Iris orientalis

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Iris orientalis
Iris orientalis 2007-05-13 356.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Limniris
Section: Iris sect. Limniris
Series: Iris ser. Spuriae
Species:
I. orientalis
Binomial name
Iris orientalis
Synonyms [1]
  • Chamaeiris longipedicellata(Czeczott) M.B.Crespo
  • Chamaeiris monnieri(DC.) M.B.Crespo
  • Chamaeiris orientalis(Mill.) M.B.Crespo
  • Iris albidaDavidov
  • Iris giganteaCarrière
  • Iris longipedicellataCzeczott
  • Iris monnieriDC.
  • Iris ochroleucaL.
  • Iris spuria subsp. monnieri(DC.) Dykes
  • Iris spuria var. ochroleuca(L.) Sims
  • Iris spuria subsp. ochroleuca(L.) Dykes
  • Xiphion monnieri(DC.) Alef.
  • Xiphion ochroleucum(L.) Alef. [Illegitimate]
  • Xyridion monnieri(DC.) Klatt
  • Xyridion ochroleucum(L.) Klatt
  • Xyridion orientalis(Mill.) Rodion.

Iris orientalis is a species in the genus Iris ; it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Spuriae . It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from Turkey and Greece, with white flowers with a yellow mark or blotch. It was also known as Iris ochroleuca for a long time. It is commonly known as yellow banded iris in the U.S. and Turkish iris in the UK but also has some other less common names. It is very hardy and has been known to naturalize in various countries. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Contents

Description

It has short, branching, stout, woody rhizomes. [2] [3] [4] They can be up to 1.5 cm in diameter. [2] [5] Underneath, they have fleshy roots. [2]

Over a long period, they can form large clumps of plants. [6] [7] [8]

It has basal leaves, [9] [10] that are erect, between deep green and dark green, stiff and (lanceolate) sword-like. [5] [11] [12] They can grow up to 60–90 cm (24–35 in) long and 1–2 cm wide. [10] [9] [13] The leaves are not usually as long as the flowering stems. [8] [14]

The flower stalk begins to grows in April and then reaches maturity in May. [4]

The solid, slightly flattened stems, [2] about 1 cm wide, [12] can generally grow up to between 40–90 cm (16–35 in) long. [15] [16] [17]

Although, larger forms are known to be much bigger, growing up to between 90–170 cm (35–67 in) long. [18] [19] [20] It has normally one or more short branches. [13] [21] [22]

The stems have two or three spathes (leaves of the flower bud), [3] [5] [12] which are papery (in form) and 9–12 cm (4–5 in) long. [10] [12] [13]

The stems (and branches) hold two to five terminal (top of stem) flowers, which open in succession, blooming in late spring, [22] or summer, [13] [19] between May and July. [11] [19] [21]

The large flowers are 8–10 cm (3–4 in) in diameter, [9] [10] [12] and are white or near white. [5] [8] [11]

It has two pairs of petals, three large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and three inner, smaller petals (or tepals, known as the 'standards'. [20] The falls are spreading, arching downwards, with a large egg-yolk yellow central area. [3] [4] [13] They are 8–10 cm (3–4 in) long and 3–6 cm wide. [2] [3] [5] The standards are erect, spatulate (spoon-like), with a yellow centre section surrounded in white. [2] [3] [5] They are 4–8 cm (2–3 in) long and 1–1.5 cm wide. [3] [12] [13]

The flowers are pollinated by insects. [5]

It has 1–2.5 cm long, white, funnel-form or cup shaped perianth tube, [2] [3] 4–6 cm (2–2 in) long, white style branches, [3] [5] [10] and 2 lobed stigmas. [2]

After the iris has flowered, it produces an ovoid to oblong-elliptic, triangular in cross section, seed capsule, 4–6 cm (2–2 in) long and 2–2.5 cm wide, with a beaked top. [2] [3] [5] The brown seed capsule has two ribs. [2] [3] [5]

Inside the seed capsule, are 2 rows of papery, wrinkled, white, flattened or wedged-shaped seeds, that are 4–5 mm across. [2]

Biochemistry

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. [20] It has been counted several times, 2n=39–40, Simonet in 1932 and 2n-40 by Lenz in 1963. [12] It has been listed as 2n=39, [4] or 2n=40. [2]

