Iris kashmiriana

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Iris kashmiriana
Iris kashmiriana-1-bsi-yercaud-salem-India.JPG
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Iris
Section: Iris sect. Iris
Species:
I. kashmiriana
Binomial name
Iris kashmiriana
Synonyms [1]

Iris bartoniiFoster

Iris kashmiriana is a plant species in the genus Iris , it is also in the subgenus Iris . It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Kashmir, India. It has straight, sword-shaped, glaucous leaves, tall, thick stem with up 2 short branches, which hold 2–3 flowers, which can be white, cream or pale blue, lilac, lavender or blue-purple. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, although in Kashmir, it is also planted on graves.

Contents

Description

It has thick and stout rhizome, [2] [3] [4] which is fibrous, [5] and creeps along the ground. [6]

It has ensiform (sword-like), [5] [6] yellowish-green, [7] or glaucous (blue-green), [2] [3] [4] straight, [2] [3] [4] leaves. They have scarious (paper-like) margins, [4] and ribs. [3] [7] The herbaceous leaves, [5] can grow up to between 45 and 60 cm (18 and 24 in) long, [2] [3] [8] and between 3.5 and 4.5 cm (1 and 2 in) wide. [2] [3] [4]

It has an oval (in cross-section), [7] thick stem or peduncle, [3] [9] [10] : 32  that can grow up to between 50 and 75 cm (20 and 30 in) tall. [3] [7] [11] Occasionally, it can reach up to 125 cm (49 in) tall. [2] [12] [13] It has 1–2 short, [6] 1 cm long, [2] [3] branches (or pedicels). [2] [3] [11] The branching habit distinguishes it from Iris albicans (another white flowering tall bearded iris), which does not have branches. [8]

The stem has long, [3] green, spathes (leaves of the flower bud), [2] [4] [14] They are 7–11 cm (3–4 in) long. [2] [4] [14] They appear from the middle of the stem, up towards the flowers, [3] and they have a narrow scarious margin, [4] [6] [14]

The stems (and the branches) hold several clusters of flowers, [6] normally between 2 and 3 flowers, [2] [4] [5] early in the season, [10] : 32  between April and June. [4] [5] [14] Up to 4–6 flowers can be blooming at one time. [11]

It has a cylindrical, [6] perianth tube, that is white, with blue markings and yellow-green veins, [2] [4] or green tube. [3] The tube is 2.2–2.5 cm (1–1 in) long. [2] [3] [4]

The fragrant flowers, [7] [8] [15] also come in various shades. The most common, [3] [7] are white, [8] [16] [17] or creamy white. [7] Or white tinged with blue. [14] Other forms found include pale blue, [5] lilac, [11] [12] [13] lavender or blue-purple, [5] [7] the purple forms may not hybrids. [17] The white forms are very similar to Iris albicans. [15]

Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'. [10] : 17  The falls are obovate, rounded or cuneate (wedge-shaped), [2] [3] [4] 6.5–9.5 cm (3–4 in) long and 2.5–3.9 cm (1–2 in) wide. [2] [3] [4] They often have blue markings, [3] and yellow-green veining, [3] especially on the hafts (section of petal near the stem). [5] [7] [10] : 32  In the centre of the fall, is a dense, narrow, [4] white beard of hairs, tipped with yellow. [2] [3] [4] The standards are obovate, oblong or elliptic shaped, 6.5–9.5 cm (3–4 in) long and 2.5–3.9 cm (1–2 in) wide. [2] [3] [4] They have a short yellowish haft, [2] [4] and sometimes have a sparse beard. [3]

It has style branch that is 5 cm long, [2] [3] with an entire stigma, [2] [4] and large and triangular crests. [3] It has white, [2] [4] or cream, [3] filaments, that are 1.3–2 cm long. [2] [3] [4] It has 1.4 – 1.7 cm long anthers, [2] [3] [4] and cream pollen. It has a green ovary, that has ridges and grooves, [4] and is 1 – 1.2 cm long. [3]

After the iris has flowered, it rarely, produces a seed capsule, which is about 3–4.3 cm (1–2 in) long and 2.2 cm wide, with thick and woody capsule walls. [2] Within the capsule, are wrinkled, globular, dark red-brown, [3] or red-brown seeds. [2] [4]

Biochemistry

In 1956, a karyotype analysis was carried out on 40 species of Iris, belonging to the subgenera Eupogoniris and Pogoniris. It found that 24-chromosome tall bearded species could e divided into 3 karyotypes of Iris pallida . Iris kashmiriana has 2 pairs of median-constricted marker chromosomes, Iris illyrica , Iris cengialti , and Iris imbricata , lastly Iris variegata , Iris reginae (now classified as a synonym of Iris variegata), and Iris perrieri all have no median-constricted chromosomes. [18]

