History
In August 1939, amid the Great Depression, Fred Lazarus Jr., head of Federated Department Stores (which would later become Macy's), lobbied President Franklin D. Roosevelt to move Thanksgiving a week earlier, to the second to last Thursday of November instead of the last Thursday of November, to make the Christmas shopping season last longer and help boost retail sales. At the time, it was considered bad form for retailers to display Christmas decorations or have Christmas sales before the celebration of Thanksgiving, a phenomenon later referred to as "Christmas creep." Since statistics showed that most people did not do their Christmas shopping until after Thanksgiving, business leaders feared they would lose money, especially during the Depression, because there were only 24 shopping days between Thanksgiving and Christmas.
George Washington became the first president to proclaim a Thanksgiving holiday in 1789. In 1863, Abraham Lincoln codified the last Thursday of November as Thanksgiving, to be commemorated each year. In keeping with tradition, every President had declared a general day of thanksgiving to be observed on the last Thursday in November. In 1939, November had five Thursdays, and the last one, on November 30, left a short time for the Christmas shopping season. In August 1939, Roosevelt decided to deviate from this custom and proclaimed by executive order that Thanksgiving would be held on November 23rd and not November 30th. [3] [4]
The plan encountered immediate opposition. Alf Landon, Roosevelt's Republican challenger in the preceding election, called the declaration "another illustration of the confusion which [Roosevelt's] impulsiveness has caused so frequently during his administration. If the change has any merit at all, more time should have been taken working it out... instead of springing it upon an unprepared country with the omnipotence of a Hitler." While not all critics were political opponents of the president, most parts of New England (then a Republican stronghold relative to the rest of the nation) were among the most vocal areas. James Frasier, the chairman of the selectmen of Plymouth, Massachusetts "heartily disapproved". [5]
The short-notice change in dates affected the holiday plans of millions of Americans. For example, many college football teams routinely ended their seasons with rivalry games on Thanksgiving, and had scheduled them that year for the last day in November; some athletic conferences had rules permitting games only through the Saturday following Thanksgiving. If the date were changed, many of these teams would play their games in empty stadiums or not at all. The change also caused problems for college registrars, schedulers, and calendar makers. Some retailers were pleased because they hoped the extra week of Christmas shopping would increase profits, but smaller businesses complained they would lose business to larger stores.
A late 1939 Gallup poll indicated that Democrats favored the switch 52% to 48%, while Republicans opposed it 79% to 21%, and that Americans overall opposed the change 62% to 38%. [6]
After announcing August 31, 1939, that he would similarly designate November 21, 1940 (the next year), Roosevelt issued on October 31 his official proclamation calling for "a day of general thanksgiving" on November 23. [4] Such declarations amount to using the "moral authority" of the Presidency, and each state government can independently determine when to cancel work for state (and in some cases, municipal) employees. Twenty-three states' governments and the District of Columbia recognized the non-traditional date, twenty-two states preserved the traditional date on November 30, and the remaining three – Colorado, Mississippi, and Texas – gave holidays in both weeks.
In 1940, 32 states' governments and the District of Columbia observed the earlier date on November 21, while 16 states chose what some were calling the "Republican" Thanksgiving on the 28th.
A 1941 Commerce Department survey found no significant expansion of retail sales due to the change. [7] November of that year once again saw 32 states and the District of Columbia observing the holiday on the 20th, while the remaining 16 states did so on the 27th.
Roughly two in seven last Thursdays of November are the fifth Thursday of that month; in 1939, the fourth (but second to last) Thursday had been named in the presidential proclamation, in place of that year's fifth (and last) Thursday. The second and third of the then non-traditional Thanksgivings remain outliers. Specifically, the presidential proclamation of November 9, 1940 and November 8, 1941 called for observances on November 21, 1940, and November 20, 1941, respectively, [8] the third (and second to last) Thursdays. Every such holiday in the 20th century until 1939 had fit into the former tradition and each year from 1942 on employed the traditional fourth-Thursday celebration.
In late 1941, after the United States had entered World War II, Congress approved and Roosevelt signed a proclamation to set Thanksgiving, beginning in 1942, as the fourth Thursday of November, and as such, the Thanksgiving holiday would fall between November 22 and 28. [9] [10] (Before that in the 20th century, the phrase "Thanksgiving Day" had been used in the prose of the presidential proclamation only in Calvin Coolidge's first, among his six.) In November 1942, Roosevelt's proclamation made mention of the joint resolution, and of the date it established as Thanksgiving Day, and called for observation "in prayer" of both it and the New Year's Day to follow.
The majority of states immediately changed their laws to coincide with the nationally observed date. The first year following the joint resolution with five Thursdays in November was 1944, and Thanksgiving was observed on the 23rd of the month except in the states of Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Nebraska, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia. (The nation was in the midst of World War II, and most nationwide celebrations as well as many regional ones were on hiatus at the time. It would not be until after the end of the war, 1945, that the new date of Thanksgiving would fully take root.) Also in 1945, 1950, 1951, and 1956, November had five Thursdays. Texas was the last state to change its law, observing the last Thursday of Thanksgiving for the final time in 1956.
