Homeschooling in the United States

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Homeschooling in the United States is the practice of educating children at home, where students do not attend a formal school.

Contents

As a form of alternative education, homeschooling normally takes the form of parents teaching their children through direct tutoring, religious teachings, experimental or unstructured learning methods.

The US has a long tradition of homeschooling, beginning in the colonial period, where families educated their children at home in absence of local schools. [1] In the US today about 3.3% of K-12 age students are homeschooled. [2] The number of homeschoolers in the US has recently increased in the years following the COVID-19 pandemic. [3] [4] The Supreme Court has ruled that parents have a fundamental right to direct the education of their children, solidifying homeschooling as a legal means of education for children in the US. [5]

Prevalence

Homeschooling in the US was widespread in the colonial period, reflecting global trends of schooling in Europe, Russia and other in other empires. On-going debate among historians have attributed the popularity of homeschooling to religious groups in the US, but it is unclear the magnitude of this driver on homeschooling activities in the early period of the US. [6] [7] Homeschooling was later rejected in the 19th and 20th centuries, as institutional education became favored. But, an increasingly vocal advocacy movement for homeschooling was revived in the mid 1900s, leading to the legalization of homeschooling across the US and the rising support for this means of education. In Homeschool: An American History , the mid-century interest in homeschooling was supported by a number of factors including suburban geographies, the Civil Rights movement, and increased government skepticism through the 1960s and 1970s.

Estimates for students currently being homeschooled are unclear, as a number of states do not require families to report that their child will not attend a formal education institute. [8] While estimates are mixed, it was estimated homeschooling peaked in 2020, at 5.4% of students. [9] The survey defined homeschooled students where parents reported them as being schooled at home instead of at a public or private school for at least part of their education, and if their part-time enrollment in public or private school did not exceed 25 hours a week, and excluded students who were schooled at home primarily because of a temporary illness. [10]

Around a fifth of homeschoolers are co-enrolled in public schools. [11] Some students take one or two classes at traditional school campuses while others spend several days per week on campuses designed to educate part-time students. [12] [ better source needed ]

In August 2020, Gallup released a poll indicating that 10% of parents planned to homeschool in the coming year, reflecting a rise in alternative education alongside the shift to virtual schooling during the COVID-19 lockdown policies. [13]

Motivation

Motivations for homeschooling
in the US (2025) [14]
MotivationPercentage
of parents
A concern about the school environment83%
A desire to provide moral instruction75%
A desire to emphasize family life72%
A dissatisfaction with academic
instruction at other schools		72%
Prefer to provide religious instruction53%
Interest in nontraditional approach50%
Child has special needs21%
Child has physical or mental problem15%
Other13%

Parents give many different reasons for homeschooling their children. In the 2003 and 2007 NHES, parents were asked whether particular reasons for homeschooling their children applied to them. Parents continually rank concern about the school environment, to provide religious or moral instruction, and dissatisfaction with the academic instruction available at other schools, as the most important motivations for homeschooling. [15]

From 2003 to 2007, the percentage of students whose parents reported homeschooling to provide religious or moral instruction increased from 72 percent to 83 percent, although this number has been declining. Typically the religious belief being represented is evangelical Christian. [16]

Other reasons include more flexibility in educational practices and family core stability for children with learning disabilities or prolonged chronic illnesses, or for children of missionaries, military families, or families who move often.

Student outcomes

Academic performance

In a review of existing studies on homeschooled students in the US population, the overall impact of this educational method indicates a near zero difference with publicly educated students, across a variety of metrics, included higher education outcomes. [17] [18] Despite these claims, studying the outcomes of students in homeschooling programs in the US is difficult due to a lack of transparency in reporting test scores by homeschooling parents, bias in grading, a lack of demographic information, and a non-randomized sample of students. [19] There is limited evidence, from small samples, that homeschooled children perform better on the ACT or SAT, but these studies suffer from sample bias, a lack of external validity, self-selection bias, and a multitude of other study design flaws resulting in a lack of causality.

A number of religious institutions and individual advocates of homeschooling have attempted to quantify the effects of homeschooling on student outcomes, resulting in false promotion of the benefits of homeschooling. One of the most comprehensive and more robust studies to date, using an extensive set of panel data finds that students who are homeschooled, on average, performed poorly compared to public educated peers. [20] In a small sample survey, students who were homeschooled scored lower than peers on positive social characteristics, indicating less socialization. [21]

Higher education enrollment

Homeschooled students may access higher education at the college or university level, some through dual enrollment while in high school and through standardized tests such as the College Level Examination Program (CLEP) and DANTES Subject Standard Tests (DSST).

