Information and communications technology in Kosovo

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Information and communication technology (ICT) in Kosovo has experienced a remarkable development since 1999. [1] From being almost non-existent 10 years ago, Kosovar companies in the information technology (IT) domain offer today wide range of ICT services to their customers both local as well as to foreign companies. [1] Kosovo has the youngest population in Europe, [2] with advanced knowledge in ICT. [3]

Contents

Today, public and private education institutions in the IT field, through certified learning curricula by companies such as CISCO [3] and Microsoft, provide education to thousands of young Kosovars while the demand for this form of training is still rising. [4]

Kosovo has two authorized mobile network operators and is the only country in the region not having awarded any UMTS license. Kosovo has neither awarded licenses for fixed wireless access, nor made the 900 and 1800 MHz bands technology neutral. [5] Currently around 1,200,000 customers of "Vala" Post and Telecom of Kosovo (PTK). As of March 2007 the second GSM license granted to IPKO – Telekom Slovenije. Currently IPKO has over 1,000,000 users. [6] Following the Brussels Agreement, Kosovo has its own telephone dialing code: 383. Before this assignment, network operators in Kosovo used either 387 (Monaco) or 386 (Slovenia). [7] All other codes were to have been superseded by the new code on 15 January 2017, but some are still in use. [8]

The infrastructure of ICT sector in Kosovo is mainly built of microwave network, optic and coaxial cable (DOCSIS). The telecom industry is liberalized and legislation is introduced adopting European unionregulatory principles and promoting competition. Some of the main internet providers are PTK, IPKO, Kujtesa and Artmotion. [7]

History

First ICT companies in Kosovo can be found as early 1984, these companies where mainly focused on radio telecommunication and audio-video systems, while in early and mid '90s more companies were created, mainly specializing in personal computer sales. ICT industry in Kosovo boomed after 1999 with a lot of new companies being created, [1] among which IPKO which now one of the major telecommunication providers and one of the biggest foreign investments in Kosovo. [9]

Telecommunications

Post and Telecom of Kosovo
Type Joint stock company
Industry Communications Services
Founded1965 (1965)
Headquarters Pristina, Kosovo
Key people
Ejup Qerimi, CEO
ProductsFixed telephony
Mobile telephony
xDSLs
Postal Services
iPKO Telecommunications, L.L.C
Type limited liability company
Industry Communications Services
Founded1999
HeadquartersPristina, Kosovo
Key people
Robert Erzin, CEO
ProductsFixed telephony
Mobile telephony
Cable Internet
DTV
Dukagjini Telecommunications - D3 Mobile, L.L.C
Type limited liability company
Industry Communications Services
Founded2008
HeadquartersPristina, Kosovo
Key people
Kujtim Gacaferri, CEO
ProductsMobile telephony - MVNO
Dardaphone - Z-Mobile
Type limited liability company
Industry Communications Services
Founded2010
HeadquartersPristina, Kosovo
Key people
Milot Gjkolli, CEO
ProductsMobile telephony - MVNO
Kujtesa Net
Type limited liability company
Industry Communications Services
Founded1995
HeadquartersPristina, Kosovo
Key people
Arbër Arifi, CEO
ProductsCable Internet
DTV

According to Regulatory Authority of Electronics and Postal Communication 2011 report, 86 telecommunication licenses have been issued since 2004. [10]

LicensesNumber
Internet Service Providers38
Value-Added Services29
International Telecommunication Services6
International Telecommunication Peering6
Fixed Telephony Services3
Mobile Telephony Services - GSM2
MVNO (Mobile Virtual Network Operator)2

Mobile Telephony

In 2010, 74 percent of the population was subscribed to mobile phone services, or a total number of 1,537,164 [11] In 2007, PTK reported growth of subscribers from 300,000 to 800,000 in less than a year. [12] In 2006, the number was 562,000. [13]

You are required to show your ID to get a Sim card and pre-paid can be bought for 5 euros.[ citation needed ] There are many shops selling used mobile phones and sim unlocking services. [ citation needed ]

Two licensed Mobile network operators offer their services in competition with two MVNOs. The market, however, remains concentrated with the incumbent‟s mobile subsidiary controlling over 65% of the market. Mobile broadband services are not available as no UMTS licenses have been awarded. So far, there are no plans to carry out the re-farming of 900/1800 MHz bands or assign frequency spectrum for mobile broadband. [5]

NameDateTypeValidity
PTK SH.a/Vala (+377 Monaco prefix) 3G and 4G LTE30/07/2004GSM 900/1800 MHz15 Years
IPKO Telecommunications LLC (+386 Slovenia prefix) 3G active06/03/2007GSM 900/1800 MHz15 Years
Dukagjini Telecommunications sh.a. (D3 Mobile)24/06/2008MVNO15 Years
Dardaphone.net LLC (Z Mobile)12/06/2008MVNO15 Years

