Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica

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Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Species:
I. spuria
Subspecies:
I. s. subsp. musulmanica
Trinomial name
Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica
Synonyms   [1]
  • Iris daenensisKotschy ex Baker
  • Iris musulmanicaFomin
  • Iris spuria var. daenensis(Kotschy ex Baker) Baker
  • Xyridion musulmanicum(Fomin) Rodion.

Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica is a species of the genus Iris , part of a subgenus known as Limniris and in the series Spuriae . It is a subspecies of Iris spuria and is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran and Turkey in Asia with flowers in various shades of blue, but there are rare white forms. They have a yellow centre and darker veining. It has the common name of 'Muslim iris'. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Contents

Description

It has a thin or stout creeping rhizome. [2] [3]

It has linear, lanceolate, sword-like, leaves. [4] [5] [6] That are blue-green, grey-green or dark green. [4] [5] [7] The leaves are normally wider than Iris notha , [8] at 8–17 cm (3–7 in) wide, [9] [10] and they can grow up to 50 cm (20 in) long. [5] [6] They are shorter than the flowering stem. [2]

It has an erect, strong, straight stem that can grow up to between 40–100 cm (16–39 in) tall. [11] [12] [13] It has thick, [8] linear, lanceolate, spathes (leaves of the flower bud). [2] That are 13 mm wide and have a white membranous edge. [2]

The stems hold several, terminal (top of stem) flowers, [2] in late spring, [7] or summer, [11] between May and July. [5] [6] [9] It has flowers that are up to 6–10 cm (2–4 in) in diameter, [3] [9] [10] they come in various shades of blue including deep blue, [10] [14] [15] deep violet, [12] [13] [16] lavender, [4] [11] purple, [5] [7] [17] and very rarely, white. [13] [17] [15] They are very similar in colour to Iris spuria subsp. demetrii, [18] and similar in form to Iris sibirica , but slightly larger with wider petals. [15] It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'. [19] The falls have an elliptical blade, and then a narrow claw (section closest to the stem), which is equal or slight longer than the blade. [2] [9] [11] The blade has a yellow or white central stripe or signal area, [4] around it are darker veins heading to the edges. [5] [17] [16] They are 5.5–8 cm (2–3 in) long. [11] The upright, lanceolate, [3] standards are a single colour, they gradually narrow to the claw (near the stem). [2] It has a perianth tube that is shorter than the ovary. It has also style branches that are as long as the claw of the falls. [2]

After the iris has flowered, it produces an oblong cylindrical capsule, [3] [5] [6] with 6 angles, [2] that has a long spout-like appendage. [2] [5] [6] It fruits between August and September. [2] [6] Inside the capsule are flat, semi-circular or reniform (kidney shaped), off-white to pale brown seeds. [5] [6] [20]

Biochemistry

In 1988, a study was carried out on the rhizomes of Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica, and found a chemical compound (12a-hydroxyrotenoid). [21] In 2005, the seeds of the iris were studied in Turkey along with a morphological and anatomical investigation. The oil content and methyl esters of fatty acids of the seed were also examined. They contained linoleic acid (40%) and oleic acid (30%). [20]

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. [19] It has a chromosome count of 2n=44. [12] [13]

Taxonomy

The Latin specific epithet musulmanica is derived from Musulman (the Persian word for Muslim).

It has the common name of 'Muslim iris'. [18] [22]

It was original published as Iris musulmanica by Aleksandr Vasiljevich Fomin in Vĕstnik Tiflisskago Botaniceskago Sada. Moniteur du Jardin Botanique de Tiflis (Vĕstn. Tiflissk. Bot. Sada) xiv. 46 in 1909. [2] [23] It was later re-classified as a subspecies of Iris spuria, as Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica by Armen Takhtajan in Flora Erevana: opredelitel dik orastushdikh rastenii Araratskoi Kotloving (Fl. Erevana) edit.2 on page 330 in 1972. [24] [25] It was later publisher and illustrated in 'Flora Iranica' (Edited by Rechinger), within Iridaceae (chapter), plate12 in 1975. [11] It was then published by Brian Mathew, in his book The Iris on page 20 in 1981. [11] It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 9 January 2003, and then updated on 3 December 2004. [25] Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica is an accepted name by the RHS. [26]

Distribution and habitat

It is native temperate regions of Asia. [25] [26]

Range

It is found within Iran, [15] [25] [27] and Turkey, [18] [25] [27] or Asia Minor. [3] [10] [20] It is found in the Caucasus regions, [10] [11] [14] of Armenia, [17] [25] [28] Transcaucasia, [9] [15] [26] and Azerbaijan. [12] [13] [25]

Habitat

It grows in damp meadows, [9] [10] marshes, [2] [3] [28] in saline soils, [3] [9] [28] and in the grassy plains by rivers. [5] [9] It is found in a wide zone between the lowlands and the uplands. [3] It can create huge colonies of plants. [9]

Conservation

In Armenia, it is rare and grows in the salt marshes of the Ararat Valley (between Mount Ararat and Mount Aragats) with other endemic species including, Linum seljukorum , Inula aucheriana , Sonchus araraticus , Orchis laxiflora and Merendera sobolifera . [28] It is listed in the Azerbaijan Red Data Book. [22]

