Hurricane Kyle (2002)

Last updated
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

A cold front stalled and began weakening to the southeast of Bermuda on September 15, spawning a low-pressure area by September 18. A stationary wind circulation developed around the low by September 19, aided by a trough aloft to its west. Convection developed into narrow banding features far from the center, and the overall structure gradually consolidated. It is estimated that the system developed into a subtropical depression late on September 20, about 490 miles southeast of Bermuda; it was classified subtropical because of the large distance between the convection and the center, uncharacteristic of purely tropical systems. The cyclone tracked northward within the weak steering flow between an upper-level low to its south and a trough to its north. Strengthening gradually, the depression attained subtropical storm status early on September 21, and as such was named Kyle by the National Hurricane Center. [1]

After being named, Kyle tracked north-northeastward before gradually executing a clockwise loop. [1] Initially, the circulation center remained partly exposed to the south and west of the deep convection. [2] On September 22, the convection increased around the center as the system developed a warm thermal core, and as a result it was reclassified as a fully tropical cyclone. [1] A building anticyclone to the northwest turned Kyle to the southwest. After the storm briefly weakened, [3] previously moderate wind shear began decreasing, which allowed convection to deepen and the outflow over the cyclone to improve. [4] Tracking over progressively warmer waters, Kyle began developing a banding eye feature late on September 24. [5] Slow strengthening continued, and the storm attained hurricane status at 1200  UTC on September 25. The next day, Kyle reached peak winds of 85 mph (137 km/h) about 490 miles east-southeast of Bermuda. [1]

TRMM satellite image of Tropical Storm Kyle on October 3 TRMM Kyle 2002.jpg
TRMM satellite image of Tropical Storm Kyle on October 3

After maintaining its peak intensity for about 24 hours, [1] Kyle began weakening on September 27 as increased upper-level shear restricted outflow and distorted the convection envelope; [6] drier air also contributed to the weakening. [7] On September 28, after turning west-northwestward, the hurricane weakened to tropical storm status, [1] and by the next day the center had become devoid of deep convection. [8] A trough passing to its north and a developing ridge to its west left the storm nearly stationary for several days. [9] The weakening rate of Kyle was temporarily halted when thunderstorms redeveloped on September 29 [10] and again early the next day, [11] though late on September 30 the storm weakened to tropical depression status. [1] The circulation had become elongated from northeast to southwest. The northeastern portion became associated with the approaching frontal zone, [12] and was briefly monitored for signs of development. [13] However, the southwestern portion redeveloped convection and became the dominant circulation. [12]

Remaining a tropical depression for about 18 hours, Kyle re-intensified to tropical storm status on October 1, [1] after redeveloping some thunderstorms southeast of the center. [14] Despite unfavorable wind shear, the convection became better organized, developing into rain bands and wrapping into the mid-level circulation of the storm. [15] Late on October 2, Kyle developed an eye feature in the center of the storm, [16] and the winds increased to about 65 mph (105 km/h); [1] operationally it was forecast to regain hurricane status. [16] However, the storm encountered further wind shear, which left the center exposed from the convection by early on October 4. [17] Convection became intermittent and separated from the circulation, [18] and Kyle again weakened to tropical depression status on October 5. By then, the storm had begun a steady west-northwest motion, which was followed by a slow turn to the north-northeast. [1] On October 6, a decrease in wind shear allowed the cyclone to again reach tropical storm status, about 295 miles (475 km) west-northwest of Bermuda. Around the same time, the system was located in an area of weak steering currents; a ridge was to its northeast and southwest, an upper-level low was to its east-southeast, and a broad trough was to its northwest. [19] By October 7, it began a slow southwestward motion around a ridge to its west. The circulation became elongated as dry air limited convection, [20] and after shear increased on October 8, [21] Kyle weakened to tropical depression status. [1]

By early on October 9, the depression consisted of a circulation center without any of the associated deep convection that is one of the prerequisites of being a tropical cyclone. Several hurricane forecast models predicted Kyle to weaken until dissipation. [22] After 24 hours without significant convection, thunderstorms reformed to the southeast of the center on October 10 as the depression entered an area of warmer water temperatures. [23] Environmental conditions became more favorable, with weakening wind shear and decreasing dry air. [24] The depression continued tracking around a ridge, turning to the west and west-northwest toward the coast of Florida. [25] Convection increased markedly early on October 11 as it turned northward ahead of an approaching cold front, [26] and Kyle regained tropical storm status about 35 miles (56 km) east of the border between Florida and Georgia. [1]