GSM-services in Kosovo are provided currently by Vala, a subsidiary of PTK, and IPKO, a company owned by Telekom Slovenije, which has acquired the second mobile operator license in Kosovo and has started operations in late 2007. Vala has over 850,000 subscribers, mostly using the pre-paid system, whereas IPKO has gained over 300,000 subscribers within just a few months. [14]

There are three virtual operators :

Fixed Telephony

Fixed telephony penetration rate is among the lowest in Europe about 5 lines per 100 inhabitants in 2011, in contrast with neighboring countries and European Union countries where penetration rates are 25% and 40% respectfully. [17] [10]

There are currently three licensed Fixed Telephony providers in Kosovo:

PTK is by far the leading provider with market share of 94.4%, IPKO has only 5.6%. Number of subscribers dropped in 2011 to 86,014 from 88,372 in 2010, marking a drop of 2,358 or 2.67% of subscriber base. [10]

Dialing Code

After the breakup of Yugoslavia, with dialing code 38, Kosovo used the Serbian dialing code, 381 for new and existing landlines. As mobile networks were introduced, PTK adopted the code 377 (Monaco) and IPKO adopted the code 386 (Slovenia). This situation resulted in the highly unusual simultaneous use of three international dialing codes.

In September 2012 the Assembly of Kosovo approved a resolution on replacing the various dialing codes in use with the Albanian country code 355. While this initiative draw a lot of media attention, it never saw the light of day. [18]

In January 2016 after ongoing political discussions between Kosovo and Serbia, it was agreed that Kosovo would get its own country code: 383. This code is available for all mobile and fixed-line operators, all of whom were using other international telecom country code. [19] The code 383 has now been formally assigned, and is in the process of adoption. This code was to have replaced all former codes on 15 January 2017, but the transition has yet to be complete. [8]

Internet

Total of 38 licensed companies provide internet services in Kosovo, 6 of them with direct peering towards international gateways. Number of technologies are used to provide internet to end users, most popular being the cable DOCSIS technology with 68.95% of the market, followed by 25.43% xDSL and 5.62% other technologies like FTTX and wireless. [10]

Technology %
Cable/DOCSIS68.95%
xDSL25.43%
Wireless4.57%
FTTx0.64%
Other0.41%

In contrast with other countries, majority of market share is owned by private operators, with a total of 74.57%. The biggest operator being IPKO with 51.21% followed by Kujtesa with 19.08% and PTK with 25.43%. [10]

OperatorTechnologyUsers(%)
IPKO DOCSIS73,35451.21%
PTK xDSL36,43225.43%
Kujtesa DOCSIS27,33119.08%

Others include:

Internet Penetration

Internet penetration in Kosovo is 96%. [20] Laptops are the most frequent device found in almost half of the Kosovo households (48%), followed by a computer (39%). [20] On average, households in Kosovo have a 20 Mbps download and 6 upload internet speed. [20]

Vast majority of the Kosovo population (81%) use the internet every day, and the internet is used by the absolute majority (96%) of the Kosovo population at least at some occasion. [20] In addition, the internet usage is almost equally distributed across majority of age groups and is mostly used by students and employed people. [20]

Internet is used three and a half hours daily on average by the Kosovo citizens. Incomparably, mobile phones are the most frequent device (73%) used to access the internet. [20]

A very important discovery of the research is that 93% of Kosovo citizens use the internet for communication. [20] All other reasons of usage are drastically lower compared to the communication. Consequently, as well as related to the reasons why the internet is used mostly in terms of applications and webpages visited, communication platforms are used the most. [20]

The vast majority of Kosovo citizens (98%) possess a mobile phone, and close to half of them (43%) possesses internet subscription on their phone. [20]

Digital Television

Digital television transition is still an ongoing process in Kosovo, limiting the analog television broadcast domain to only three national channels. [21] Due to this conditions all four major telecommunications companies in Kosovo now broadcast digital TV on other mediums. While IPKO and Kujtesa have chosen to reuse the existing coaxial network, PTK which offers xDSL services went for IPTV, Artomotion offers digital TV to selected users in Pristina. IPKO has recently launched an IPTV solution, tailored towards mobile customers. Currently platform is available in iOS, Android and via a web browser. [22]

Metro WiFi

IPKO phone shop in Pristina (February 2013) IPKO phone shop - Pristina - Kosovo.JPG
IPKO phone shop in Pristina (February 2013)

Due to missing 3G/LTE licenses in Kosovo, and a growing demand for mobile broadband services from subscribers, both telecommunication providers PTK and IPKO turned to Municipal wireless network (Muni Wi-Fi). Both operators cover the majority of cities around Kosovo and touristic destinations like Prekaz [23] and Brezovica, [24] with more cities to be covered later.