In 2012, five Iris species ( Iris pseudacorus , Iris crocea , Iris spuria , Iris orientalis and Iris ensata ) were studied, to measure the flavonoids and phenolics content with the rhizomes. Iris pseudacorus had the highest content and Iris crocea had the lowest content. [23]

In 2014, eight Irises from the Limniris section (Iris crocea, Iris ensata, Iris orientalis, Iris pseudacorus, Iris setosa , Iris sibirica with its cultivars 'Supernatural' and 'Whiskey White', Iris spuria and Iris versicolor ) were studied to find 12 chemical compounds (flavonoids, phenols, quinones, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, alkaloids, steroids, glycosides and proteins. [24]

Taxonomy

Irises growing in Jardin des Plantes in Paris Iris orientalis - Fleurs-2.jpg
Irises growing in Jardin des Plantes in Paris

Iris orientalis is pronounced as 'EYE-ris (Iris) or-ee-en-TAY-liss (Orientalis). [18]

It has several common names including; yellow band iris (in America), [19] [21] [25] oriental iris, [26] [27] Turkish Iris in the UK, [26] [28] [29] eastern iris, [5] and Russian beauty iris. [27]

It is also known as gullbandsiris in Sweden. [26]

It was first published and described by Philip Miller in The Gardeners Dictionary , ed.8. no9. on the 16 April 1768. [2] [26] [30]

In 1788, Curtis's Botanical Magazine , table 61, described Iris orientalis using the name Iris ochroleuca. [12] This was the start of the confusion between the two irises. [3] [7] [20] Because Iris ochroleuce was published later (by Carl Linnaeus in 1771 [14] ), it is deemed unacceptable under the International Rules of Nomenclature. [10] Later, Iris ochroleuca was classified as a synonym of Iris orientalis. [1]

An illustration of Iris orientalis was in Botanical Magazine 61 in 1793. [13]

It has been mistakenly thought to be a Japanese Iris, due to the name 'orientalis'. [31]

The Latin specific epithet orientalis refers to 'eastern' but sometimes is also translated as 'from the Orient'. [32] [33]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003. [26]

Iris orientalis is an accepted name by the RHS. [29]

Distribution and habitat

Iris orientalis is native to Asia Minor. [3] [4] [27]

Range

Iris orientalis 2007-05-13 355.jpg

It is found in Turkey, [6] [7] [9] and within south-eastern Europe, in Greece, [13] [26] [29] and Aegean Islands, [15] [26] (Lesbos and Samos). [9] [10] [20]

It is found in Greece near Alexandropoulos and within Turkey, east to Kayseri. [9] It was once found by Pierre Edmond Boissier in the marshes to the west of Smyrna, in Greece. [3]

One reference mentions Syria, but this may mean a cultivated region not native. [3]

It has been naturalized in California, Connecticut, Missouri (in the US), along roadsides, [2] [19] and in old farms in Southern Italy, [7] and in Yugoslavia. [10] It has also naturalized in the UK, found on the edges of woodlands and in grasslands of the New Forest and around Abbotsbury in Dorset. [11] The rivers of the Balkans are known for a diverse range of plants including Iris orientalis in Evros River delta. [34]

Habitat

Iris orientalis grows on saline marshy lands, [3] [8] [17] including damp meadows, [4] [9] and ditches, [9] or irrigation channels. [10]

It grows at altitudes of between 150 and 1400 metres above sea level. [9] [10]

Cultivation

Iris orientalis is widely grown in gardens and parks. [5] It is hardy to between USDA Zone 4a and 9b. Between (−34.4 °C (−30 °F) to −3.8 °C (25 °F)). [18] It is also hardy to WHZ 4–9, [19] and within Europe H2. [13] The leaves often survive the winter. [22] Due to this hardiness it is assumed fairly easy to grow. [4] [10]

Although it prefers saline soils, it is tolerant of many garden soils. [10] [18] It prefers positions in full sun or partial shade. [10] [18] Sometimes slugs can be a pest, and can nibble on the young shoots. [4]

It can take several years to start flowering again after being moved, [9] but once settled, it can develop into a large round clump. [7]

It also could be grown within an orchard and is also good for use within a cutting garden. [14]