Tropical Storm Kyle making landfall in South Carolina on October 11 Kyle 2002-10-11 1815Z.jpg
Tropical Storm Kyle making landfall in South Carolina on October 11

After re-attaining tropical storm status, Kyle turned more to the northeast and parallel to the coastline, making landfall near McClellanville, South Carolina as a minimal tropical storm. The storm briefly moved over open waters before again making landfall near Long Beach, North Carolina late on October 11. By early on October 12, the storm had weakened to tropical depression status. [1] At the time of it moving ashore, there was a separate non-tropical low to the northeast of the depression, [27] and shear had greatly increased, which made re-intensification unlikely. [28] However, convection redeveloped baroclinically with the approaching cold front, and Kyle attained tropical storm status for the fifth time over the eastern Pamlico Sound. [29] The restrengthening was short-lived, as the wind field expanded while the convection transitioned into that of a frontal band. [30] After emerging into the western Atlantic Ocean, Tropical Storm Kyle merged with a cold front late on October 12. [1] The remnants of Kyle continued eastward, executing a loop on October 14 before turning northeastward and impacting the Azores on October 17. The next day, the remnants of Kyle were absorbed by an extratropical cyclone to its northwest, which continued northeastward and moved near the British Isles on October 23. [31]

Preparations

Because of uncertainties in its track, the government of Bermuda posted a tropical storm watch for the island on September 30; it was discontinued the following day. [1]

As Kyle approached the coast of Florida, a tropical storm watch was issued between Cocoa Beach, Florida and Brunswick, Georgia, and later was extended northward to Edisto Beach, South Carolina. Early on October 11, a tropical storm warning was put in place between Brunswick, Georgia and Cape Fear, North Carolina, which was later amended to include the Pamlico Sound and the coastline through Surf City, North Carolina. [1] Prior to it making landfall, the National Weather Service office in Wilmington, North Carolina issued a flood watch for much of the coastline that was ultimately affected; in South Carolina, a flood warning was issued for the counties of Florence, Williamsburg, and Georgetown. [32] States of emergencies were declared for ten South Carolina counties. [33]

Impact

Rainfall totals in the United States from Kyle Kyle 2002 rainfall.gif
Rainfall totals in the United States from Kyle

On Bermuda, the combination of the storm and a cold front to its north produced 2.19 inches (56 mm) of rainfall in the first two days of October, which was about half of the monthly rainfall total. [34]

While passing near the northeast coast of Florida, Kyle produced a storm surge of 1.31 feet (0.40 m) in Fernandina Beach. Winds were light, with gusts peaking at 32 mph (51 km/h) in St. Augustine, and precipitation reached 2.05 inches (52 mm) in Fernandina Beach. [1] Along the Georgia coastline, the storm dropped moderate rainfall that peaked at 5.35 inches (136 mm) at Hunter Army Airfield. [1] Most of the precipitation fell in a 12‑hour period, which flooded roads and low-lying areas, especially in the Savannah area; several roads were closed, and numerous vehicles stalled in the floodwaters. [35]

Moderate rainfall from Kyle in South Carolina peaked at 6.35 inches (161 mm) in Edisto Beach, with the precipitation resulting in minor urban flooding. [1] In and around St. Stephen, flooding reached several feet in depth in roads and buildings; there, a nursing home had to be evacuated because of flooding. [36] High waters in Manning severely damaged 17 mobile homes, forcing about 50 people to move to shelters. [37] Ten car accidents were reported in Florence. [38] The tropical storm spawned an F2 tornado in Georgetown that remained on the ground for about 1.25 miles (2.01 km). At its peak strength, the tornado overturned five mobile homes and a car. [32] The tornado destroyed seven homes and damaged 106 buildings, 28 severely. Eight people were injured by the tornado. [39]

Tornado damage in Georgetown, South Carolina Kyle 2002 SC tornado damage.jpg
Tornado damage in Georgetown, South Carolina

In North Carolina, above-normal tides caused minor beach erosion. Rainfall near the coastline reached 5.6 inches (140 mm) in Greenville. [1] Moisture from the storm led to increased rainfall further inland, peaking at 8.72 inches (221 mm) in Butner. [40] Raleigh-Durham recorded a two-day rainfall total of 5.79 inches (147 mm), which was the highest two-day total at the station since Hurricane Floyd in 1999. [41] Heavy rainfall caused flash flooding in Martin County, where several roads were closed. [42] Moderate winds were reported in the state, with gusts peaking at 49 mph (79 km/h) on Bald Head Island. The storm spawned at least three tornadoes in the state, including an F2 twister near Pantego that damaged two houses and a farm. [1]