Kosovo Internet Exchange Point

Internet & telephone shop signage in Pristina (February 2013) Telephone shop signage - Pristina.JPG
Internet & telephone shop signage in Pristina (February 2013)

The Internet Exchange Point (KOSIX), the first of its kind in Kosovo, started operating on 23 June 2011, and it operates as a functional unit within Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA). Its function is to provide the ISPs operating in Kosovo, an Internet exchange point for local traffic exchange. Valuable and continuous contributions for the implementation of this project have given: United States Agency for International Development (USAID) offered throughout their program Kosovo Private Enterprise Program, Norwegian government offered through Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Norwegian embassy respectively, Cisco Systems International BV, and University of Prishtina which have offered adequate space within the buildings of Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty. [25]

Currently four national ISPs are interconnected via KOSIX, there is no cost for peering. [26]

ISP NameAS Number
PTKAS8661
IPKOAS21246
KUJTESAAS29170
ARTMOTIONAS33983
TELKOSAS206262

Economical aspects

ICT in Kosovo consists of relatively young companies (most of them incorporated after 1999) and with predominantly small companies with less than 20 employees. 53.8 percent of ICT companies are individual business while limited Liability Company (28.6 percent). Businesses specializing in maintenance and manufacturing are purely individual, while other sub-sectors are served by a mix of individual and LLC businesses. Other forms of incorporation are rare, with 4.4 percent being Limited Partnership, and 2.2 percent Joint-Stock Company. The rest (5.5) are either public companies or have the unusual status of NGOs. Currently, the ICT companies are determined to grow and prosper within the Kosovo market, while very few companies seek expansion in markets outside Kosovo. [1]

According to TRA report, ICT industry generated €239,518,037.36, 83.19 of which is generated by Mobile network operator, 8.37% from Fix telephony operators, 7.77% from Internet service providers and 0.68% from leased lines. [10]

Market

The structure of the ICT market in Kosovo is diverse in the variety of activities, sales being the main activity [27] 62 percent of the ICT companies have reported to import goods for retail, meanwhile their exports are minimal and their market share growth is seen to be within Kosovo, and could reach as far as North Macedonia and Albania. The average annual turnover in the sector is 250,000 euros, with an increasing number of companies reporting turnovers in millions of euros. [27]

The structure of the ICT market in Kosovo The structure of the ICT market in Kosovo.png
The structure of the ICT market in Kosovo

Ownership

The ICT sector is dominated by domestic firms. According to the survey, 80.2 percent of the respondents represented companies that are 100% domestically owned. [27] Only 6.6 percent of the companies are entirely owned by foreigners. Mixed ownership is rare (3.3 percent). The other 3.3 percent that answered "Other" were either mostly owned by foreign companies or public/state-owned companies. Foreign investors are mostly present in the sub-sectors: consulting, information services, vendors, manufacturing/assembling, and retail. [27]

Size and Employment

The majority of ICT companies is small. More than three-quarters (77.1 percent) employ from one to twenty employees. Only a handful of the companies have more than 100 employees. Most of the employees working in the ICT sector are male, leaving the female employees in a tiny minority. Around 19 percent of the companies do not have any female employees at all. Over 93 per cent employ up to 10 women, 6 per cent of the firms employ between 11 and 20, and only 1.4 percent up to 30. There is one large company which employs 230 female workers. [27]

Number of employees in the companyv2.png

Average Salary

This list is a result of a survey conducted by USAID, Kosovo Private Enterprise Program with 829 ICT companies. [28]

Job TitleNumber of employees(%)Average Salary
Telecomm. Network Engineers12314.8%450
Software and Application Programmers769.2%487
ICT Project Managers657.8%507
ICT Managers485.8%641
Web Designers and Developers425.1%550
Hardware Technicians425.1%406
ICT Trainers414.9%450
ICT Sales Representatives394.7%316
Electrical Engineers323.9%500
Database Developers273.3%No Answer
ICT Business Development Managers222.7%683
ICT Account Manager212.5%550
Database Administrators202.4%No Answer
Telecommunications Technicians182.2%350
ICT and Telecomm. Technicians182.2%230
ICT Professionals (vendor certifications)172.1%600
Network Administrators161.9%500
Telecommunications Field Engineers151.8%No Answer
Web Administrators141.7%No Answer
Systems Administrators131.6%950
Telecommunications Engineers121.4%600
Network Analysts and Network Designers111.3%450
Multimedia Designers111.3%No Answer
Electronic Equipment Trades Workers111.3%400
Telecommunications Cable Technicians101.2%No Answer
ICT Business Analysts101.2%No Answer
Radio communications Technicians91.1%230
ICT Network and Support Professionals81.0%No Answer
ICT Systems Test Engineers70.8%No Answer
Telecommunications Trade Workers60.7%No Answer
Systems Analysts60.7%No Answer
ICT Support Technicians60.7%300
ICT Quality Assurance Engineers60.7%325
ICT Security Specialists40.5%No Answer
ICT Customer Support Officers40.4%No Answer

