Hygrocybe aurantiosplendens

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Hygrocybe aurantiosplendens
2007-10-02 Hygrocybe aurantiosplendens R. Haller Aar 309674.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Hygrophoraceae
Genus: Hygrocybe
Species:
H. aurantiosplendens
Binomial name
Hygrocybe aurantiosplendens
R.Haller Aar. (1954)

Hygrocybe aurantiosplendens, commonly known as the orange waxcap, is a gilled fungus in the family Hygrophoraceae. It mainly occurs in Europe, but is also found in Siberia, and on both the East and West coasts of North America. [1] [2] It is uncertain if the continental ecotypes are in fact conspecific and are sometimes treated as distinct species. [3] [4]

Contents

It inhabits old, unimproved, calcareous grasslands in Europe, and forests elsewhere. It is rare throughout its relatively broad range and is currently in decline due to habitat loss. It is classified as a "high diversity indicator" (HDI) species by the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) in the U.K. because its presence indicates high-quality grasslands. [5] It is red-listed as endangered or vulnerable in many European countries. [3]

Taxonomy

It was originally described in Switzerland in 1954 by R. Haller Aar, a Swedish mycologist. [6] [4] The genus name comes from the Greek ῦγρὁς (= moist) + κυβη (= head), [7] [8] referring to the moisture-retaining caps of many of the species in this genus. The specific name comes from the Latin aurantius (= orange) + splendens (= shining). [9] [10]

The placement of H. aurantiosplendens in the genus Hygrocybe has remained unchanged since it was named, although the synonym Hygrophorus aurantiosplendens (R.Haller Aar.) P.D.Orton is used, albeit extremely rarely.[ citation needed ]

Description

Initially the cap is conical maturing to plano-umbonate; colored bright orange to bright red, turning yellow with age. It is 3.5-5 cm (1.5-2 in) across, smooth, slimy to viscid when wet, with translucent margins. Gills are pale yellow, narrowly adnate; stipe is yellow, white at base, sometimes tapering from the base, lacking an annulus, 6-9 cm (2-3.5 in) long; 0.5-1 cm (0.2-0.4 in) thick. The spores are 8-10 x 4-7 µm, ellipsoid, smooth, inamyloid, and the 4-spored basidia is approximately 60 µm long, with a white spore print. No distinct smell or taste.[ citation needed ]

Similar Species

H. chlorophana, the golden waxcap, is visually similar to H. aurantiosplendens, however it is much more abundant. The gills of the former are adnexed (narrowly attached) to the stipe, not adnate; additionally, the latter often develops pruina near the top of the stipe. [5] H. punicea is distinguished by having a rougher stem and larger spores. [11] H. acutoconica, has a dry conical cap and longer spores; Humidicutis marginata , has a dry, pale cap and bright orange gills which contrasts with the pale gills and bright cap of H. aurantiosplendens. [6]

Habitat and distribution

This species, like many other members of Hygrocybe, grows in calcareous, nutrient-poor grasslands in Europe. In other localities it can be found in forests with weakly acidic to basic soil. Although Hygrocybes have been thought of as saprotrophic, new evidence points to a biotrophic or symbiotic association with moss. [12] The fruiting body can grow individually or in clusters.

H. aurantiosplendens is widespread in Europe yet it is very rare to uncommon throughout its range. The British Isles and Scandinavia appear to be the regions with the greatest abundance of H. aurantiosplendens, [3] but it also occurs in Finland, Iceland, Western Russia and high elevations in Southern Europe. In Eastern North America its range extends sporadically from Maine south to Florida and west to Northern Wisconsin. On the West Coast it is largely restricted to coastal regions from Northern Washington to Central California, [1] [3] however this western form may be distinct enough to be considered its own species. [6]

Related Research Articles

<i>Hygrocybe conica</i> Species of fungus

Hygrocybe conica is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. In the UK it has been given the recommended English name of blackening waxcap, since all parts of the basidiocarp blacken with age. In North America it is commonly known as the witch's hat, conical wax cap or conical slimy cap. Hygrocybe conica is known to be a complex of at least eleven closely related species and as such is widespread in Europe, North America, Asia, and elsewhere.

<i>Hygrocybe punicea</i> Species of fungus

Hygrocybe punicea is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of crimson waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Records of H. punicea from North America, East Asia, and Australia require further research to see if they represent the same species.

<i>Hygrocybe aurantipes</i> Species of fungus

Hygrocybe aurantipes is a gilled fungus of the waxcap family found in a few scattered locations in wet forests in eastern Australia. It is a distinctive small mushroom with a 2–4 cm diameter olive-brown cap and golden-yellow stipe and gills, not easily confused with any other species. Known only from Lane Cove Bushland Park in Sydney's suburban Lower North Shore, Hazelbrook and Mount Wilson in the Blue Mountains, it has been designated as vulnerable as defined by the NSW Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016, by the New South Wales Government.

<i>Hygrocybe coccinea</i> Species of fungus

Hygrocybe coccinea, sometimes called the scarlet hood, scarlet waxcap or righteous red waxy cap, is a colourful member of the mushroom genusHygrocybe. These waxcaps are found across the Northern Hemisphere from China and Japan to Europe and North America. The small bright red mushroom is a familiar sight in unimproved grasslands in Europe in late summer and autumn, and woodlands in North America in winter.