US colleges and universities will admit homeschooled students who meet the institution's entry requirements. [22] As of 2024, 75% of colleges and universities have an official policy for homeschool admissions and 95% have received applications from homeschoolers for admission. [17] Documents that may be required for admission vary, but may include ACT/SAT scores, essays, high school transcript, letters of recommendation, SAT 2 scores, personal interviews, portfolio, and a GED. [17]

Religious beliefs

Analysis conducted by sociologist Jeremy Uecker at the Christian college Baylor University, using qualitative methods on the National Study of Youth and Religion revealed that homeschooled young adults were no more religious than other young adults from the same demographic profile who attended public or private school. [23] In addition, results from a survey administered by a Canadian Christian non-profit group, Cardus, in 2011 found that homeschooled young adults attended religious services with roughly the same frequency as their peers who attended a private, Protestant school, although homeschoolers attended church more often than their Catholic school peers. [24] Milton Gaither, a professor of education at Messiah College believes that, "homeschooling itself will not automatically produce adults who share the conservative political, religious and moral beliefs of their parents." [25]

Legality

The legality of homeschooling in the United States has been debated by educators, lawmakers, and parents since the beginnings of compulsory schooling in Massachusetts in 1852.[ citation needed ] Since the late 1980s, the focus on the legality of homeschooling in general is less prevalent, with legal questions shifting to whether homeschooling communities can access state school funds, facilities, and resources.[ citation needed ] There are also legal questions over the degree of control that a state can exercise on homeschooling families regarding areas like curricula and standardized testing.[ citation needed ]

Federal law

In the United States, homeschooling is lawful in all fifty states. The U.S. Supreme Court has never ruled on homeschooling specifically. In one of the more applicable cases to homeschooling, Wisconsin v. Yoder 406 U.S. 205 (1972), the court supported the rights of Amish parents to keep their children out of public schools for religious reasons. [26]

In Meyer v. Nebraska , the Court ruled in favor of individual citizens by determining that the Siman Act - a state law to prevent the teaching of foreign language classes in public schools in Nebraska - was unconstitutional. In that decision, the court stated it was a fundamental right to "establish a home and bring up children" along with the right to "worship God according to the dictates of [their] own conscience." [27] This precedent established the basis for the argument for fundamental rights within the concept of liberty, protected by the Due Process Clause. This legal basis forms the argument for the protection of homeschooling in the US today.

In a related case, Runyon v. McCrary, which determined racial discrimination in private schools was unconstitutional, the court's opinion cited Pierce v. Society of Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary , 268 U.S. 510 (1925), determining that the state may set educational standards but may not limit how parents choose to meet those educational standards. [28] Pierce v. Society of Sisters determined the state may not prohibit a parent from satisfying a compulsory attendance requirement by sending their children to private school.

Both cases upheld the precedent of the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment, and also determined the state could not penalize parents for the failure to send their children to public school. Therefore, the court acknowledged that parents "may replace state educational requirements with their own idiosyncratic views of what knowledge a child needs to be a productive and happy member of society," but that the state is not able to impose a cost to parents. [29]

In the 1988 case Murphy v. State of Arkansas , the court addressed the limitations of Pierce v. Society of Sisters, stating:

The Court has repeatedly stressed that while parents have a constitutional right to send their children to private schools and a constitutional right to select private schools that offer specialized instruction, they have no constitutional right to provide their children with private school education unfettered by reasonable government regulation...Indeed, the Court in Pierce expressly acknowledged "the power of the State reasonably to regulate all schools, to inspect, supervise and examine them, their teachers and pupils..." [30]

The Court held that a state may not prohibit a parent from satisfying a compulsory attendance requirement by sending their children to private school, and many homeschooling advocates or cases with respect to homeschooling have cited this proposition, arguing that parents have a right to satisfy compulsory attendance requirements through home instruction.[ citation needed ] Parents' right to homeschool their children has not been explicitly protected as a constitutional right, although prior court decisions establish some legal argumentation against the prohibition of homeschooling without proof of the need for government intervention.[ citation needed ]

Every US state has some form of a compulsory attendance law that requires children in a certain age range to spend a specific amount of time being educated. [31]