Moisture from Kyle extended into the Mid-Atlantic states and southern New York. The precipitation alleviated rainfall deficits throughout the region. [41] Overall damage amounted to about $5 million (2002 USD$, 8.47 million2024 USD). [1] While no deaths were reported directly from Kyle, its remnants contributed to one death in stormy seas off the British Isles. [31]

Records

Lasting for a total of 22 days, Hurricane Kyle was operationally considered the third-longest-lived tropical cyclone in the Atlantic basin; [1] Kyle was behind Hurricane Ginger in the 1971 season with 27.25 days and Hurricane Inga in the 1969 season with 24.75 days. [43] However, an update to the Atlantic hurricane best track in 2004 led to the San Ciriaco Hurricane of 1899 to be re-analyzed as the longest-lived Atlantic tropical cyclone on record, and as a result Kyle was dropped to the fourth-longest-lived. In September 2012, Hurricane Nadine surpassed Kyle as the fourth-longest-lived cyclone at 22.25 days, dropping Kyle to fifth-longest-lived. Kyle was, at the time, the only Atlantic tropical cyclone on record to attain tropical storm status on five separate occasions; [44] 2010's Hurricane Tomas subsequently equalled this feat.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1995 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1995 Atlantic hurricane season was a very active Atlantic hurricane season, and is considered to be the start of an ongoing era of high-activity tropical cyclone formation. The season produced twenty-one tropical cyclones, nineteen named storms, as well as eleven hurricanes and five major hurricanes. The season officially began on June 1 and ended on November 30, dates which conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones develop in the Atlantic basin. The first tropical cyclone, Hurricane Allison, developed on June 2, while the season's final storm, Hurricane Tanya, transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on November 1. The very active Atlantic hurricane activity in 1995 was caused by La Niña conditions, which also influenced an inactive Pacific hurricane season. It was tied with 1887 Atlantic hurricane season with 19 named storms, which was later equalled by the 2010, 2011, and 2012 seasons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2003 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 2003 Atlantic hurricane season was a very active season with tropical cyclogenesis occurring before and after the official bounds of the season—the first such occurrence since the 1970 season. The season produced 21 tropical cyclones, of which 16 developed into named storms; seven of those attained hurricane status, of which three reached major hurricane status. The strongest hurricane of the season was Hurricane Isabel, which reached Category 5 status on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale northeast of the Lesser Antilles; Isabel later struck North Carolina as a Category 2 hurricane, causing $3.6 billion in damage and a total of 51 deaths across the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2002 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 2002 Atlantic hurricane season was a near-average Atlantic hurricane season. It officially started on June 1, 2002, and ended on November 30, dates which conventionally limit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones develop in the Atlantic Ocean. The season produced fourteen tropical cyclones, of which twelve developed into named storms; four became hurricanes, and two attained major hurricane status. While the season's first cyclone did not develop until July 14, activity quickly picked up: eight storms developed in the month of September. It ended early however, with no tropical storms forming after October 6—a rare occurrence caused partly by El Niño conditions. The most intense hurricane of the season was Hurricane Isidore with a minimum central pressure of 934 mbar, although Hurricane Lili attained higher winds and peaked at Category 4 whereas Isidore only reached Category 3. However, Lili had a minimum central pressure of 938 mbar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2000 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 2000 Atlantic hurricane season was a fairly active hurricane season, but featured the latest first named storm in a hurricane season since 1992. The hurricane season officially began on June 1, and ended on November 30. It was slightly above average due to a La Niña weather pattern although most of the storms were weak. It was also the only season to have two of the storms affect Ireland. The first cyclone, Tropical Depression One, developed in the southern Gulf of Mexico on June 7 and dissipated after an uneventful duration. However, it would be almost two months before the first named storm, Alberto, formed near Cape Verde; Alberto also dissipated with no effects on land. Several other tropical cyclones—Tropical Depression Two, Tropical Depression Four, Chris, Ernesto, Nadine, and an unnamed subtropical storm—did not impact land. Five additional storms—Tropical Depression Nine, Florence, Isaac, Joyce, and Leslie—minimally affected land areas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1999 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1999 Atlantic hurricane season was a fairly active season, mostly due to a persistent La Niña that developed in the latter half of 1998. It had five Category 4 hurricanes – the highest number recorded in a single season in the Atlantic basin, previously tied in 1933 and 1961, and later tied in 2005 and 2020. The season officially began on June 1, and ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. The first storm, Arlene, formed on June 11 to the southeast of Bermuda. It meandered slowly for a week and caused no impact on land. Other tropical cyclones that did not affect land were Hurricane Cindy, Tropical Storm Emily, and Tropical Depression Twelve. Localized or otherwise minor damage occurred from Hurricanes Bret, Gert, and Jose, and tropical storms Harvey and Katrina.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1992 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1992 Atlantic hurricane season was a significantly below average season for overall tropical or subtropical cyclones as only ten formed. Six of them became named tropical storms, and four of those became hurricanes; one hurricane became a major hurricane. The season was also near-average in terms of accumulated cyclone energy. The season officially started on June 1 and officially ended on November 30. However, tropical cyclogenesis is possible at any time of the year, as demonstrated by formation in April of an unnamed subtropical storm in the central Atlantic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1991 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1991 Atlantic hurricane season was the first season since 1984 in which no hurricanes developed from tropical waves, which are the source for most North Atlantic tropical cyclones. The hurricane season officially began on June 1, and ended on November 30. It was the least active in four years due to higher than usual wind shear across the Atlantic Ocean. The first storm, Ana, developed on July 2 off the southeast United States and dissipated without causing significant effects. Two other tropical storms in the season – Danny and Erika – did not significantly affect land. Danny dissipated east of the Lesser Antilles, and Erika passed through the Azores before becoming extratropical. In addition, there were four non-developing tropical depressions. The second depression of the season struck Mexico with significant accompanying rains.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2006 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 2006 Atlantic hurricane season was the least active in the basin since 1997, with nine named storms as well as an additional unnamed tropical storm identified by the National Hurricane Center. 2006 was the first season since 2001 in which no hurricanes made landfall in the United States, and was the first since 1994 in which no tropical cyclones formed during October. Following the intense activity of 2003, 2004, and 2005, forecasters predicted that the 2006 season would be only slightly less active. Instead, it turned out to be a below average season, as activity was slowed by a rapidly forming moderate El Niño event, the presence of the Saharan Air Layer over the tropical Atlantic, and the steady presence of a robust secondary high-pressure area to the Azores High centered on Bermuda. There were no tropical cyclones after October 2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Gabrielle (2001)</span> Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 2001

