Peytoia

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Peytoia
Temporal range: Cambrian Stage 3–Miaolingian
USNM PAL 274143 Peytoia nathorsti Image 1.jpg
Fossil specimen of Peytoia nathorsti
20191021 Peytoia nathorsti Laggania cambria.png
Reconstruction of P. nathorsti
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Order:† Radiodonta
Family:† Hurdiidae
Genus:† Peytoia
Walcott, 1911
Type species
†Peytoia nathorsti
Walcott, 1911
Species
Synonyms
  • Laggania
    Walcott, 1911
  • Pomerania
    Lendzion, 1975 (preoccupied)
  • Cassubia
    Lendzion, 1977

Peytoia is a genus of hurdiid radiodont, an early diverging order of stem-group arthropods, that lived in the Cambrian period, containing two species, Peytoia nathorsti from the Miaolingian of Canada and Peytoia infercambriensis from Poland, dating to Cambrian Stage 3. [1] Its two frontal appendages had long bristle-like spines, it had no fan tail, and its short stalked eyes were behind its large head.

Contents

108 specimens of Peytoia are known from the Greater Phyllopod bed, where they comprise 0.21% of the community. [2]

Peytoia nathorsti and its junior synonym Laggania cambria played a major role in the discovery of the radiodont body plan. Initially interpreted as a jellyfish and a sea cucumber respectively, they were eventually shown to be the mouthparts and body of a single animal, which bore Anomalocaris -like appendages.

Peytoia infercambriensis is the geologically oldest known radiodont species. [1]

Classification

Peytoia belongs to the clade Hurdiidae, and is closely related to the contemporary genus Hurdia . [3]

Peytoia contains two named species: Peytoia nathorsti, the type species, from the Burgess Shale of Canada and the Wheeler and Marjum Formations of the United States, [4] and Peytoia infercambriensis from the Zawiszyn Formation of Poland. [1] Another species of Peytoia may be present in the Burgess Shale, represented by a single frontal appendage from the Tulip Beds locality. [5] A specimen regarded as Peytoia cf. nathorsti is known from the Balang Formation of China. [6]

History

Holotype oral cone of Peytoia nathorsti USNM 57538 Peytoia nathorsti oral cone.jpg
Holotype oral cone of Peytoia nathorsti

The history of Peytoia is entangled with that of "Laggania" and Anomalocaris : all three were initially identified as isolated body parts and only later discovered to belong to one type of animal. This was due in part to their makeup of a mixture of mineralized and unmineralized body parts; the oral cone (mouth) and frontal appendage were considerably harder and more easily fossilized than the delicate body. [7]

The first was a detached frontal appendage of Anomalocaris, described by Joseph Frederick Whiteaves in 1892 as a phyllocarid crustacean, because it resembled the abdomen of that taxon. [7] The first fossilized oral cone was discovered by Charles Doolittle Walcott, who mistook it for a jellyfish and placed it in the genus Peytoia. In the same paper, Walcott described a poorly-preserved body specimen as Laggania; he interpreted it as a holothurian (sea cucumber). In 1978, Simon Conway Morris noted that the mouthparts of Laggania were identical to Peytoia, but interpreted this as indicating that Laggania was a composite fossil of Peytoia and the sponge Corralio undulata . [8] Later, while clearing what he thought was an unrelated specimen, Harry B. Whittington removed a layer of covering stone to discover the unequivocally connected arm thought to be a phyllocarid abdomen and the oral cone thought to be a jellyfish. [9] [7] Whittington linked the two species, but it took several more years for researchers to realize that the continuously juxtaposed Peytoia, Laggania and frontal appendage represented one enormous creature. [7] Laggania and Peytoia were named in the same publication, but Conway Morris selected Peytoia as the valid name in 1978, which makes it the valid name according to International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature rules. [8] [10]

Only specimen of Peytoia infercambriensis 20210218 Peytoia infercambriensis Cassubia infercambriensis id1.png
Only specimen of Peytoia infercambriensis

The discovery that Anomalocaris, Laggania, and Peytoia represented parts of a single type of animal led to the synonymization of the three genera, with Peytoia nathorsti reclassified as Anomalocaris nathorsti. [11] Peytoia nathorsti was subsequently considered a junior synonym of Anomalocaris canadensis, while Laggania cambria became recognized as a distinct genus and species again, [12] but in 2012 it was determined that Anomalocaris canadensis had an oral cone with only three large plates, unlike that of Laggania cambria and Peytoia nathorsti with four, and Peytoia was once again recognized as valid, with Laggania its junior synonym. [10]