State laws

Because the Supreme Court has largely left legislation of homeschooling largely up to individual states, each state varies widely regarding the level and type of regulation. [11] Many states require parents to notify either local government or the state if they intend to home school; with many requiring annual notification. [32] Two states, Rhode Island and Massachusetts, require parents to obtain approval prior to homeschooling from their local school district. [33] [34] [35] [36] And two states, Florida and Arizona, require notification to cease home schooling. [37] Some states have assessment criteria, which involve either a standardized exam or annual review of a portfolio of work. For instance, in Florida, parents must send in an assessment of their child's work annually; [38] in Oregon, children must take a standardized exam at the end of 3rd, 5th, 8th, and 10th grade. [39]

Homeschooling laws can be divided into three categories:

  1. Private school status: Homeschooling requirements are based on its treatment as a type of private school (e.g. California, Indiana, and Texas.) [40] Homeschools are generally required to comply with the same laws that apply to other (usually non-accredited) schools.
  2. Compulsory attendance: Homeschool requirements are based on the unique wording of the state's compulsory attendance statute without any specific reference to "homeschooling" (New Jersey and Maryland, for example). In those states, the requirements for homeschooling are set by the particular parameters of the compulsory attendance statute.
  3. Explicit alternative education definition: In other states (Maine, New Hampshire, and Iowa) homeschool requirements are based on a statute or group of statutes that specifically applies to homeschooling, although statutes often refer to homeschooling using other nomenclature, such as home instruction, alternative instruction or competent private instruction.[ citation needed ] In these states, the requirements for homeschooling are set out in the relevant statutes.
Homeschooling Requirements by State [32]
StateNotification requirement
AKNone
ALOne-time notice
ARAnnual notice
AZOne-time notice
CAAnnual notice
COAnnual notice
CTNone
DEAnnual notice
FLOne-time notice
GAAnnual notice
HIOne-time notice
IANone
IDNone
ILNone
INNone
KSOne-time notice
KYAnnual notice
LAAnnual notice
MAOne-time notice
MDAnnual notice
MEOne-time notice
MINone
MNAnnual notice
MONone
MSAnnual notice
MTAnnual notice
NCOne-time notice
NDAnnual notice
NEAnnual notice
NHAnnual notice
NJNone
NMAnnual notice
NVOne-time notice
NYAnnual notice
OHAnnual notice
OKNone
OROne-time notice
PAAnnual notice
RIOne-time notice
SCAnnual notice
SDOne-time notice
TNAnnual notice
TXNone
UTOne-time notice
VAAnnual notice
VTAnnual notice
WAAnnual notice
WIAnnual notice
WVOne-time notice
WYAnnual notice

Alabama

Alabama Code § 16-1-11.1 states that "the State of Alabama has no compelling interest to burden by license or regulation nonpublic schools, which include private, church, parochial, and religious schools offering educational instruction in grades K-12, as well as home-based schools and home-schooled students." [41]

Homeschoolers in Alabama have the option to use a private or church school or to use a private tutor; however since 2014, parents have been recognized as being able to homeschool on their own, independently from a church or private cover, and without needing to meet the qualifications listed under the private tutor option. [42] While homeschool is currently distinguished from private and religious schools in both § 16-1-11.1 and § 16-1-11.2, [43] the Alabama State Department of Education (ALSDE) has further clarified that a cover school is not required. [44]

As Alabama generally does not regulate homeschool, requirements are few. Children enrolled in an Alabama public school must be formally withdrawn, which can be done at any time. [45] Parents should also notify the local school district of intent to homeschool to confirm that the student is enrolled and that the parent is in compliance with Alabama Code § 16-28-15; [45] [46] however, the ALSDE notes that neither they nor any other agency is authorized to verify that this has been done. [44] Parents are also expected to keep an attendance register, though a parent not using a cover would not need to report this to the ALSDE or any other agency. [43] The ALSDE has stated that any such reporting requirements "tend to lend themselves to a brick and mortar facility rather than a home school environment." [44] If using a church or private school, parents would also need to comply with any policies set for by that school, and private tutors would need to comply with any requirements set forth by state law and the ALSDE. [47]

California

Today in California homeschoolers must either be part of a public homeschooling program through independent study or a charter school, use a credentialed tutor or enroll their children in a qualified private school. Such private schools may be formed by the parents in their own home, or parents may use a number of private schools that offer some kind of independent study or distance learning options. All persons who operate private schools in California, including parents forming schools just for their own children, must file an annual affidavit with the Department of Education. They must offer certain courses of study and must keep attendance records, but are otherwise not subject to any state oversight. [48] [49]