Hurricane Gabrielle was a North Atlantic hurricane that caused flooding in both Florida and Newfoundland in September 2001. It developed in the Gulf of Mexico on the same day as the September 11 attacks; after the attacks, flights were canceled nationwide for two days, and when Gabrielle struck Florida on September 14, it caused a day of additional cancellations. The storm moved ashore with winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) near Venice, a city located south of the Tampa Bay area. The combination of the winds and heavy rainfall, which peaked at 15.1 in (380 mm) in Parrish, left 570,000 customers without power along the west coast and 126,000 customers without power on the east coast. The storm caused about $230 million (2001 USD) in damage in Florida. In the Gulf of Mexico, high waves contributed to two deaths, one of which was indirect; there was also a death due to flooding in Winter Haven.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Chantal (2001)</span> Atlantic tropical storm in 2001

Tropical Storm Chantal was a North Atlantic tropical cyclone that moved across the Caribbean Sea in August 2001. The fourth depression and third named storm of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season, Chantal developed from a tropical wave on August 14 in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. It tracked rapidly westward for much of its duration, and after degenerating into a tropical wave, it passed through the Windward Islands. Chantal reached a peak intensity of 70 mph (110 km/h) twice in the Caribbean Sea, and each time it was anticipated to attain hurricane status; however, wind shear and later land interaction prevented strengthening to hurricane status. On August 21 Chantal, moved ashore near the border of Mexico and Belize, before dissipating on the next day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Helene (2000)</span> Atlantic tropical storm in 2000