A second species, Peytoia infercambriensis , was named in 1975 as Pomerania infercambriensis. Its discoverer, Kazimiera Lendzion, interpreted it as a member of Leanchoiliidae, [13] a family which now known as part of the unrelated megacheirans (great appendage arthropods). It was subsequently renamed Cassubia infercambriensis because the name Pomerania had already been used for an ammonoid. [14] C. infercambriensis was later recognized as a radiodont. [15] It was later determined that the specimen was a composite of a radiodont frontal appendage and the body of an unknown arthropod. [1] Due to the close similarity of the appendage to Peytoia nathorsti, C. infercambriensis was reassigned to Peytoia. [1]

Description

P. nathorsti had body length about 28.7–30.3 cm (11.3–11.9 in). [16] The oral cone of Peytoia nathorsti has four large plates, similar to Hurdia, as compared to three in Anomalocaris. However, unlike Hurdia, the oral cone of Peytoia lacks inner rows of spines. [17] The frontal appendages have 13 podomeres in their distal part, as is typical and likely ancestral for radiodonts. Like other hurdiid radiodonts, the frontal appendages have five blade-like endites, which have short auxiliary spines. An intercalary podomere is present, separating the proximal and distal ends of the appendage. The appendages also have large medial spines, sometimes referred to as "gnathites", which face towards the opposite appendage. [18] The trunk consists of 13 segments, which are associated with wide swimming flaps. Compared to Hurdia, Peytoia has less prominent setal blades. [19]

Phylogeny

Phylogenetic position of Peytoia within Panarthropoda, according to Pates et al. (2022). [20]