In 1990, 'Iriskashmirianin' flavonoid was found in Iris kashmiriana by Kacheroo. [19]

In 1996, a study was carried out on the rhizomes of Iris kashmiriana, two new isoflavones, 'isocladrastin' and 'kashmigenin', were found. [20]

In 1998, a study was carried out on flower senescence (aging) in Iris kashmiriana. [21]

In 2008, a chemical study was carried out on the rhizomes of Iris kashmiriana led to the isolation of three isoflavones characterized as (4'-hydroxy-8-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxyisoflavone) 'isonigricin', (5,6-dihydroxy-4',7-dimethoxyisoflavone) 'isoirisolidone', and (5,7-dihydroxy-4',6-dimethoxyisoflavone) 'irisolidone'. [22]

In June 2012, a phytochemical study was carried out on 5 iris species growing in Kashmir, India. Including Iris crocea , Iris ensata , Iris germanica , Iris hookeriana and Iris kashmiriana. It found several flavonoids (including isoflavonoids, glycosides and tannins), within the irises. [23]

In December 2012, an evaluation study was carried out on the isoflavones ('isonigricin' and 'isoirisolidone'), isolated from the rhizomes of Iris kashmiriana, when used on T-lymphocytes and T-cell cytokines. [24]

In July 2013, a study was carried out of the use of methanolic extracts from the rhizomes of Iris kashmiriana to be used on epithelial cancerous tumors and other inflammatory diseases. [25]

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. [10] : 18 Iris kashmiriana is a tetraploid, [10] : 32  [15] and has a chromosome count of 2n=24, 44, 48. [12] [13] [26]

Taxonomy

Painted illustration of Iris kashmiriana Baker (called Iris bartonii Foster, later recognised as a synonym) for Curtis's Botanical Magazine, vol. 112 t6869 (in 1886) by Matilda Smith Iris kashmiriana by M Smith.jpg
Painted illustration of Iris kashmiriana Baker (called Iris bartonii Foster, later recognised as a synonym) for Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, vol. 112 t6869 (in 1886) by Matilda Smith

It has the common name of 'Kashmir Iris'. [4] [14] [27]

In India and Kashmir, it is known as 'mazamond', [14] 'mazarmund', [28] [29] [30] or 'safed mazarmond’. [4] Which is derived from 'Mazar' meaning graveyard, [14] or cemetery, [5] and 'Mond' meaning root or underground swollen portion, the rhizome. [14] Although, one source, declares that Iris nepalensis is known locally as 'mazarmund'. [31]

The Latin specific epithet kashmiriana refers to coming from Kashmir. [32] [33] [34] This is a feminine version of the name, compared to Delphinium kashmirianum (masculine form) and Tragopogon kashmirianus , the gender neutral form. [35]

It was brought to the UK by missionaries to Sir Michael Foster. [9] Then was introduced to Kew Gardens by Dr. Aitchison in about 1875. [6]

It was first published and described by John Gilbert Baker in Gardeners' Chronicle (Gard. Chron.) Series.2, page 744, in 1877. [4] [36] [37]

It was also published by Foster, Gard. Chron. 1883 (1): 275 1883, [4] Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 275. 1892; Baker, Handb. Irideae (Handbook of the Irideae): 38. 1892; [6] Wendelbo & Mathew in Rech. f., Fl. Iran. 112: 26. 1975; Mathew, Iris 30. 1981; N. Service in SGBIS, Guide Species Iris, 38. 1997. (Fig. 6, D-E). [2]

William Rickatson Dykes later re-classified Iris bartoni, which Foster had received from Newton Barton (a Major in the Honourable Artillery Company [38] ) who found it in Kandahar, as a synonym of Iris kashmiriana. [7]

Iris kashmiriana was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, then updated on 1 December 2004. [37]

It is listed in the Encyclopedia of Life. [39] and is an accepted name by the RHS, and last listed in the 'RHS Plant Finder' in 2012. [40]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to the western Himalaya. [41] It is found Jammu & Kashmir, [15] [3] [12] [42] and Jammu, [37] ) Nepal, [15] Afghanistan, [9] [15] [42] and Pakistan, [9] [10] : 32  [28] (or Baluchistan, [2] [7] [11] ). It is thought to be the most easterly species in the sub-genus of Iris section. [3] It has been introduced to Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan. [41] [13] [42]

It grows close to settlements, [3] as well as on open grassy slopes. [28] It can be found at an altitude of 1,500–2,200 m (4,900–7,200 ft) above sea level [4] [5] [14] and also at 2500 ft to 9500 ft. [27] [28]

Cultivation

It is not hardy in western Europe, [10] : 32  and US. [9] It is difficult to keep growing in the UK, due to the fact that the rhizomes do not get high temperatures during the summer, [7] also it does not like damp winters. [3] It does have the reputation of wasting away after a good blooming period. [3]

