Iris crocea

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Iris crocea
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Limniris
Section: Iris sect. Limniris
Series: Iris ser. Spuriae
Species:
I. crocea
Binomial name
Iris crocea
Synonyms [1]
  • Iris aurea Lindl. [Illegitimate]
  • Iris spuria subsp. Aurea Dykes

Iris crocea is a species in the genus Iris , it is also in the subgenus Limniris and the series Spuriae . It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, found in Kashmir. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant. It is also commonly known as Golden Iris or Golden Flag. It was also known as Iris aurea for a long time, before that was regarded as a synonym of Iris crocea.

Contents

Description

It is similar in form to Iris orientalis but with larger flowers. [2]

It has stout rhizomes, [3] [4] [5] and it has long, [6] erect, [7] straight, and (ensiform) sword-like leaves. [8] [9] [10] Measuring between 50–90 cm (20–35 in) long and 1.5–2.5 cm wide. [2] [3] [11]

It has a stout, terete (round in cross-section) 95–180 cm (37–71 in) long stem. [12] [13] [14] It has few branches, [6] and it has 2–3 green, between 7–8 cm (3–3 in) long, spathes (leaves of the flower bud). [4] [5] [10]

The stems hold 2–3 flowers, [4] [6] [9] one terminal (top of stem) and two lateral (further down the stem), [4] [8] blooming early summer, [15] [16] [17] between April and June, [3] [5] [8] or June and July (in the UK). [18]

It has large flowers which are 12–18 cm (5–7 in) in diameter, [2] [3] [8] in shades of yellow, [15] [16] from pure yellow, [13] to bright yellow, [17] to golden yellow. [7] [8] [18]

It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'. [3] [18] The wavy edged falls, [6] [17] [18] are 9 cm (4 in) long and 4–5 cm wide. [5] [9] They have a narrow 3–4 cm long haft (section of petal closest to the centre). [8] [9] The standards are oblanceolate, wavy edged (or crinkled), [11] [17] [18] measuring 6–8 cm (2–3 in) long. [4] [5] [8]

It has a 3.5–4 cm long style, with a deltoid crest, [5] [8] [9] in the same shade of colour as the petals. It has a 1–1.5 cm long perianth tube, [4] [9] and a 3–4 cm long pedicel. [4]

After the iris has flowered, it produces an oblong seed capsule, measuring 3.8–4 cm long. It has 6 angles and beak. [5] [8] [9]

Biochemistry

In 1992, the chemical composition of the iris was studied, using spectroscopic and chemical methods. Several compounds were found including an isoflavone glucoside, called tectorigenin 4′-glucoside. [19]

In June 2012, a phytochemical study was carried out on 5 iris species growing in Kashmir, India. Including Iris crocea, Iris ensata , Iris germanica , Iris hookeriana and Iris kashmiriana . It found several flavonoids (including isoflavonoids, glycosides and tannins), within the irises. [20]

In September 2012, five Iris species ( Iris pseudacorus , Iris crocea, Iris spuria , Iris orientalis and Iris ensata ) were studied, to measure the flavonoids and phenolics content with the rhizomes. Iris pseudacorus had the highest content and Iris crocea had the lowest content. [21]

In 2014, eight Irises from the Limniris section (Iris crocea, Iris ensata, Iris orientalis , Iris pseudacorus, Iris setosa , Iris sibirica with its cultivars ´Supernatural´ and ´Whiskey White´, Iris spuria and Iris versicolor ) were studied to find 12 chemical compounds (flavonoids, phenols, quinones, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, alkaloids, steroids, glycosides and proteins). [22]

In 2015, a new rotenoid called 'Crocetenone' was extracted from the rhizome of the iris. [23]

Genetics

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. [18] It has a chromosome count: 2n=40. [5] [12] [14] It has been counted several times; 2n=40, Lenz & Day, 1963; 2n=40, Mehra & Pand., 1978; 2n=40, Simonet, 1932; 2n=40, Banerji; 1970; 2n=40, Sharma, 1970; 2n=34, Mehra & Sach., 1976 and 2n=40, Karihaloo, 1978. [4]

Taxonomy

It has a few of common names, including 'Golden Iris', [9] [24] 'Golden flag', [25] 'Kaschmir Iris' (in Germany), [26] and 'Quilting Sword lily' (also in Germany). [13]

The Latin specific epithet crocea refers to the word for saffron coloured or yellow. [27]