Today there is no requirement in California that any private school teachers, whether the school is large or small, must have state credentials, although all teachers must be capable of teaching. This current legal standing is a result of a case that began in February 2008, where the California Court of Appeals issued a ruling that made homeschooling without the use of teacher certification illegal in the state of California. [48] [49] The court's decision stated:

"It is clear that the education of the children at their home, whatever the quality of that education, does not qualify for the private full-time day school or credentialed tutor exemptions from compulsory education in a public full-time day school." [48]

The court rejected the defendant's argument relying on the precedent in the federal case, Yoder, holding regarding religious choice. [48] However, in March 2008, the court granted the petition for rehearing, and unanimously reversed itself, deciding that non-credentialed parents could homeschool their children under California law. [50] [51] [52]

Ohio

The law in Ohio that excuses students from compulsory attendance is the Ohio Administrative Code, Chapter 3301-34. Under this law, home education is defined as education that is directed by the parent or guardian of the child, favoring parental rights. Before the homeschooling process begins, the parent/guardian must notify the superintendent in his/her child's school district, normally through a district specific form, although notification by letter is normally accepted. [53]

Information to the school district includes: the school year, name of parent, and address, child's birth date, parent signature guaranteeing that the subjects listed in the Ohio Administrative Code are part of homeschooling, outline of the curriculum that the parent plans to cover in the next year, a list of materials that the parent plans to use, parent signature guaranteeing that the child will be in home education for 900 hours during the upcoming school year, and finally assurance that the home instructor has a high school diploma or the equivalence of a high school diploma.[ citation needed ]

Parents must also send an academic assessment to the superintendent from the previous school year. The academic assessment report needs to be one of two things: either the results of a nationally normed, standardized test or a written portfolio. The superintendent reviews the student's performance through these self-declared materials.[ citation needed ]

Texas

Before 1985, the legality of homeschooling was undefined in Texas State law. [54] The requirements were clarified in the landmark case Leeper vs. Arlington Independent School District (AISD) which created guidelines for defining a homeschool, removing doubt about legality. [55]

The Texas Education Agency (TEA) has no authority to regulate homeschools and there is no legal mandate for the number of hours homeschooled children must attend. There is no requirement for state standardized testing. State law does not require registration or annual filings for non-public schools. State law does not require any teacher credentials, or proven capability for non-public schools, such that parents with accreditation may teach their own children. TEA considers homeschools to be equivalent to unaccredited private schools; TEA states that private schools are not required to be accredited, and therefore the state has no requirement to regulate them. State laws require private, unaccredited schools, including homeschools to the following:

  • Teaching much include reading, spelling, grammar, mathematics and "good citizenship" (typically civics). The curriculum must be in visual form and must be taught in a bona fide manner, i.e. there is explicit intention to education. [56] The curriculum may be obtained from any source desired, and does not require approval or submission to any state or local authority prior to use.
  • State law requires notification only if the child was previously in a public school and is withdrawn; the notification required is merely a letter notifying the school district of the parent(s)' intent, and only one letter is required at the initial decision to withdraw the child from public school.

Homeschool students may dual enroll in public schools, but they are not required to do so. [12]

Virginia

To teach children at home, the teaching parent must meet at least one of the following criteria:

  1. Possess a valid high school diploma (or a higher degree, such as can be obtained through a university), which must be submitted to the district's superintendent—a GED does not fulfill this requirement
  2. Hold a valid teacher's certificate as approved by the state
  3. Provide a distance or correspondence curriculum approved by the superintendent of public instruction
  4. Provide evidence that they, as the teaching parent, can meet the Virginia Standards of Learning objectives

The teaching parent must annually inform the district of their intent to instruct children at home. The children must have all state-mandated vaccinations required of students in public education, with the exception of those who have a religious objection to vaccinations and have completed a notarized Certificate of Religious Exemption Form CRE 1. [57] Part-time enrollment in public school is rare, but allows for home-instructed students to take some classes. A homeschooled student may or may not be eligible to play sports for the school in their area, depending on the school. [58]

Other options not governed by the above include home instruction by a certified tutor with a valid Virginia Board of Education teaching license and religious exemptions. The latter, unique to Virginia, is due to a family's irreconcilable religious difference with a public education. If parents present sufficient evidence that a child's family has religious backing that attending school is abhorrent to their faith, and fill out the proper forms, none of the above is required to instruct a child at home. [59]