Kosovo Association of information and technology (STIKK)

According to statute, STIKK is a non-profit association founded and registered in accordance with the Law on Freedom of Association and Non-Governmental Organization. STIKK represents the interests of the information and communications technology of Kosova, and the interests of professionals in ITC industry.

Educational aspects

The increasing number of vacancies for ICT professionals in Kosovo is reflecting the increasing progress of the industry, although thanks to the high quality of the university education of IT specialists, and the increasing interest of young people in modern technologies, there are no signs of systematic shortages in ICT employment, except a registered under-supply of specialists in the field of software development and programming. The number of ICT graduates grows each year and the leader in providing the needed skills to the industry is the Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering of the University of Pristina. ICT skilled professionals are also supplied by the University for Business and Technology, the American University in Kosovo, as well as a few vocational education providers. [29]

According to the Kosovo Accreditation Agency there are currently 13 higher education institutions, public and private, accredited to offer ICT related study programs in their curricula. [30]

The State University of Pristina

The State University of Prizren

Private Universities

AAB College https://aab-edu.net/ AAB College is the first non-public institution of higher education in Kosovo

Private Colleges

Other

Legislation

For a short period Kosovo has managed to adopt few very important pieces of legislation and a strategic framework to support the government’s efforts to regulate, promote and improve the development of the ICT sector in Kosovo. Some of the most important legislative acts that have influenced the progress of the sector are: [7]

Laws

Strategic Framework

Agencies

Regulatory Authority of Electronics and Postal Communication

Law on Telecommunications adopted by the Assembly and promulgated by UNMIK, Regulation 2003/16,recognizes the need to improve the telecommunications sector of Kosovo, by establishing an independent regulatory agency responsible for licensing and supervising the providers of telecommunications services in Kosovo, encouraging the private sector participation and competition in the provision of services; setting standards for all service providers in Kosovo, and, establishing provisions for consumer protection. TRA officially started operating in January 2004. During its young development TRA went through some important milestones that represented a very important step towards a free, competitive market which promotes the development of the information society in Kosova. [55]

Digital Divide

Second-hand mobile phones for sale at a roadside stall in Pristina in 2013 Mobile phone stall - Pristina.JPG
Second-hand mobile phones for sale at a roadside stall in Pristina in 2013

Age

Due to the overly young population in Kosovo, [2] digital divide is not very notable, this phenomenon is more notable with people in their fifties and above. This problem was evident with the educational system as well, to address this Government of Kosovo organized an ECDL course for about 27000 teachers across Kosovo. [56]

Gender

The labor force in the ICT sector is dominated by men with women comprising a marginal portion (although more significant in larger companies). [27]

Location

Most ICT firms are based in the Pristina, the economic, political, and social center of the country, where most businesses are located and where there is the highest concentration of customers, as much as 81 percent of all ICT companies have Prishtina as their head office location. The rest are fairly evenly spread out in the regional centers: Peja, Prizren, Gjilan, Gjakova, Podujeva, and Ferizaj. [27]

Open source

Over the years there have been a number of open source organizations including Albanian Linux user group (AlbaLinux). Due to lack of support, most of them are now "passive"; among the most active and successful open source groups is Free Libre Open Source Software Kosova (FLOSSK).

