Houcaris

Last updated

Houcaris
Temporal range: Cambrian Series 2
Houcaris (Feart-11-1160285-g005).jpg
Fossils of H. magnabasis (B)
and H. saron (D)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Order:† Radiodonta
Genus:† Houcaris
Wu et al., 2021
Type species
Houcaris saron
(Hou, Bergström, & Ahlberg, 1995)
Other species
  • †H.? magnabasis
    (Pates, Daley, Edgecombe, Cong, & Lieberman, 2019)
  • †H.? consimilis
    (Cong et al., 2018)

Houcaris is a possibly paraphyletic radiodont genus, tentatively assigned to either Amplectobeluidae, Anomalocarididae or Tamisiocarididae, known from Cambrian Series 2 of China and the United States. The type species is Houcaris saron which was originally described as a species of the related genus Anomalocaris . [1] Other possible species include H. magnabasis and H. consimilis. [2] [3] The genus Houcaris was established for the two species in 2021 and honors Hou Xian-guang, who had discovered and named the type species Anomalocaris saron in 1995 along with his colleagues Jan Bergström and Per E. Ahlberg. [4]

Contents

Species

Houcaris saron

H. saron, known from Maotianshan Shale in Yunnan, is first described in 1995 as Anomalocaris saron. [4] This species is only known from frontal appendages. There is a specimen (ELRC 20001) that is previously considered as whole body fossil of this species, [4] but later study shows that this specimen is not belonging to this species, and later given own genus Innovatiocaris . [5] [6] [7] Length of frontal appendage is up to at least 12 cm. [2] Sometimes considered to belong to family Anomalocarididae [8] [9] or Amplectobeluidae. [10] [11]

Houcaris? magnabasis

H.? magnabasis, known from Pioche Shale and Pyramid shale in Nevada, is originally described as Anomalocaris cf. saron in 2003, [12] and later named as Anomalocaris magnabasis in 2019. [1] This species is only known from frontal appendages and some partial fossils of oral cone (mouthpart) and flaps. [1] Largest estimated length of frontal appendage is 17.5 cm. [1] Sometimes considered to belong to family Anomalocarididae [8] [9] or Amplectobeluidae. [10] [11]

However, results from the phylogenetic analysis by McCall in 2023 suggest that H.? magnabasis does not form a monophyletic clade with other species of Houcaris, and that it is a sister taxon of the Amplectobeluidae. Thus, he tentatively referred to the species as Anomalocaris magnabasis, even though the results show that it also does not form a clade with known species of Anomalocaris. [3]