It was originally described under the name Iris aurea Lindl. by Baker in The Gardeners' Chronicle p. 584 on 4 November 1876. [4] This name was later declared Illegitimate. [1] It was then published in the Journal of the Linnean Society, Vol.16, page141 in 1877. [4]

It was the published and described as Iris crocea by Jacque in 'Gentes Herbarum', Vol.8 page21 in 1949, based on an earlier description by R.C.Foster in 'Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University' Vol.114, page41 in 1936. [28]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003. [29]

Iris crocea is an accepted name by the RHS. [24]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to tropical regions of Central Asia. [7] [12] [29]

Range

It is found in Kashmir, [2] [4] [7] and Jammu in India. [5] [10] [29] It is also found in the west Himalayas., [24] in Bhutan, Pakistan and China. [5]

Habitat

It is found growing on graves within cemeteries, [2] [8] [17] also beside roads and on central reservations of roads. [9] It was found originally in grassy woods. [4] It is found at altitudes between 1,600–2,000 m (5,200–6,600 ft) above sea levels. [2] [5] [8]

Cultivation

Iris crocea is hardy to USDA Zones 3 – 10. [3] [16] Known to be hardy to −20OC. [2] It is known to be tough and reliable in the UK. [17] It is tolerant of a light frost. [16] It grows well on likes rich, well drained soils such as, [2] [7] [16] heavy loam in the UK. [8] It is tolerant of clay soils. [13] It likes mildly acidic to mildly alkaline soils. [16] It prefers positions in full sun. [2] [16] [13] It also prefers to be moist during the growing season. [15] [16] [13] It resents being disturbed after being planted. [6]

It can be grown in the long grasses of orchards. [11]

Propagation

It can be propagated by division or by seed. [15] [13]

Hybrids and cultivars

Known Iris crocea crosses included;

Related Research Articles

<i>Iris</i> (plant) Genus of flowering plants in the family Iridaceae

Iris is a flowering plant genus of 310 accepted species with showy flowers. As well as being the scientific name, iris is also widely used as a common name for all Iris species, as well as some belonging to other closely related genera. A common name for some species is flags, while the plants of the subgenus Scorpiris are widely known as junos, particularly in horticulture. It is a popular garden flower.

<i>Iris spuria</i> Species of plant

Iris spuria is a species of the genus Iris, part of the subgenus Limniris and the series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from Europe, Asia and Africa. It has purple or lilac flowers, and slender, elongated leaves. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions and hybridized for use in the garden. It has several subspecies; Iris spuria subsp. carthaliniae B.Mathew, Iris spuria subsp. demetrii B.Mathew, Iris spuria subsp. maritima (Dykes) P.Fourn. and Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica (Fomin) Takht. It used to have 3 other subspecies, which have now been re-classified as separate species; Iris spuria subsp. halophila, Iris spuria ssp. sogdiana and Iris spuria subsp. notha . It has many common names including 'blue iris', 'spurious iris' and 'bastard iris'.

<i>Iris milesii</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris milesii is a plant species in the genus Iris, subgenus Limniris and in the section Lophiris. It is a rhizomatous, beardless perennial plant, native to the Himalayas, India and China. It has pinkish-violet, or pinkish purple, or pinkish-lavender or pinkish lilac flowers, with a fringed yellow or orange crest. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris <span style="font-style:normal;">ser.</span> Spuriae</i> Group of flowering plants

Iris series Spuriae are a series of the genus Iris, in Iris subg. Limniris. They are sometimes commonly known as butterfly irises.

<i>Iris lactea</i> Species of plant

Iris lactea is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris. and the series Ensatae, it is the only species in the series. The Japanese water iris, Iris ensata, is actually in series Laevigatae. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from central Asia, with pale blue or violet flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris cathayensis is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Tenuifoliae of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from China. It has grey-green leaves, short stems and violet flowers.

Iris songarica is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Tenuifoliae of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from Central Asia, located in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. It has long strap-like leaves, a long stem and 2–3 flowers in shades of violet, dark blue, to lavender blue.

Iris kerneriana is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Spuriae. It is a small rhizomatous perennial plant, with fragrant, yellow flowers from Turkey. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions and known as Kerner Iris or Kerner's Iris.

<i>Iris halophila</i> Species of plant

Iris halophila is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, with yellow, white or violet flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It comes from a wide range from eastern Europe to China in Asia. It was known for a long while as a subspecies of Iris spuria, before being treated as a separate species in its own right.

