playing these files? See media help.

The original 1857 version of "Jingle Bells" featured a substantially different chorus. The progression of descending chords in the original refrain (A♭–E♭/G–Fm–C–D♭–A♭/E♭–E♭7–A♭; in Roman numeral analysis, I–V6–vi–V/vi–IV–I6
4–V7–I) bears some resemblance to that of Pachelbel's Canon. The verses, on the other hand, have mostly the same melody (with some minor simplifications) in modern renditions as they did in 1857. The origin of the simpler, modern refrain is unknown, but it dates back at least 1898, when the oldest surviving phonograph recording of the song was released through Edison Records.

The "Jingle Bells" tune is used in French and German songs, although the lyrics are unrelated to the English lyrics. Both songs celebrate winter fun, as in the English version. The French song, titled "Vive le vent" ("Long Live the Wind"), was written by Francis Blanche [19] [20] and contains references to Father Time, Baby New Year, and New Year's Day. There are several German versions of "Jingle Bells", including Roy Black's "Ein kleiner weißer Schneemann". [21]

Parodies and homages

External videos
Results from a survey of over 64,000 people for most common variations of the parody.
Nuvola apps kaboodle.svg I Asked 64,182 People About “Jingle Bells, Batman Smells”. Here's What I Found Out. Tom Scott (presenter), June 2020

Like many simple, catchy, and popular melodies, "Jingle Bells" is often the subject of parody. "Jingle Bells, Batman Smells" has been a well-known parody since the mid-1960s, [22] with many variations on the lyrics. [23] Bart Simpson sings this version on The Simpsons , the first time being in the episode "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire" (December 17, 1989). [24]

Parodies or novelty versions of "Jingle Bells" have been recorded by many artists, and include Yogi Yorgesson's "Yingle Bells", Da Yoopers' "Rusty Chevrolet", [25] Bucko and Champs' "Aussie Jingle Bells", The Three Stooges' "Jingle Bell Drag", and Jeff Dunham's "Jingle Bombs", performed in his "Achmed the Dead Terrorist" sketch. Another popular spoof of the song is "Pumpkin Bells", a "Pumpkin Carol" which celebrates Halloween and the "Great Pumpkin". It originated in The Peanuts Book of Pumpkin Carols, [26] a booklet based on the Peanuts comic strip and published by Hallmark Cards in the 1960s. [27]

The Australian "Aussie Jingle Bells" written by Colin Buchanan, broadly translates the idea of the original song to the summertime Christmas of the Southern hemisphere:

Musical notation for the chorus of "Jingle Bells" Play Jingle Bells refrain vector.svg
Musical notation for the chorus of "Jingle Bells"
Play

Aussie Jingle Bells

Dashing through the bush, in a rusty Holden ute,
Kicking up the dust, esky in the boot,
Kelpie by my side, singing Christmas songs,
It's Summer time and I am in my singlet, shorts and thongs

Oh! Jingle bells, jingle bells, jingle all the way,
Christmas in Australia on a scorching summers day, Hey!
Jingle bells, jingle bells, Christmas time is beaut!,
Oh what fun it is to ride in a rusty Holden ute. [28]

Other verses add further details about what happens when the ute arrives at the family Christmas.

"Jingle Bell Rock" by Bobby Helms pays homage to "Jingle Bells", directly referencing the source song's lyrics, but with a different melody. Originally recorded and released by Helms in a rockabilly style, "Jingle Bell Rock" has itself since become a Christmas standard. [29]

The first notes in the chorus have become a motif that has been inserted into recordings of other Christmas songs, most notably at the beginning and end of Bing Crosby's "It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas"; a guitar passage at the end of Nat King Cole's "The Christmas Song"; and Clarence Clemons performing a saxophone solo in the middle of Bruce Springsteen's "Merry Christmas Baby". A piano is also heard playing these notes at the end of Springsteen's version of "Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town". A slow version of the chorus opening forms the conclusion of Stan Freberg's 1957 "Green Chri$tma$", interspersed with cash-register noises. Mariah Carey utilizes a bit of the melody in her song "When Christmas Comes". Joni Mitchell's 1971 song "River" begins with a melancholy version of the chorus on piano. [30]

Charts

Certifications

Frank Sinatra version

RegionCertification Certified units/sales
United Kingdom (BPI) [90] Silver200,000‡

‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.

Michael Bublé and the Puppini Sisters version

RegionCertification Certified units/sales
Italy (FIMI) [91] Platinum70,000‡
United Kingdom (BPI) [92] Gold400,000‡

‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.