Tropical Storm Helene was a long-lived tropical cyclone that oscillated for ten days between a tropical wave and a 70 mph (110 km/h) tropical storm. It was the twelfth tropical cyclone and eighth tropical storm of the 2000 Atlantic hurricane season, forming on September 15 east of the Windward Islands. After degenerating into a tropical wave, the system produced flooding and mudslides in Puerto Rico. It reformed into a tropical depression on September 19 south of Cuba, and crossed the western portion of the island the next day while on the verge of dissipation. However, it intensified into a tropical storm in the Gulf of Mexico, reaching its peak intensity while approaching the northern Gulf Coast.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Dean (2001)</span> Atlantic tropical storm in 2001

Tropical Storm Dean was a strong tropical storm that affected at least twelve islands along its path from the tropical Atlantic Ocean to east of Atlantic Canada in August 2001. Dean developed from a tropical wave on August 22 over the Lesser Antilles, and was initially predicted to intensify further to reach hurricane status. However, strong wind shear quickly weakened Dean to cause it to dissipate on August 23. The remnants turned northward, and redeveloped on August 26 to the north of Bermuda. Located over warm waters and in an area of favorable conditions, Dean steadily strengthened while moving to the northeast, and peaked just below hurricane status on August 27 about 465 miles (748 km) southwest of Newfoundland. The storm subsequently weakened over cooler waters, and became extratropical on August 28.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Erin (2001)</span> Category 3 Atlantic hurricane

Hurricane Erin was the longest-lived hurricane in the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season. The sixth tropical depression, fifth tropical storm, and first hurricane of the season, Erin developed from a tropical wave on September 1. After strengthening to a 60 mph (97 km/h) tropical storm as it moved to the west-northwest, wind shear weakened Erin and caused it to degenerate into a remnant low on September 5. The remnants re-organized into a tropical depression the next day, and Erin strengthened into a hurricane on September 9 while moving northwestward. This was the latest date for the first hurricane of the season since Hurricane Diana on September 10, 1984. Erin quickly intensified and reached peak winds of 120 mph (190 km/h) later on September 9. At its closest approach, Erin passed 105 miles (169 km) east-northeast of Bermuda near peak intensity, and subsequently weakened as it turned to the east. A trough turned Erin to the northeast, and after passing just east of Cape Race, Newfoundland it became extratropical on September 15. The extratropical remnant continued northeastward and was absorbed into another extratropical storm near Greenland on September 17.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Edouard (2002)</span> Atlantic tropical cyclone

Tropical Storm Edouard was the first of eight named storms to form in September 2002, the most such storms in the North Atlantic for any month at the time. The fifth tropical storm of the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season, Edouard developed into a tropical cyclone on September 1 from an area of atmospheric convection associated with a cold front east of Florida. Under weak steering currents, Edouard drifted to the north and executed a clockwise loop to the west. Despite moderate to strong levels of wind shear, the storm reached a peak intensity of 65 mph (105 km/h) on September 3, but quickly weakened as it tracked westward. Edouard made landfall on northeastern Florida on September 5, and after crossing the state it dissipated on September 6 while becoming absorbed into the larger circulation of Tropical Storm Fay.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Olga</span> Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 2001

Hurricane Olga was the fifteenth named storm and ninth hurricane of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season. It was notable as it was the largest tropical cyclone by diameter of gale-force winds on record in the Atlantic at the time. Hurricane Olga formed as a subtropical cyclone on November 24. After acquiring tropical characteristics later that day, Olga meandered westward, and eventually reached hurricane status on November 26. Olga peaked as a 90 mph (140 km/h) Category 1 hurricane before the storm turned southwestward and weakening back into a tropical storm. On November 30 it deteriorated further to a tropical depression, although it re-intensified two days later to tropical storm intensity. Olga then dissipated as a tropical cyclone on December 4 east of the Bahamas. Its damaging effects were limited to ships at sea. The cyclone's remnants produced heavy rainfall across the Bahamas and Florida. It was a relatively rare storm to exist in December, which is outside of the normal Atlantic hurricane season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Lester (1998)</span> Category 3 Pacific hurricane in 1998

Hurricane Lester was a small but powerful tropical cyclone that caused heavy flooding in Central America and southern Mexico in October 1998. Lester was the fifteenth tropical cyclone, twelfth named storm and eighth hurricane of the 1998 Pacific hurricane season. Lester originated from a tropical wave that emerged off the coast of Africa on September 29. Under favorable conditions, the storm was classified as a tropical depression on October 15. The depression was upgraded to a tropical storm later that day and a hurricane on October 16. After undergoing fluctuations in intensity, Lester reached peak winds of 115 mph (185 km/h), a Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. After several days, it degenerated into a tropical storm on October 26, and dissipated shortly after. The hurricane made its closest approach to land on October 28, producing moderate winds and heavy rainfall. A mudslide triggered by the precipitation killed two children, although damage is unknown.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2006 Pacific hurricane season</span>