FLOSSK began in March 2009 at the initiative of James Michael DuPont as a result of the desire to organize a conference on free and open software. After six difficult months and with the help of many supporters, FLOSSK organized the first conference of free and open software in Kosovo in August 2009. Apart from the conference, FLOSSK continued to work in various activities such as organizing Software Freedom Days in different cities of Kosovo, lectures on free software throughout Kosovo, translating software, collaborating with the media to promote free software and creating local free software groups in various cities. From the beginning, FLOSSK members and the general public learned about Linux operating system, FLOSS programs for solving everyday problems, map creation using OpenStreetMap, and met free software movement figures from around the world. [57]

Software Freedom Kosova Conference is an annual conference on free and open source software and related developments in knowledge, culture and mapping held in Pristina, Kosovo. It is the largest conference of its kind in the region. The conference is organised by Free/Libre Open Source Software Kosova (FLOSSK), Kosovo Association of Information and Communication Technology, Ipko Foundation and Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering of the University of Prishtina. [58]

Outsourcing

A case study on ICT training in Kosovo performed by CISCO Networking Academy (NetAcad) states that the educated and experienced workforce as a whole is searching higher salaries and better working conditions abroad. If graduates are not experienced, they stay for a while in Kosovo and when they have gained experience they start searching opportunities for migration. [3]

It is exactly the findings that NetAcad case study revealed that make Kosovo a perfect ICT outsourcing country, and time difference with the USA makes it only more appealing for the U.S. market. Such is a story of 3CIS which provides highly specialized services to major telecommunication carriers across the globe. This includes network architecture design, planning, consulting, implementation, integration and testing with a strong expertise on mobile backhauling. 3CIS also provides on-site consulting ser- vices as well as manages and coordinates the activities in a multi-vendor environment during the life-cycle of the complete project. On top of this, 3CIS also offers Project management services that are tailored to suit client needs from initial planning to project completions. [59]

Kosovo has made it to other markets as well, both individually as well as established companies. Sprigs is the best example of a Kosovar start-up company established in Pristina. Anoniem is the highest-profile job to date for SPRIGS, which was founded in late 2010, by a Dutch entrepreneur, and this job was trusted to a half-dozen young Kosovar Albanian programmers, who work at computers at a repurposed apartment that now houses the technical brain trust of this IT outsourcing company. [60]

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  30. ↑ "Kosovo ICT RTD technological audit report" (PDF). ICT-KOSEU. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  31. ↑ "Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering" . Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  32. ↑ "Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Computer Science" . Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  33. ↑ "Faculty of Applied Technical Sciences, Mitrovica" . Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  34. ↑ "Faculty of Computer Science" . Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  35. ↑ "American University in Kosovo". Archived from the original on 6 April 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  36. ↑ "University for Business and Technology" . Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  37. ↑ "AAB Riinvest" . Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  38. ↑ "European College Dukagjini". Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  39. ↑ "College Iliria". Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  40. ↑ "Vizioni Per Arsim". Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  41. ↑ "Telecommunications law" (PDF). The Assembly of Kosovo. 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2013.[ permanent dead link ]
  42. ↑ "Law on the information society services" (PDF). The Assembly of Kosovo. 2005. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
  43. ↑ "The law on administrative procedure" (PDF). Assembly of Kosovo. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  44. ↑ "Law on copyright and related rights" (PDF). Assembly of Kosovo. 2004. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  45. ↑ "Law on scientific research activity" (PDF). Assembly of Kosovo. 2004. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  46. ↑ "Official gazette of the Republic of Kosova" (PDF). Government of Kosovo. 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2013.[ permanent dead link ]
  47. ↑ "Law on prevention and fight of the cyber crime" (PDF). Assembly of Kosovo. 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  48. ↑ "Part eight – electronic signatures in commerce" (PDF). Assembly of Kosovo. 2005. Retrieved 21 February 2013.[ permanent dead link ]
  49. ↑ "Law on postal services" (PDF). Assembly of Kosovo. 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  50. ↑ "ESEE Agenda+ for the development of information society in SEE 2007-2012" (PDF). Stability packt - Electronic south eastern Europe initiative "ESEE". 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  51. ↑ "Electronic governance strategy 2009-2015" (PDF). Ministry of Public Services Department of Information Technology. 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2013.[ permanent dead link ]
  52. ↑ "eLearning Strategy: Action Plan 2011-2015" (PDF). EuropeAid/127855/D/SER/KOS. 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2013.[ permanent dead link ]
  53. ↑ "Strategy for the development of preuniversity education in Kosovo 2007-2017" (PDF). GOVERNMENT OF KOSOVO. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
  54. ↑ "Kosovo education strategic plan 2011-2016". Government of Kosovo. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
  55. ↑ "Regulatory Authority of Electronic and Postal Communications". RAEPC. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
  56. ↑ "ECDL for teachers" (PDF). http://www.ecdl.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2013.{{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  57. ↑ "FLOSSK". FLOSSK. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
  58. ↑ "Software Freedom Kosova". FLOSSK. Archived from the original on 7 June 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
  59. ↑ "Let's outsource in Kosovo" (PDF). American Chamber of Commerce in Kosovo. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
  60. ↑ "Dutch smartphone apps digitize wanted posters". www.dw.de. 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2013.

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