At the end of each year, the district must be provided with written documentation that the student has made academic progress. This could be through a letter from an educator holding a master's degree or higher in education who has evaluated the achievement of the student through the submission of a portfolio or through a report card or transcript from an accredited program. If these are not available, the use of some form of nationally normed standardized achievement test is required. [60] The scores attained must be at or above the twenty-third percentile. Some tests that may be used include the Stanford Achievement Test, the Comprehensive Test of Basic Skills (CTBS), the California Achievement Tests (CAT), the Iowa Test of Basic Skills (ITBS-TAP), Science Research Associates (SRA), or the Woodcock-Johnson Educational Battery. [61]

Homeschooled children do not receive a diploma for completion of homeschooling studies. Those who do correspondence curricula with a public institution will receive a diploma from the program. Normally to receive a diploma, once must complete a GED. [62]

Washington

To start homeschooling parents must annually file a Declaration of Intent to Provide Home Based Instruction RCW 28A.200.010 and be state qualified to homeschool (RCW 28A.225.010). [63] Under Washington state law RCW 28A.225.010, education is compulsory for children eight or older or if the child has been officially enrolled in public school. [64] Washington does require (RCW 28A.225.010) that homeschools teach reading, writing, spelling, language, math, science, social studies, history, health, occupational education, art and music appreciation. Subjects can be taught at homeschooler's discretion, and must meet the requirements of an annual evaluation. Each year the student must be evaluated according to law RCW28A.200.010, in the form of:

  • A standardized achievement test that has been approved by the State Board of Education, or
  • a non-test assessment administered by a Washington state certified teacher who must be currently working in the field of education.

Both the tests and results are required to be kept per RCW 28A.200.010 but does not specify in what form they be kept. Records can be requested by a school administration if the parents later decide to enroll their children in formal schooling. The state requires immunization records in accordance with law, and requests that further records be kept on instructional and educational activities.

Curricula and state resources

Curriculum requirements vary from state to state. While many complete curricula are available from a wide variety of secular and religious sources, many families choose to use a variety of resources to cover the required subjects.[ citation needed ]

Some states offer public-school-at-home programs.[ citation needed ] These online or virtual public schools may follow major aspects of the homeschooling paradigm, for example, instruction occurs outside of a traditional classroom, usually in the home. Some public-school-at-home programs give parents leeway in curriculum choice; others require use of a specified curriculum.[ citation needed ]

Full parental or student control over the curriculum and program is a large motivation for homeschooling. School-at-home programs are taxpayer-funded, covering the cost of providing books, supplies, and other needs, for public-school-at-home students just as conventional public school students. The U.S. Constitution's prohibition against establishing religion applies to public-school-at-home programs, so state appropriated funds cannot be used for purchasing religious materials.[ citation needed ]

A minority of states have statutes that require public schools to give homeschooled students access to district resources, such as school libraries, computer labs, extracurricular activities, or even academic courses. [ citation needed ] The laws of some states give districts the option of giving homeschooled students access to such resources.[ citation needed ]

Access to interscholastic athletic competition varies from state to state.

Advocacy

There are several national homeschooling advocacy groups. These groups advocate for the rights of parents and families who wish to homeschool their children. These organization have grown increasingly powerful, particularly in local politics. [67] These organizations include:

There are many homeschooling conventions and conferences featuring exhibitors and workshops. There are two main types of homeschooling conventions: public and organization (Christian, secular, Catholic). Some larger shows in the United States include, but are not limited to the following:

References

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  2. ↑ NCES Homeschooling Estimates, US Department of Education (2023). Accessible by PDF https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/Taubman/PEPG/conference/homeschool-conference-slides-grady.pdf
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  12. 1 2 Hughes, Kristine. "https://web.archive.org/web/20070204021226/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/city/carrollton/stories/DN-newschool_11met.ART0.North.Edition1.9055b49.html School offers new twist on classical education]." The Dallas Morning News . Monday June 12, 2006. Retrieved on October 12, 2011.
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  44. 1 2 3 "FAQs". www.alsde.edu. Retrieved 2020-09-01.
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  48. 1 2 3 4 In re Rachel L., 73 Cal.Rptr.3d 77 (Cal.App. 2 Dist. 2008). Text of the California Appellate Court Decision (see p. 12)
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