The 2006 Pacific hurricane season was the first above-average season since 1997 which produced twenty-five tropical cyclones, with nineteen named storms, though most were rather weak and short-lived. There were eleven hurricanes, of which six became major hurricanes. Following the inactivity of the previous seasons, forecasters predicted that season would be only slightly above active. It was also the first time since 2003 in which one cyclone of at least tropical storm intensity made landfall. The season officially began on May 15 in the East Pacific Ocean, and on June 1 in the Central Pacific; they ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Pacific basin. However, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2009 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 2009 Atlantic hurricane season was a near-average Atlantic hurricane season that produced eleven tropical cyclones, nine named storms, three hurricanes, and two major hurricanes. It officially began on June 1 and ended on November 30, dates that conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones develop in the Atlantic basin. The season's first tropical cyclone, Tropical Depression One, developed on May 28, while the final storm, Hurricane Ida, dissipated on November 10. The most intense hurricane, Bill, was a powerful Cape Verde-type hurricane that affected areas from the Leeward Islands to Newfoundland. The season featured the lowest number of tropical cyclones since the 1997 season, and only one system, Claudette, made landfall in the United States. Forming from the interaction of a tropical wave and an upper-level low, Claudette made landfall on the Florida Panhandle with maximum sustained winds of 45 mph (70 km/h) before quickly dissipating over Alabama. The storm killed two people and caused $228,000 in damage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Epsilon (2005)</span> Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 2005

Hurricane Epsilon was the twenty-seventh named tropical or subtropical storm and the final of 15 hurricanes in the record-breaking 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. Originating from a cold front beneath an upper-level low, Epsilon formed on November 29 about 915 mi (1470 km) east of Bermuda, becoming the second tropical storm to do so in that area of the Atlantic within the span of a week. Initially, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) forecast the storm to transition into an extratropical cyclone within five days, due to conditions unfavorable for significant intensification. Epsilon continually defied forecasts, at first due to an unexpected loop to the southwest, and later due to retaining its strength despite cold waters and strong wind shear.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Maria (2011)</span> Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 2011