Ecology

It has been proposed that the frontal appendages of Peytoia were used to sift sediment for prey, however, some authors have considered this unlikely due to the small size and irregular spacing of the auxiliary spines. It has been alternatively proposed that Peytoia was a predator, using its appendages to capture slow-moving, relatively large benthic prey. [21]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Daley, A. C.; Legg, D. A. (2015). "A morphological and taxonomic appraisal of the oldest anomalocaridid from the Lower Cambrian of Poland". Geological Magazine. 152 (5): 949–955. Bibcode:2015GeoM..152..949D. doi:10.1017/S0016756815000412. S2CID   130745134.
  2. ↑ Caron, Jean-Bernard; Jackson, Donald A. (October 2006). "Taphonomy of the Greater Phyllopod Bed community, Burgess Shale". PALAIOS. 21 (5): 451–65. Bibcode:2006Palai..21..451C. doi:10.2110/palo.2003.P05-070R. JSTOR   20173022. S2CID   53646959.
  3. ↑ Vinther, J.; Stein, M.; Longrich, N. R.; Harper, D. A. T. (2014). "A suspension-feeding anomalocarid from the Early Cambrian" (PDF). Nature. 507 (7493): 497–499. Bibcode:2014Natur.507..496V. doi:10.1038/nature13010. PMID   24670770. S2CID   205237459.
  4. ↑ Pates, Stephen; Lerosey-Aubril, Rudy; Daley, Allison C.; Kier, Carlo; Bonino, Enrico; Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2021-01-19). "The diverse radiodont fauna from the Marjum Formation of Utah, USA (Cambrian: Drumian)". PeerJ. 9: e10509. doi: 10.7717/peerj.10509 . ISSN   2167-8359. PMC   7821760 . PMID   33552709.
  5. ↑ Daley, Allison C.; Budd, Graham E.; Caron, Jean-Bernard (2013-03-22). "Morphology and systematics of the anomalocaridid arthropod Hurdia from the Middle Cambrian of British Columbia and Utah". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 11 (7): 743–787. Bibcode:2013JSPal..11..743D. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.732723. eISSN   1478-0941. ISSN   1477-2019. S2CID   86465719.
  6. ↑ Liu, Qing (2013-05-02). "The first discovery of anomalocaridid appendages from the Balang Formation (Cambrian Series 2) in Hunan, China". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 37 (3): 338–343. Bibcode:2013Alch...37..338L. doi:10.1080/03115518.2013.753767. eISSN   1752-0754. ISSN   0311-5518. S2CID   129212098.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Gould, Stephen Jay (1989). Wonderful life: the Burgess Shale and the nature of history. New York: W.W. Norton. pp.  194–206. ISBN   0-393-02705-8.
  8. 1 2 Conway Morris, S. (1978). "Laggania cambria Walcott: A composite fossil". Journal of Paleontology. 52 (1): 126–131. JSTOR   1303799.
  9. ↑ Conway Morris, S. (1998). The crucible of creation: the Burgess Shale and the rise of animals. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. pp. 56–9. ISBN   0-19-850256-7.
  10. 1 2 Daley, A. C.; Bergström, J. (2012). "The oral cone of Anomalocaris is not a classic 'peytoia'". Naturwissenschaften. 99: 501–504. doi:10.1007/s00114-012-0910-8.
  11. ↑ Whittington, H. B.; Briggs, D. E. G. (1985-05-14). "The largest Cambrian animal, Anomalocaris, Burgess Shale, British Columbia". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 309 (1141): 569–609. Bibcode:1985RSPTB.309..569W. doi:10.1098/rstb.1985.0096. JSTOR   2396268.
  12. ↑ Collins, Desmond (1996). "The "Evolution" of Anomalocaris and Its Classification in the Arthropod Class Dinocarida (nov.) and Order Radiodonta (nov.)". Journal of Paleontology. 70 (2): 280–293. Bibcode:1996JPal...70..280C. doi:10.1017/S0022336000023362. JSTOR   1306391. S2CID   131622496.
  13. ↑ Lendzion, Kazimiera (1975). "Fauna of the Mobergella zone in the Polish Lower Cambrian". Geological Quarterly. 19 (2): 237–242.
  14. ↑ Lendzion, Kazimiera (1977). "Cassubia - a new generic name for Pomerania Lendzion, 1975". Geological Quarterly. 21 (1).
  15. ↑ Dzik, J.; Lendzion, K. (1988). "The Oldest Arthropods of the East European Platform". Lethaia. 21: 29–38. Bibcode:1988Letha..21...29D. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1988.tb01749.x.
  16. ↑ Lerosey-Aubril, Rudy; Pates, Stephen (2018-09-14). "New suspension-feeding radiodont suggests evolution of microplanktivory in Cambrian macronekton". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 3774. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.3774L. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06229-7. ISSN   2041-1723. PMC   6138677 . PMID   30218075. Dryad Data
  17. ↑ Daley, Allison C.; Bergström, Jan (June 2012). "The oral cone of Anomalocaris is not a classic peytoia". Naturwissenschaften. 99 (6): 501–504. Bibcode:2012NW.....99..501D. doi:10.1007/s00114-012-0910-8. ISSN   0028-1042. PMID   22476406. S2CID   253633303.
  18. ↑ Moysiuk, Joseph; Caron, Jean-Bernard (November 2021). "Exceptional multifunctionality in the feeding apparatus of a mid-Cambrian radiodont". Paleobiology. 47 (4): 704–724. Bibcode:2021Pbio...47..704M. doi: 10.1017/pab.2021.19 . ISSN   0094-8373. S2CID   236552819.
  19. ↑ Pates, Stephen; Daley, Allison C.; Lieberman, Bruce S. (January 2018). "Hurdiid radiodontans from the middle Cambrian (Series 3) of Utah". Journal of Paleontology. 92 (1): 99–113. Bibcode:2018JPal...92...99P. doi:10.1017/jpa.2017.11. ISSN   0022-3360. S2CID   135388079.
  20. ↑ Pates, Stephen; Wolfe, Joanna M.; Lerosey-Aubril, Rudy; Daley, Allison C.; Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2022-02-09). "New opabiniid diversifies the weirdest wonders of the euarthropod stem group". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 289 (1968). doi: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2093 . PMC   8826304 . PMID   35135344.
  21. ↑ De Vivo, Giacinto; Lautenschlager, Stephan; Vinther, Jakob (2021-07-28). "Three-dimensional modelling, disparity and ecology of the first Cambrian apex predators". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 288 (1955): 20211176. doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.1176. ISSN   0962-8452. PMC   8292756 . PMID   34284622.
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