Caryosyntrips

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Caryosyntrips
Temporal range: Middle Cambrian
20191221 Caryosyntrips frontal appendage pair.png
Frontal appendages of Caryosyntrips
Caryosyntrips serratus.png
Speculative life restoration as a radiodont
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Stem group: Arthropoda
Genus:† Caryosyntrips
Daley & Budd, 2010
Type species
Caryosyntrips serratus
Daley & Budd, 2010
Species
  • Caryosyntrips serratus
    Daley & Budd, 2010
  • Caryosyntrips camurus
    Pates & Daley, 2017 [1]
  • Caryosyntrips durus
    Pates & Daley, 2017 [1]

Caryosyntrips ("nutcracker") is an extinct genus of stem-arthropod which known from Canada, United States and Spain during the middle Cambrian. [1] It was first named by Allison C. Daley and Graham E. Budd in 2010, being the type species Caryosyntrips serratus. [2]

Contents

Etymology

The scientific name Caryosyntrips comes from Greek karyon, "nut"; and syntrips, "the smasher", a spirit from Greek mythology. [2]

Occurrence

Multiple species had been recovered from the Burgess Shale Formation, Canada, Wheeler Shale and Marjum Formation, United States, and Valdemiedes Formation, Spain. [1] [3] The latter contain a large specimen, which was initially misidentified as a body remain of lobopodian ("Mureropodia apae"). [4] [1] [5] [6] While the assignment of “Mureropodia” as a misidentified appendage was controversial, [7] the previous lobopodian affinity was less tenable than the fossil being a Caryosyntrips appendage. [6]

Description

Caryosyntrips is known only from its 14-segmented frontal appendages, which resemble nutcrackers, with the endite (ventral spine)-bearing margin facing each other, and the bell-shaped bases might represent movable articulations with the animal's head. [1] Details of the endites, terminal spines, segmental boundaries and outer margins differ between species. [1] It is thought to have used their frontal appendages in a scissor-like grasping or slicing motion, and were probably durophagous, feeding on hard-shelled organisms. [1] Other structures remain unknown, although a specimen with paired appendages possibly contain other fragmental head sclerites as well. [2] [3]

The size of Caryosyntrips differed between each species. The largest species is C. serratus which is estimated around 20.5–30.2 cm (8.1–11.9 in) long. Other species are much smaller, with the body lengths of C. camurus and C. durus estimated up to 13.7–20.2 cm (5.4–8.0 in) and 12.2–17.9 cm (4.8–7.0 in) respectively. The largest possible specimen (MPZ 2009/1241), identified as C. cf. camurus, would have belonged to an individual measuring between 36.7–54 cm (1.20–1.77 ft) long. [8]

Taxonomic affinities

As of 2010s, Caryosyntrips was long considered to be a basal radiodont of uncertain position, usually resolved in a polytomy between euarthropod and radiodont branches. [9] [10] [11] [6] [12] [13] however more recent papers have found that it may sit outside of the monophyletic Radiodonta all together. [13] [14] Due to the unusual morphology of the frontal appendages and the limited extent of known remains, its position within the arthropod stem-group remains uncertain. [1] [14]