Houcaris? consimilis

H.? consimilis is known from the Maotianshan Shales of South China and possibly the Latham Shale of California. [1] While this species was originally described within Ramskoeldia and a sister taxon of its type species (R. platyacantha), subsequent studies have rejected their monophyly. In 2022, this species was recovered as a basal member of the Tamisiocarididae close to H. saron by the describers of Innovatiocaris , and not monophyletic with R. platyacantha. [13] In 2023, on the basis of phylogenetic analysis and morphological comparison, McCall suggested that it does not form a monophyletic clade with R. platyacantha, but instead with H. saron, so he included this species within the genus as Houcaris consimilis. His results also consistently recover both species as a member of the Amplectobeluidae. [3] Based on their phylogenetic analysis from the 2024 study describing Shucaris and the first-known oral cone of H? consimilis, Wu and colleagues recovered H? consimilis as an amplectobeluid, but not as a sister taxon of R. platyacantha, and rejected the tamisiocaridid affinity. [14]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Pates, Stephen; Daley, Allison C.; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Cong, Peiyun; Lieberman, Bruce S. (2019). "Systematics, preservation and biogeography of radiodonts from the southern Great Basin, USA, during the upper Dyeran (Cambrian Series 2, Stage 4)" . Papers in Palaeontology. 7. Xi-Guang Zhang (ed.): –2.1277. doi:10.1002/spp2.1277. ISSN   2056-2802. S2CID   204260554.
  2. 1 2 Wu, Yu; Fu, Dongjing; Ma, Jiaxin; Lin, Weiliang; Sun, Ao; Zhang, Xingliang (2021). "Houcaris gen. nov. from the early Cambrian (Stage 3) Chengjiang Lagerstätte expanded the palaeogeographical distribution of tamisiocaridids (Panarthropoda: Radiodonta)" . PalZ. 95 (2): 209–221. Bibcode:2021PalZ...95..209W. doi:10.1007/s12542-020-00545-4. ISSN   1867-6812. S2CID   235221043.
  3. 1 2 3 McCall, Christian (13 December 2023). "A large pelagic lobopodian from the Cambrian Pioche Shale of Nevada" . Journal of Paleontology. 97 (5): 1009–1024. Bibcode:2023JPal...97.1009M. doi:10.1017/jpa.2023.63.
  4. 1 2 3 Hou, Xian-Guang; Bergström, Jan; Ahlberg, Per (1995). "Anomalocaris and other large animals in the lower Cambrian Chengjiang fauna of southwest China". GFF. 117 (3): 163–183. Bibcode:1995GFF...117..163X. doi:10.1080/11035899509546213. ISSN   1103-5897.
  5. ↑ Zeng, Han; Zhao, Fangchen; Niu, Kecheng; Zhu, Maoyan; Huang, Diying (2020). "An early Cambrian euarthropod with radiodont-like raptorial appendages" . Nature. 588 (7836): 101–105. Bibcode:2020Natur.588..101Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2883-7. ISSN   1476-4687. PMID   33149303. S2CID   226248177.
  6. ↑ Moysiuk, Joseph; Caron, Jean-Bernard (2021). "Exceptional multifunctionality in the feeding apparatus of a mid-Cambrian radiodont". Paleobiology. 47 (4): 704–724. Bibcode:2021Pbio...47..704M. doi: 10.1017/pab.2021.19 . ISSN   0094-8373. S2CID   236552819.
  7. ↑ Zeng, Han; Zhao, Fangchen; Zhu, Maoyan (2022-09-07). "Innovatiocaris, a complete radiodont from the early Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte and its implications for the phylogeny of Radiodonta" . Journal of the Geological Society. 180. doi:10.1144/jgs2021-164. ISSN   0016-7649. S2CID   252147346.
  8. 1 2 Van Roy, Peter; Daley, Allison C.; Briggs, Derek E. G. (2015). "Anomalocaridid trunk limb homology revealed by a giant filter-feeder with paired flaps" . Nature. 522 (7554): 77–80. Bibcode:2015Natur.522...77V. doi:10.1038/nature14256. ISSN   1476-4687. PMID   25762145. S2CID   205242881.
  9. 1 2 Liu, Jianni; Lerosey-Aubril, Rudy; Steiner, Michael; Dunlop, Jason A; Shu, Degan; Paterson, John R (2018-11-01). "Origin of raptorial feeding in juvenile euarthropods revealed by a Cambrian radiodontan". National Science Review. 5 (6): 863–869. doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwy057 . ISSN   2095-5138.
  10. 1 2 Vinther, Jakob; Stein, Martin; Longrich, Nicholas R.; Harper, David A. T. (2014). "A suspension-feeding anomalocarid from the Early Cambrian". Nature. 507 (7493): 496–499. Bibcode:2014Natur.507..496V. doi:10.1038/nature13010. hdl: 1983/88f89453-e81f-4767-a74d-1794c33e6b34 . ISSN   1476-4687. PMID   24670770. S2CID   205237459.
  11. 1 2 Lerosey-Aubril, Rudy; Pates, Stephen (2018-09-14). "New suspension-feeding radiodont suggests evolution of microplanktivory in Cambrian macronekton". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 3774. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.3774L. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06229-7. ISSN   2041-1723. PMC   6138677 . PMID   30218075.
  12. ↑ Lieberman, Bruce S. (2003). "A new soft-bodied fauna: The Pioche Formation of Nevada" . Journal of Paleontology. 77 (4): 674–690. Bibcode:2003JPal...77..674L. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2003)077<0674:ANSFTP>2.0.CO;2. ISSN   0022-3360.
  13. ↑ Zeng, Han; Zhao, Fangchen; Zhu, Maoyan (2022-09-07). "Innovatiocaris, a complete radiodont from the early Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte and its implications for the phylogeny of Radiodonta" . Journal of the Geological Society. 180. doi:10.1144/jgs2021-164. ISSN   0016-7649. S2CID   252147346.
  14. ↑ Wu, Yu; Pates, Stephen; Liu, Cong; Zhang, Mingjing; Lin, Weiliang; Ma, Jiaxin; Wu, Yuheng; Chai, Shu; Zhang, Xiangliang; Fu, Dongjing (16 July 2024). "A new radiodont from the lower Cambrian (Series 2 Stage 3) Chengjiang Lagerstätte, South China informs the evolution of feeding structures in radiodonts". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 22 (1). Bibcode:2024JSPal..2264887W. doi: 10.1080/14772019.2024.2364887 . hdl: 10871/136118 .
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