Cultivation

It is hardy, and can survive most winters without shelter. [5] Although is less robust than Iris orientalis and Iris xanthospuria . [9] It is hardy to Europe Zone H2. [11] It can be grown in most nutrient rich garden soils. [9] [10] [15] Soils that Iris siberica grow in are suitable for Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica. [15] It prefers positions in full sun or partial shade. [4] [7] It can be grown in either a rockery or sunny flower border. [4] In Turkey, Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica, with Narcissus poeticus and Tulipa sylvestris are used as ornamental plants in parks and gardens in the region. [29] The iris is susceptible to slug damage. [9] It is only normally found with specialised Iris growers or nurseries. [12]

Propagation

It can also be propagated by division or by seed growing. Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica usually germinates within 30–545 days.[ citation needed ]

Uses

It has been listed with Iris paradoxa and Iris orientalis as a suitable halophyte crop. [30]

Related Research Articles

<i>Iris spuria</i> Species of plant

Iris spuria, or blue flag, is a species of the genus Iris, part of the subgenus Limniris and the series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from Europe, Asia and Africa. It has purple or lilac flowers, and slender, elongated leaves. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions and hybridized for use in the garden. It has several subspecies; Iris spuria subsp. carthaliniae B.Mathew, Iris spuria subsp. demetrii B.Mathew, Iris spuria subsp. maritima (Dykes) P.Fourn. and Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica (Fomin) Takht. It used to have 3 other subspecies, which have now been re-classified as separate species; Iris spuria subsp. halophila, Iris spuria ssp. sogdiana and Iris spuria subsp. notha . It has many common names including 'blue iris', 'spurious iris' and 'bastard iris'.

<i>Iris <span style="font-style:normal;">ser.</span> Spuriae</i> Group of flowering plants

Iris series Spuriae are a series of the genus Iris, in Iris subg. Limniris. They are sometimes commonly known as butterfly irises.

Iris kerneriana is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Spuriae. It is a small rhizomatous perennial plant, with fragrant, yellow flowers from Turkey. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions and known as Kerner Iris or Kerner's Iris.

<i>Iris halophila</i> Species of plant

Iris halophila is a species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus Limniris and in series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, with yellow, white or violet flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It comes from a wide range from eastern Europe to China in Asia. It was known for a long while as a subspecies of Iris spuria, before being treated as a separate species in its own right.

<i>Iris orientalis</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris orientalis is a species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from Turkey and Greece, with white flowers with a yellow mark or blotch. It was also known as Iris ochroleuca for a long time. It is commonly known as yellow banded iris in the U.S. and Turkish iris in the UK but also has some other less common names. It is very hardy and has been known to naturalize in various countries. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris notha</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris notha is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial with deep blue or violet flowers from the Caucasus region. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It was once Iris spuria subsp. notha, and can often be found under that name. It has the common name of fake iris or mimic iris in Russia.

Iris pseudonotha is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from the Caucasus region, with lilac and yellow flowers. It is commonly known as Lozhnonenastoyaschy Iris in Russia. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris sintenisii</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris sintenisii is a species in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in series Spuriae, with tall thin stems, violet-blue flowers and long grass-like leaves. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from grass meadows parts of Europe, Russia, and Turkey. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris brandzae is a species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus Limniris and in series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, originally from Romania with violet and white flowers. It was once thought to be a subspecies of Iris sintenisii, but now classified as a separate species. It is also called Iris Brandzy or Prodan Iris in Russia. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris spuria <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> carthaliniae</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

Iris spuria subsp. carthaliniae is a species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus of Limniris and in the series Spuriae. It is a subspecies of Iris spuria, a rhizomatous perennial plant, from the Caucasus region, it is a tall iris with sky blue or white flowers. It was originally described by Fomin, as a separate species before Brian Mathew in 1981, added it to Iris spuria as one of its many subspecies. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris spuria subsp. demetrii is a species of the genus Iris, part of a subgenus series known as Iris subg. Limniris and in the series Iris ser. Spuriae. It is a subspecies of Iris spuria, a rhizomatous perennial plant, from the Caucasus region, with blue-violet flowers. It is commonly known as Dimitry iris in Russia. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris spuria <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> maritima</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

Iris spuria subsp. maritima is a species of the genus Iris, part of a subgenus series known as Iris subg. Limniris and in the series Iris ser. Spuriae. It is a subspecies of Iris spuria, a beardless, rhizomatous perennial plant, from coastal regions Europe and north Africa with deep blue-violet flowers.