<i>Iris orientalis</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris orientalis is a species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from Turkey and Greece, with white flowers with a yellow mark or blotch. It was also known as Iris ochroleuca for a long time. It is commonly known as yellow banded iris in the U.S. and Turkish iris in the UK but also has some other less common names. It is very hardy and has been known to naturalize in various countries. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris notha</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris notha is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial with deep blue or violet flowers from the Caucasus region. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It was once Iris spuria subsp. notha, and can often be found under that name. It has the common name of fake iris or mimic iris in Russia.

<i>Iris sintenisii</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris sintenisii is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in series Spuriae, with tall thin stems, violet-blue flowers and long grass-like leaves. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from grass meadows parts of Europe, Russia, and Turkey. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris xanthospuria is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from Turkey with yellow flowers. It was originally known as 'Turkey yellow'. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris brandzae is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, originally from Romania with violet and white flowers. It was once thought to be a subspecies of Iris sintenisii, but now classified as a separate species. It is also called Iris Brandzy or Prodan Iris in Russia. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris spuria <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> carthaliniae</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

Iris spuria subsp. carthaliniae is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Limniris and in the series Spuriae. It is a subspecies of Iris spuria, a rhizomatous perennial plant, from the Caucasus region, it is a tall iris with sky blue or white flowers. It was originally described by Fomin, as a separate species before Brian Mathew in 1981, added it to Iris spuria as one of its many subspecies. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris spuria subsp. demetrii is a species of the genus Iris, part of a subgenus series known as Iris subg. Limniris and in the series Iris ser. Spuriae. It is a subspecies of Iris spuria, a rhizomatous perennial plant, from the Caucasus region, with blue-violet flowers. It is commonly known as Dimitry iris in Russia. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris spuria <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> maritima</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

Iris spuria subsp. maritima is a species of the genus Iris, part of a subgenus series known as Iris subg. Limniris and in the series Iris ser. Spuriae. It is a subspecies of Iris spuria, a beardless, rhizomatous perennial plant, from coastal regions Europe and north Africa with deep blue-violet flowers.

Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica is a species of the genus Iris, part of a subgenus known as Limniris and in the series Spuriae. It is a subspecies of Iris spuria and is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran and Turkey in Asia with flowers in various shades of blue, but there are rare white forms. They have a yellow centre and darker veining. It has the common name of 'Muslim iris'. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris hookeriana</i> Species of plant

Iris hookeriana is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Himalayan mountains of India and Pakistan. It has long pale green or yellow green leaves, long slender stem and fragrant blue, purple or lilac flowers, that are mottled with a darker colour. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris kashmiriana</i> Species of plant

Iris kashmiriana is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Kashmir, India. It has straight, sword-shaped, glaucous leaves, tall, thick stem with up 2 short branches, which hold 2–3 flowers, which can be white, cream or pale blue, lilac, lavender or blue-purple. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, although in Kashmir, it is also planted on graves.

References

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  14. 1 2 "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
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  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Austin, Claire (2005). Irises: A Gardener's Encyclopedia. Timber Press, Incorporated. ISBN   978-0881927306. OL   8176432M.
  19. ↑ Shawl, Abdul S.; Kumar, Tej (April 1992). "Isoflavonoids from Iris crocea". Phytochemistry. 31 (4): 1399–1401. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(92)80300-4.
  20. ↑ Wani, Sajad H.; Amin, Asif; Rather, Manzoor A.; Ahmad Parray, Javid; Parvaiz, Qazi; Qadri, Raies A. (June 2012). "Antibacterial And Phytochemical Screening of Different Extracts of Five Iris Species Growing in Kashmir". Journal of Pharmacy Research. 5 (6): 33–76. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
  21. ↑ Kaššak, Pavol (13 September 2012). "Total Flavonoids And Phenolics Content Of The Chosen Genus Iris Species". Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis. 60 (8): 119–126. doi: 10.11118/actaun201260080119 .
  22. ↑ Kaššák, Pavol (2014). "Screening of the chemical content of several Limniris group Irises" (PDF). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 3 (2): 11–14. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  23. ↑ Bhat, G.A.; Mir, F.; Shawl, A.S.; Ganai, B.A.; Kamili, A.N.; Masood, A.; Tantry, M.A. (March 2015). "Crocetenone, a new rotenoid with an unusual trans-fused ring system from Iris crocea". Nat Prod Commun. 10 (3): 503–4. PMID   25924539.
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  25. ↑ "Iris crocea". sheffields.com. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
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  28. ↑ "Iridaceae Iris crocea Jacquem. ex R.C.Foster". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  29. 1 2 3 "Iris crocea". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2 February 2015.

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