It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. [35]

Propagation

Iris orientalis 15-05-2009 14-51-11.JPG

It can also be propagated by division or by seed growing, after allowing the capsules to mature and then break to release the seeds. [18]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction. [18]

Uses

It has been listed with Iris paradoxa and Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica as a suitable halophyte crop. [36]

Hybrids and cultivars

Iris orientalis has been extensively used in creating various hardy cultivars, due to its 'tough' nature. [4] [20]

A well known cultivar is 'Shelford Giant', [7] an extra large clone, [9] [17] which was found near Ephesus (in Greece). [9] Published by Foster in 1913. [37] It has long, erect, strap-like leaves that are evergreen and can survive the winter. [38] It has stems that grow up to 2m tall. [9] [37] In early summer, [37] [38] it produces yellow and white flowers, [38] that are 6–8 cm in width. [37] The falls have a deeper yellow central patch. [37] It has gained the RHS's Award of Garden Merit (RHS AGM), since 1994. [39]

Another cultivar is 'Frigia', introduced in 1990 by Rodionenko from St. Petersburg. [27] It has tall stems with up to 5 pure white flowers. [40] It is vigorous and hardy but should not be transplanted too often. [27]

Iris orientalis has had the following registered American cultivars: 'Canari', 'Copa D'ora', 'Ochroleuca Double', 'Ochroleuca Ephesus', 'Ochroleuca Gigantea', 'Ochroleuca Innocence', 'Ochroleuca Queen Victoria', 'Ochroleuca Reflex', 'Ochroleuca Snowflake', 'Ochroleuca Sulphurea', 'Ochroleucha Warei', 'Rocky Mountain Park', 'Yellow Crest'. [12]

Related Research Articles

<i>Iris</i> (plant) Genus of flowering plants in the family Iridaceae

Iris is a flowering plant genus of 310 accepted species with showy flowers. As well as being the scientific name, iris is also widely used as a common name for all Iris species, as well as some belonging to other closely related genera. A common name for some species is flags, while the plants of the subgenus Scorpiris are widely known as junos, particularly in horticulture. It is a popular garden flower.

<i>Iris pseudacorus</i> Species of flowering plant in the iris family Iridaceae

Iris pseudacorus, the yellow flag, yellow iris, or water flag, is a species of flowering plant in the family Iridaceae. It is native to Europe, western Asia and northwest Africa. Its specific epithet pseudacorus means "false acorus", referring to the similarity of its leaves to those of Acorus calamus, as they have a prominently veined mid-rib and sword-like shape. However, the two plants are not closely related. The flower is commonly attributed with the fleur-de-lis.

<i>Iris spuria</i> Species of plant

Iris spuria, or blue flag, is a species of the genus Iris, part of the subgenus Limniris and the series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from Europe, Asia and Africa. It has purple or lilac flowers, and slender, elongated leaves. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions and hybridized for use in the garden. It has several subspecies; Iris spuria subsp. carthaliniae B.Mathew, Iris spuria subsp. demetrii B.Mathew, Iris spuria subsp. maritima (Dykes) P.Fourn. and Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica (Fomin) Takht. It used to have 3 other subspecies, which have now been re-classified as separate species; Iris spuria subsp. halophila, Iris spuria ssp. sogdiana and Iris spuria subsp. notha . It has many common names including 'blue iris', 'spurious iris' and 'bastard iris'.

<i>Iris <span style="font-style:normal;">ser.</span> Spuriae</i> Group of flowering plants

Iris series Spuriae are a series of the genus Iris, in Iris subg. Limniris. They are sometimes commonly known as butterfly irises.

<i>Iris maackii</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris maackii is a species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Laevigatae. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China and eastern Russia. It has sword-shaped grey-green leaves, and has many branched flowering stems that carry flowers in May that come in various shades of yellow.

<i>Iris crocea</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris crocea is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and the series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, found in Kashmir. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant. It is also commonly known as Golden Iris or Golden Flag. It was also known as Iris aurea for a long time, before that was regarded as a synonym of Iris crocea.

Iris kerneriana is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Spuriae. It is a small rhizomatous perennial plant, with fragrant, yellow flowers from Turkey. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions and known as Kerner Iris or Kerner's Iris.