Hurricane Maria was a Category 1 hurricane that made landfall on the island of Newfoundland during September 2011. Originating from a tropical wave over the central Atlantic on September 6, Maria moved toward the west and slowly strengthened. While approaching the northern Leeward Islands, however, the system entered a region of higher vertical wind shear and cooler sea surface temperatures, causing it to degenerate into a low-pressure area. It slowly curved toward the north and northeast around the western periphery of the subtropical ridge, and regained tropical storm status on September 10. Maria further strengthened to attain hurricane status while making its closest approach to Bermuda. The cyclone attained peak winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) on September 16, but weakened thereafter because of an increase in wind shear and cooler sea surface temperatures. Maria made landfall on the southeastern coast of Newfoundland during the afternoon hours of September 16 before becoming absorbed by a frontal system later on that same day.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Stacy R. Stewart (2002-11-16). Hurricane Kyle Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2015-05-26.
  2. ↑ Brian R. Jarvinen (2002-09-22). "Subtropical Storm Kyle Discussion Six". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  3. ↑ Brian R. Jarvinen (2002-09-23). "Tropical Storm Kyle Discussion Ten". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  4. ↑ Brian R. Jarvinen (2002-09-24). "Tropical Storm Kyle Discussion Fifteen". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  5. ↑ Stacy R. Stewart (2002-09-24). "Tropical Storm Kyle Discussion Seventeen". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  6. ↑ Avila, Lixion A.; Cobb, Hugh D. (2002-09-27). "Hurricane Kyle Discussion Twenty-Seven". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  7. ↑ James L. Franklin (2002-09-27). "Hurricane Kyle Discussion Twenty-Nine". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  8. ↑ Molleda, Robert A.; Lawrence, Miles B. (2002-09-29). "Tropical Storm Kyle Discussion Thirty-Four". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  9. ↑ James L. Franklin (2002-09-29). "Tropical Storm Kyle Discussion Thirty-Five". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  10. ↑ Lixion A. Avila (2002-09-29). "Tropical Storm Kyle Discussion Thirty-Six". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  11. ↑ Jack L. Beven (2002-09-30). "Tropical Storm Kyle Discussion Thirty-Nine". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  12. 1 2 Lixion A. Avila (2002-09-30). "Tropical Depression Kyle Discussion Forty-One". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  13. ↑ Stacy R. Stewart (2002-09-30). "Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2024-07-17.
  14. ↑ Lixion A. Avila (2002-10-01). "Tropical Storm Kyle Discussion Forty-Four". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  15. ↑ James L. Franklin (2002-10-02). "Tropical Storm Kyle Discussion Forty-Eight". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  16. 1 2 James L. Franklin (2002-10-02). "Tropical Storm Kyle Discussion Forty-Nine". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  17. ↑ Stacy R. Stewart (2002-10-04). "Tropical Storm Kyle Discussion Fifty-Four". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  18. ↑ Lixion A. Avila (2002-10-04). "Tropical Storm Kyle Discussion Fifty-Six". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  19. ↑ Pasch, Richard J.; Mainelli, Michelle M. (2002-10-06). "Tropical Storm Kyle Discussion Sixty-Four". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  20. ↑ Pasch, Richard J.; Mainelli, Michelle M. (2002-10-07). "Tropical Storm Kyle Discussion Sixty-Eight". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  21. ↑ Richard J. Pasch (2002-10-08). "Tropical Storm Kyle Discussion Seventy-Two". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  22. ↑ James L. Franklin (2002-10-09). "Tropical Depression Kyle Discussion Seventy-Four". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  23. ↑ James L. Franklin (2002-10-10). "Tropical Depression Kyle Discussion Seventy-Eight". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  24. ↑ Jack L. Beven (2002-10-10). "Tropical Depression Kyle Discussion Seventy-Nine". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  25. ↑ Richard J. Pasch (2002-10-10). "Tropical Depression Kyle Discussion Eighty-One". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  26. ↑ James L. Franklin (2002-10-11). "Tropical Depression Kyle Discussion Eighty-Two". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  27. ↑ James L. Franklin (2002-10-12). "Tropical Depression Kyle Special Discussion Eighty-Six". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  28. ↑ James L. Franklin (2002-10-12). "Tropical Depression Kyle Discussion Eighty-Seven". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  29. ↑ Stacy R. Stewart (2002-10-12). "Tropical Storm Kyle Discussion Eighty-Eight". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  30. ↑ Lixion A. Avila (2002-10-12). "Tropical Storm Kyle Discussion Eighty-Nine". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  31. 1 2 Kevin Boyle (2002). "October 2002 Worldwide Tropical Summary". Australian Severe Weather. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  32. 1 2 Tim Armstrong (2002-10-12). "Tropical Storm Kyle and the Georgetown Tornado of October 11, 2002". Wilmington, North Carolina National Weather Service. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  33. ↑ South Carolina State Register (2002). "Executive Orders from the Governor's Office" (DOC). Retrieved 2008-05-19.[ permanent dead link ]
  34. ↑ Bermuda Weather Service (2002-11-04). "Weather Summary for October 2002" . Retrieved 2008-05-12.
  35. ↑ "Event Details: Flash Flood". National Climatic Data Center. 2002. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  36. ↑ "Event Details: Flash Flood". National Climatic Data Center. 2002. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  37. ↑ "Event Details: Flash Flood". National Climatic Data Center. 2002. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  38. ↑ "Event Details: Heavy Rains". National Climatic Data Center. 2002. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  39. ↑ South Carolina State Climatology Office (2002). "Tropical Storm Kyle in South Carolina". Archived from the original on 2013-02-10. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  40. ↑ David Roth (2006). "Rainfall Summary for Tropical Storm Kyle". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved 2008-05-19.
  41. 1 2 National Agricultural Statistics Service (United States Department of Agriculture) (2002-10-16). "National Weather Summary October 6–12, 2002". Weekly Weather and Crop Bulletin. 89 (42). Archived from the original on 2006-09-10. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  42. ↑ "Event Details: Flash Flood". National Climatic Data Center. 2002. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  43. ↑ Franklin, James L.; Blake, Eris S. (October 7, 2002). "Tropical Storm Kyle Discussion Seventy". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2024-07-15.
  44. ↑ "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved September 12, 2024.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Hurricane Kyle (2002)
Kyle 2002-09-26 1710Z.jpg
Kyle near peak intensity on September 26
Tropical cyclones of the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season
2002 Atlantic hurricane season summary map.png

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.