Panarthropoda

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Stephen Pates; Allison C. Daley (2017). "Caryosyntrips: a radiodontan from the Cambrian of Spain, USA and Canada". Papers in Palaeontology. 3 (3): 461–470. Bibcode:2017PPal....3..461P. doi:10.1002/spp2.1084. S2CID   135026011.
  2. 1 2 3 Allison C. Daley, Graham E. Budd (2010). "New anomalocaridid appendages from the Burgess Shale, Canada". Palaeontology. 53 (4): 721–738. Bibcode:2010Palgy..53..721D. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00955.x .
  3. 1 2 Pates, Stephen; Lerosey-Aubril, Rudy; Daley, Allison C.; Kier, Carlo; Bonino, Enrico; Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2021-01-19). "The diverse radiodont fauna from the Marjum Formation of Utah, USA (Cambrian: Drumian)". PeerJ. 9: e10509. doi: 10.7717/peerj.10509 . ISSN   2167-8359. PMC   7821760 . PMID   33552709.
  4. ↑ Gámez Vintaned, José Antonio; Liñán, Eladio; Yu. Zhuravlev, Andrey (2011), Pontarotti, Pierre (ed.), "A New Early Cambrian Lobopod-Bearing Animal (Murero, Spain) and the Problem of the Ecdysozoan Early Diversification", Evolutionary Biology – Concepts, Biodiversity, Macroevolution and Genome Evolution, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 193–219, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-20763-1_12, ISBN   978-3-642-20763-1 , retrieved 2024-01-05
  5. ↑ Pates, Stephen; Daley, Allison; Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2018). "Response to Comment on "Aysheaia prolata from the Utah Wheeler Formation (Drumian, Cambrian) is a frontal appendage of the radiodontan Stanleycaris" with the formal description of Stanleycaris". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 63. doi:10.4202/app.00443.2017. ISSN   0567-7920.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Lerosey-Aubril, Rudy; Pates, Stephen (2018-09-14). "New suspension-feeding radiodont suggests evolution of microplanktivory in Cambrian macronekton". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 3774. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.3774L. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06229-7. ISSN   2041-1723. PMC   6138677 . PMID   30218075.
  7. ↑ José A. Gámez Vintaned; Andrey Y. Zhuravlev (2018). "Comment on "Aysheaia prolata from the Utah Wheeler Formation (Drumian, Cambrian) is a frontal appendage of the radiodontan Stanleycaris" by Stephen Pates, Allison C. Daley, and Javier Ortega-Hernández". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 63 (1): 103–104. doi:10.4202/app.00335.2017 (inactive 1 November 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  8. ↑ Lerosey-Aubril, Rudy; Pates, Stephen (2018-09-14). "New suspension-feeding radiodont suggests evolution of microplanktivory in Cambrian macronekton". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 3774. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.3774L. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06229-7. ISSN   2041-1723. PMC   6138677 . PMID   30218075. Dryad Data
  9. ↑ Jakob Vinther; Martin Stein; Nicholas R. Longrich & David A. T. Harper (2014). "A suspension-feeding anomalocarid from the Early Cambrian" (PDF). Nature. 507 (7493): 496–499. Bibcode:2014Natur.507..496V. doi:10.1038/nature13010. PMID   24670770. S2CID   205237459.
  10. ↑ Cong, Peiyun; Ma, Xiaoya; Hou, Xianguang; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Strausfeld, Nicholas J. (September 2014). "Brain structure resolves the segmental affinity of anomalocaridid appendages". Nature. 513 (7519): 538–542. Bibcode:2014Natur.513..538C. doi:10.1038/nature13486. ISSN   1476-4687. PMID   25043032. S2CID   4451239.
  11. ↑ Van Roy, Peter; Daley, Allison C.; Briggs, Derek E. G. (June 2015). "Anomalocaridid trunk limb homology revealed by a giant filter-feeder with paired flaps". Nature. 522 (7554): 77–80. Bibcode:2015Natur.522...77V. doi:10.1038/nature14256. ISSN   1476-4687. PMID   25762145. S2CID   205242881.
  12. ↑ Liu, Jianni; Lerosey-Aubril, Rudy; Steiner, Michael; Dunlop, Jason A; Shu, Degan; Paterson, John R (2018-06-01). "Origin of raptorial feeding in juvenile euarthropods revealed by a Cambrian radiodontan". National Science Review. 5 (6): 863–869. doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwy057 . ISSN   2095-5138.
  13. 1 2 Moysiuk, J.; Caron, J.-B. (2019-08-14). "A new hurdiid radiodont from the Burgess Shale evinces the exploitation of Cambrian infaunal food sources". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 286 (1908): 20191079. doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.1079. ISSN   0962-8452. PMC   6710600 . PMID   31362637.
  14. 1 2 McCall, Christian (13 December 2023). "A large pelagic lobopodian from the Cambrian Pioche Shale of Nevada". Journal of Paleontology. 97 (5): 1009–1024. Bibcode:2023JPal...97.1009M. doi:10.1017/jpa.2023.63. S2CID   266292707 . Retrieved 13 December 2023.
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