<i>Iris halophila</i> Species of plant

Iris halophila is a species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus Limniris and in series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, with yellow, white or violet flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It comes from a wide range from eastern Europe to China in Asia. It was known for a long while as a subspecies of Iris spuria, before being treated as a separate species in its own right.

<i>Iris notha</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris notha is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial with deep blue or violet flowers from the Caucasus region. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It was once Iris spuria subsp. notha, and can often be found under that name. It has the common name of fake iris or mimic iris in Russia.

Iris pseudonotha is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from the Caucasus region, with lilac and yellow flowers. It is commonly known as Lozhnonenastoyaschy Iris in Russia. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris sintenisii</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris sintenisii is a species in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in series Spuriae, with tall thin stems, violet-blue flowers and long grass-like leaves. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from grass meadows parts of Europe, Russia, and Turkey. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris xanthospuria is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from Turkey with yellow flowers. It was originally known as 'Turkey yellow'. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris brandzae is a species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus Limniris and in series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, originally from Romania with violet and white flowers. It was once thought to be a subspecies of Iris sintenisii, but now classified as a separate species. It is also called Iris Brandzy or Prodan Iris in Russia. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris spuria <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> carthaliniae</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

Iris spuria subsp. carthaliniae is a species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus of Limniris and in the series Spuriae. It is a subspecies of Iris spuria, a rhizomatous perennial plant, from the Caucasus region, it is a tall iris with sky blue or white flowers. It was originally described by Fomin, as a separate species before Brian Mathew in 1981, added it to Iris spuria as one of its many subspecies. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris spuria subsp. demetrii is a species of the genus Iris, part of a subgenus series known as Iris subg. Limniris and in the series Iris ser. Spuriae. It is a subspecies of Iris spuria, a rhizomatous perennial plant, from the Caucasus region, with blue-violet flowers. It is commonly known as Dimitry iris in Russia. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris spuria <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> maritima</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

Iris spuria subsp. maritima is a species of the genus Iris, part of a subgenus series known as Iris subg. Limniris and in the series Iris ser. Spuriae. It is a subspecies of Iris spuria, a beardless, rhizomatous perennial plant, from coastal regions Europe and north Africa with deep blue-violet flowers.

Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica is a species of the genus Iris, part of a subgenus known as Limniris and in the series Spuriae. It is a subspecies of Iris spuria and is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran and Turkey in Asia with flowers in various shades of blue, but there are rare white forms. They have a yellow centre and darker veining. It has the common name of 'Muslim iris'. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris humilis</i> Species of plant

Iris humilis is a plant species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, with a wide distribution range from Europe to Russia to China, via Mongolia and Kazakhstan. It has sword-shaped leaves, a short stem and yellow flowers with an orange beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris dolichosiphon is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China and Bhutan. It has long, thin dark green leaves, very short stem, and dark blue, purple, or violet flowers. That are mottled with white. It has thick white/orange beards. It has one subspecies, Iris dolichosiphon subsp. orientalis, from China, India and Burma. It has similar flowers. They are cultivated as ornamental plants in temperate regions

<i>Iris tigridia</i> Species of plant of the genus Iris

Iris tigridia is a plant species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Kazakhstan, Russia, Mongolia and China. It has dark green or greyish green, grass-like leaves, a short slender stem and a single flowers that are either violet, dark blue, blue-purple, dark purple, mauve, lilac, lavender, or light purple. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

References

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  23. ↑ Kaššak, Pavol (13 September 2012). "Total Flavonoids And Phenolics Content Of The Chosen Genus Iris Species". Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis. 60 (8): 119–126. doi: 10.11118/actaun201260080119 .
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  25. ↑ Goodnick, Billy (16 April 2011). "Alice By Morning Light: Rays of Optimism". edhat.com. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
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  36. ↑ M. Ajmal Khan, Benno Boer and Munir Ozturk (Editors) Sabkha Ecosystems: Volume Iv: Cash Crop Halophyte and Biodiversity Conservation, Volume 4 , p. 124, at Google Books
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  39. ↑ "Search for AGM plants". rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  40. ↑ "Iris orientalis 'Frigia' – Quilting Sword lily". allgaeustauden.de. Retrieved 18 February 2015.

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