See also

Related Research Articles

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References

  1. ↑ Collins, Ace. Stories Behind the Best-Loved Songs of Christmas Archived January 16, 2023, at the Wayback Machine Zondervan, 2004. ISBN   0310264480. p. 104.
  2. ↑ "A Thanksgiving Carol". snopes.com. December 18, 2014. Archived from the original on December 23, 2014. Retrieved December 23, 2014.
  3. ↑ Doyle, Steven (September 16, 2017). "This day in history: Sept. 16, 1857". Greensboro News & Record . Archived from the original on September 16, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
  4. 1 2 3 Brown, Joel (December 8, 2016). "History of Jingle Bells". BU Today . Archived from the original on November 14, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
  5. 1 2 3 "Voices of Christmas Past". dawnofsound.com. December 2, 2008. Archived from the original on January 31, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
  6. ↑ Pierpont, J. (September 16, 1857). "One Horse Open Sleigh". Boston: Oliver Ditson & Co. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved December 26, 2006.
  7. ↑ Staff (2014, updated 2022) "10 Unusual Facts About James Lord Pierpont" Archived March 27, 2023, at the Wayback Machine New England Historical Society
  8. ↑ Griffin, J. "Burnt Cork and Tambourines". circushistory.org. Archived from the original on August 25, 2016. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
  9. ↑ Wilcox, Kris (December 15, 2014). "James Lord Pierpont and the mystery of 'Jingle Bells'". UU World. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
  10. ↑ "Jingle Bells. Johns Hopkins. Sheridan Libraries and University Museums. The Lester S. Levy Sheet Music Collection. Retrieved 16 December 2021". Archived from the original on December 16, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2021.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Hamill, Kyna (September 2017). "'The story I must tell': 'Jingle Bells' in the Minstrel Repertoire". Theatre Survey . 58 (3): 375–403. doi: 10.1017/S0040557417000291 . ISSN   0040-5574.
  12. ↑ "James Lord Pierpont (1822–1893) Author of 'Jingle Bells'" Archived December 31, 2020, at the Wayback Machine on the Hymns and Carols of Christmas website
  13. ↑ "A Bing Crosby Discography". BING magazine. International Club Crosby. Archived from the original on October 5, 2018. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
  14. ↑ Whitburn, Joel (1986). Joel Whitburn's Pop Memories 1890–1954 . Wisconsin, USA: Record Research Inc. p.  113. ISBN   0-89820-083-0.
  15. ↑ "Gemini VI Voice Communications" (PDF). NASA. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved October 12, 2020. p. 116, timestamp 23:57:30.
  16. 1 2 Edwards, Owen (December 2005). "The Day Two Astronauts Said They Saw a UFO Wearing a Red Suit". Smithsonian Magazine . p. 25. Archived from the original on December 11, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
  17. ↑ Mitchinson, John; Lloyd, John; Andrew Hunter Murray; Harkin, James (September 23, 2015). The QI Third Book of General Ignorance. London, England: Faber & Faber. p. 90. ISBN   9780571308989.
  18. 1 2 Fuld, James J. (2012) The Book of World-Famous Music (Fifth Edition) New York: Dover Publications, p. 313. ISBN   9780486414751
  19. ↑ "Vive le vent (French chorus and literal English translation)". About.com. Archived from the original on February 15, 2009. Retrieved December 26, 2006.
  20. ↑ "Vive le vent (with verses and augmented refrain)". Paroles.net. Archived from the original on April 20, 2012. Retrieved December 26, 2006.
  21. ↑ "Roy Black's version of "Jingle Bells in German" (German lyrics and literal English translation)". About.com. Archived from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved December 26, 2006.
  22. ↑ Studwell, William Emmett (1994). The Popular Song Reader: A Sampler of Well-Known Twentieth Century-Songs. Routledge. p.  224. ISBN   1560230290.
  23. ↑ Bronner, Simon J. (1988). American Children's Folklore . August House. p.  105.
  24. ↑ Groening, Matt (2001). The Simpsons season 1 DVD commentary for the episode 'Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire' (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
  25. ↑ Tom Berger (December 24, 1986). "Come and say, yah hey: 'Rusty Chevrolet' rolls into holiday hit". Wausau Daily Herald. pp. 1A. Archived from the original on November 29, 2022. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
  26. ↑ The Peanuts Book of Pumpkin Carols, Ambassador Cards
  27. ↑ Lind, Stephen (2015). A Charlie Brown Religion. University Press of Mississippi. p. 222. ISBN   978-1-4968-0468-6.
  28. ↑ Colin Buchanan, Aussie Jingle Bells, archived from the original on July 26, 2022, retrieved July 26, 2022
  29. ↑ Collins, Ace (2010). Stories Behind the Greatest Hits of Christmas . Zondervan. pp.  101–103. ISBN   9780310327950.
  30. ↑ du Lac, J. Freedom (December 7, 2018). "How a 'thoroughly depressing' Joni Mitchell song became a blue Christmas classic". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 17, 2020. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  31. ↑ "ARIA Top 50 Singles Chart". Australian Recording Industry Association. January 1, 2024. Archived from the original on December 29, 2023. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  32. ↑ "Frank Sinatra – Jingle Bells" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved December 22, 2023.
  33. ↑ "Frank Sinatra – Jingle Bells" (in French). Ultratop 50. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
  34. ↑ "Frank Sinatra Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
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  56. ↑ "Yello: Jingle Bells" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
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  61. ↑ "Crazy Frog – Jingle Bells / Last Christmas". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
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  83. ↑ "3js – Jingle Bells" (in Dutch). Ultratip. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  84. ↑ "Jim Reeves – Jingle Bells". Singles Top 100. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  85. ↑ "Lauren Daigle Chart History (Christian Airplay)". Billboard. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
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