<i>Iris arenaria</i> Species of plant

Sandy iris, or sand iris, is a species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Central Europe, found in Hungary, Austria, Romania, Czech Republic and Ukraine. It has grass-like leaves, a short stem and pale yellow flowers. It has had a mixed origin and was once Iris humilis subsp. arenaria, a subspecies of Iris humilis, until it was reclassified as a separate species. But many sources still state that it is either a synonym or subspecies of Iris humilis. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris dolichosiphon is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China and Bhutan. It has long, thin dark green leaves, very short stem, and dark blue, purple, or violet flowers. That are mottled with white. It has thick white/orange beards. It has one subspecies, Iris dolichosiphon subsp. orientalis, from China, India and Burma. It has similar flowers. They are cultivated as ornamental plants in temperate regions

Iris psammocola is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China. It has grass-like leaves, short stems, yellow flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris subbiflora</i> Species of plant

Iris subbiflora is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Portugal and Spain in Europe. It has evergreen broad leaves, forming dense clumps, it has dwarf stems in late spring,, with 1 upright fragrant flower, in shades of purple, light red purple, grey-blue, blue-violet, or dark violet. It has a beard which is generally blue, purple, or violet, but can fade to white, dull yellow, or dark yellow. After being found in 1804, it was once a separate species until the late 70s, when it was reclassified as subspecies of Iris lutescens, and renamed Iris lutescens subsp. subbiflora. But in the 80s it was returned to an independent species but some authors and references still class the species as a synonym or subspecies. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris acutiloba <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> lineolata</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

Iris acutiloba subsp. lineolata is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris. It is a subspecies of Iris acutiloba, and is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of Iran, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Azerbaijan. It has narrow, lanceolate, or falcate (sickle-shaped) leaves, which are grey-green and glaucous. It has a slender straight stem holding one terminal flower. The flowers, come in shades of white, cream, or creamy white and have veining that is purple or brown, or a mixture of both. It is heavily veined or streaked in purple or brown, with a dark purple-brown, spot on 3 of the outer petals and brown, dark purple, or black short beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, unless grown in a greenhouse.

<i>Iris acutiloba</i> Species of plant

Iris acutiloba is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of the Caucasus and found in Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Dagestan in the North Caucasus, and Iran. It is a dwarf species, with narrow, falcate or curved leaves, it has one flower in spring or early summer, that comes in shades from cream, creamy white, whitish, pale brown, light grey, to pale violet. It is heavily veined or streaked and pointed, with 2 dark spots and brown, purple, dark purple, or black short beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. There are two subspecies, Iris acutiloba subsp. lineolata and Iris acutiloba subsp. longitepala.

<i>Iris barnumiae</i> Species of plant

Iris barnumiae is a species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, and Turkey. It has pale glaucous green and narrow leaves, that are slightly sickle-shaped and fade soon after blooming. It has, in mid- to late spring, fragrant flowers in shades of purple, from red-purple, mulberry to purplish-violet, with a yellow tipped with purple beard. It was renamed as I. barnumiae in after a plant naming conference in 2011, but is still sometimes named as I. barnumae in some sources. It has one accepted subspecies Iris barnumiae subsp. demawendica and two forms; Iris barnumiae f. protonyma (Stapf) B.Mathew & Wendelbo and Iris barnumiae f. urmiensis (Hoog) B.Mathew & Wendelbo, which has yellow flowers. Sometimes I. barnumiae f. barnumiae is used to describe the basic form. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to its needing very dry and warm summer conditions.

<i>Iris iberica <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> elegantissima</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

Iris iberica subsp. elegantissima is a subspecies in the genus Iris, subgenus Iris and section Oncocyclus. It is a subspecies of Iris iberica and is a rhizomatous perennial, from Armenia, Turkey and Iran. It has large, thin and falcate (sickle-shaped) leaves, slender stem with a single flower between April and May. It has a white, cream or pale yellow ground, which is covered in dark veining or speckling in violet, mauve, purple or brown shades. The larger standards are paler, normally white and less veined. The falls, have darker veining and a dark signal patch and brown or purple beard. It is commonly known as Iris elegantissima, especially in Europe and Russia. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, but normally needs some protection during the winter period.

References

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  14. 1 2 "Bezkartáčkaté irises". zahradaweb.cz. 5 March 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
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  17. 1 2 3 4 Blazek, Milan. "Iris spuria and related species – the importance of culture". ibotky.cz. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  18. 1 2 3 "Spurius Irises, History, Groups And Types, Cultivation And Maintenance". liveinternet.ru. 20 January 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  19. 1 2 Austin, Claire (2005). Irises: A Gardener's Encyclopedia. Timber Press, Incorporated. ISBN   978-0881927306. OL   8176432M.
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  21. ↑ Shawl, Abdul S.; Mengi, N.; Misra, L.N.; Vishwapaul (1988). "Irispurinol, a 12a Hydroxyrotenoid from Iris Spuria". Phytochemistry. 27 (10): 3331–3332. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(88)80061-x.
  22. 1 2 "The Red Book (2nd edition) has been included in the list of plant and fungal species". eco.gov.az. Archived from the original on 7 March 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
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  24. ↑ "Iridaceae Iris spuria L. subsp. musulmanica (Fomin) Takht". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 27 February 2015.
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  29. ↑ Bilge Şene (Editor) Biodiversity: Biomolecular Aspects of Biodiversity and Innovative Utilization , p. 247, at Google Books
  30. ↑ M. Ajmal Khan, Benno Boer and Munir Ozturk (Editors) Sabkha Ecosystems: Volume Iv: Cash Crop Halophyte and Biodiversity Conservation, Volume 4 , p. 124, at Google Books

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