<i>Hygrocybe miniata</i> Species of fungus

Hygrocybe miniata, commonly known as the vermilion waxcap or miniature waxy cap, is a small, bright red or red-orange mushroom of the waxcap genus Hygrocybe. It is a cosmopolitan species, that is found worldwide. In Europe, it is found in fields, on sandy heaths, or grassy commons in the autumn. It is found in rainforest and eucalypt forest as well as heathland in Australia.

<i>Hygrocybe chlorophana</i> Species of fungus

Hygrocybe chlorophana is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of golden waxcap in the UK. The species has a largely north temperate distribution, occurring in grassland in Europe and in woodland in North America and northern Asia; it has also been reported from mountainous areas of southern Australia. It typically produces basidiocarps in the autumn. In a few European countries, H. chlorophana is of conservation concern, appearing on national red lists of threatened fungi.

<i>Cuphophyllus pratensis</i> Species of fungus

Cuphophyllus pratensis is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of meadow waxcap in the UK and in North America has variously been called the meadow waxy cap, salmon waxy cap, and butter meadowcap. The species has a widespread, mainly temperate distribution, occurring in grassland in Europe and in woodland elsewhere. The basidiocarps are edible and are occasionally collected and sold commercially.

<i>Gliophorus irrigatus</i> Species of fungus

Gliophorus irrigatus is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of slimy waxcap in the UK. The species is widespread in temperate regions, occurring in grassland in Europe and in woodland in North America and elsewhere.

<i>Hygrocybe quieta</i> Species of fungus

Hygrocybe quieta is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of oily waxcap in the UK. The species has a European distribution and typically occurs in grassland where it produces basidiocarps in the autumn. In several countries, H. quieta is of conservation concern, appearing on national red lists of threatened fungi.

<i>Gliophorus europerplexus</i> Species of fungus

Gliophorus europerplexus is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of butterscotch waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

<i>Gliophorus reginae</i> Species of fungus

Gliophorus reginae is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of jubilee waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

<i>Gloioxanthomyces vitellinus</i> Species of fungus

Gloioxanthomyces vitellinus is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of Glistening Waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the Glistening Waxcap being assessed as globally "endangered" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

<i>Hygrocybe splendidissima</i> Species of fungus

Hygrocybe splendidissima, is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of Splendid Waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

<i>Hygrocybe appalachianensis</i> Species of fungus

Hygrocybe appalachianensis, commonly known as the Appalachian waxy cap, is a gilled fungus of the waxcap family. It is found in the eastern United States, where it fruits singly, in groups, or clusters on the ground in deciduous and mixed forests. The species, described in 1963 from collections made in the Appalachian Mountains, was originally classified in the related genus Hygrophorus. It was transferred to Hygrocybe in 1998, in which it has been proposed as the type species of section Pseudofirmae.

<i>Hygrocybe citrinovirens</i> Species of fungus

Hygrocybe citrinovirens is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of Citrine Waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

<i>Hygrocybe spadicea</i> Species of fungus

Hygrocybe spadicea is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of Date Waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

<i>Cuphophyllus colemannianus</i> Species of fungus

Cuphophyllus colemannianus is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of toasted waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

<i>Neohygrocybe nitrata</i> Species of fungus

Neohygrocybe nitrata is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of nitrous waxcap, based on its smell. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

<i>Cuphophyllus atlanticus</i> Species of fungus

Cuphophyllus atlanticus is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. Until recently (2021), the species was considered to be conspecific with the North American Cuphophyllus canescens, but DNA sequencing has shown that it is distinct. As C. canescens, it has been given the recommended English name of felted waxcap in the United Kingdom. Cuphophyllus atlanticus has a European and North American distribution, occurring in Europe mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in C. canescens being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Cuphophyllus lepidopus is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of scalyfoot waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

References

  1. 1 2 "Observations". iNaturalist. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
  2. ↑ "Hygrocybe aurantiosplendens R.Haller Aar". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Hygrocybe aurantiosplendens". iucn.ekoo.se. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
  4. 1 2 "Hygrocybe aurantiosplendens, Orange Waxcap mushroom". www.first-nature.com. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
  5. 1 2 McLay, A. (2018). Ingleborough NNR Waxcap Grassland Survey. Natural England. pp. 9, 17.
  6. 1 2 3 "Hygrocybe aurantiosplendens (MushroomExpert.Com)". www.mushroomexpert.com. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
  7. ↑ Rea, Carleton (1922). British Basidiomycetae: a handbook to the larger British Fungi. Cambridge: University press.
  8. ↑ Schrevel, Cornelis (1826). Schrevelius' Greek lexicon, tr. into Engl. with numerous corrections (in Greek).
  9. ↑ "aurantius", Wiktionary, 2021-09-04, retrieved 2022-04-27
  10. ↑ "splendens", Wiktionary, 2020-01-04, retrieved 2022-04-27
  11. ↑ Long, Peter (2002-10-01). "Leicestershire lawns". Field Mycology. 3 (4): 114–119. doi: 10.1016/S1468-1641(10)60545-2 . ISSN   1468-1641.
  12. ↑ Seitzman, Brian H.; Ouimette, Andrew; Mixon, Rachel L.; Hobbie, Erik A.; Hibbett, David S. (2011-03-01). "Conservation of biotrophy in Hygrophoraceae inferred from combined stable isotope and phylogenetic analyses". Mycologia. 103 (2): 280–290. doi:10.3852/10-195. ISSN   0027-5514. PMID   21139028. S2CID   318326.
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