It is not in general cultivation, [3] and is less common than other species in the section, [8] but it has established well in some gardens. [3]

It prefers to grow in well-drained and rich soils. [5]

It does not like shade. [3]

It can be grown in a rock garden. [5]

Dykes recommends a planting time of between August and September. [7]

It is listed as an endemic ornamental garden plant with Iris hookeriana and Iris duthiei (a synonym of Iris kemaonensis ) in Kashmir. [43] In India, it grows in gardens, [2] [10] : 32  [42] on the earth daubed roofs of houses, [27] (similar to Iris tectorum in Japan). [8]

On 5 July 1889, specimens of the iris were collected from near to the town of 'Erzinghan', in Turkey, for the Museum Natural History, Paris. [44]

Specimens can be found at Kashmir University Botanic Garden (KUBG). [4] [45]

In flower arrangements, the average vase life of stems and flowers stored under dry conditions at 5 °C was about 7 and 10 days in distilled water and sucrose, respectively, whereas the wet stored stems at 5 °C exhibited a vase life of about 8 and 11 days, respectively. [45]

Propagation

Irises can generally be propagated by division, [46] or by seed growing.

Hybrids and cultivars

It was used in the past in several breeding programmes, [5] [17] to create cultivars, due to the white flowers. [15] Mr Foster found 3 forms of the plant, varying in colour from white to purple, and introduced 'Miss Wilmott' (Foster 1910) and 'Kashmir White' (Foster 1912). [9] Mr Foster was uncertain of the parentage of the cross producing 'Kashmir White' and 'Miss Wilmott', but he thought that Iris kashmiriana was a parent. Later, Geddes Douglas in AIS Bulletin #87, p. 40–44 believed that 'Miss Wilmott' came not from Iris kashmiriana but from a cross of Iris cypriana and Iris pallida 'Dalmatica'. [6] Later, chromosomal counts proved that Iris kashmiriana' was not the parent plant, as it has a chromosomal count of 2n=12,44,48 and 'Kashmir white' has a count of 2n=50. [26]

But it is a tetraploid parent to many other modern bearded irises. [10] : 32 

Iris kashmiriana cultivars include; 'Bartoni', 'Kashmiriana Purpurea' and 'Raniket'. [6]

Iris kashmiriana crosses include: 'Dalkish'. [6]

¼ Iris kashmiriana crosses include; 'Angkhor Vat', 'Argentina', 'Azulado', 'Blanche', 'Emily Pyke', 'Kalif', 'Leopardi', 'Lucero', 'Marion Mohr', 'Metauro', 'Micheline Charraire', 'Mt. Kosciusko', 'My Own', 'Mystery', 'Nanook', 'Nerva', 'Ningal', 'Santa Fe', 'Snow Shadow', 'Sophronia', 'Venus De Milo', 'Western Skies' and 'Willoughbey'. [6]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), and if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also, handling the plant may cause skin irritation or an allergic reaction. [47]

Uses

Iris kashmiriana has been used as a medicinal plant in folk medicine. [16] [25] [29]

Normally, just the rhizome has been used,[ citation needed ] but the whole plant has also been used. [29] The rhizome is peeled and dried,[ citation needed ] then it is grind into powder and can be mixed with oil to make a paste.[ citation needed ] The paste along with common salt is applied for rheumatism, [16] or applied externally for joint pain. [29] [30] In the Bandipora area, the dried rhizome was used to treat eczma and respiratory problems.[ citation needed ]

It was also used to treat asthma, cancer, inflammation, liver and uterine diseases. [25] It is medically important due to the pharmacologically active compounds (within the rhizome) including quinones, triterpenoids, flavonoids, isoflavonoids and stilbene glycosides. [25] Also isoflavones have been isolated from the rhizomes. [48]


It can also treat animal ailments.[ citation needed ] The plant can also be used to treat hepatic disorders and dropsy in cattle.[ citation needed ] Also, farmers of Jammu and Kashmir serve grinded Iris kashmiriana and jaggery to enhance milk yield. [49] It is also a natural antiparasitic, in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activities of methanol and aqueous extracts of Iris kashmiriana rhizome were used against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep, such as Haemonchus contortus . [28]

The organic matter digestibility and chemical composition of livestock fodder growing in the Kashmir valley, India have been tabulated. Other species used also include: Phragmites australis , Nymphoides peltata , Echinochloa crus-galli , Cyperus rotundus , Panicum antidotale and Iris kashmiriana. [50]

The rhizome was also used as a rodent repellent. [30]

Culture

In Iran and Kashmir, [5] the plant and Iris germanica, [14] are most commonly grown on Muslim [8] grave yards. [3] [10] : 32 

Related Research Articles

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Iris × germanica is the accepted name for a species of flowering plants in the family Iridaceae commonly known as the bearded iris or the German bearded iris. It is one of a group of hybrid origin. Varieties include I. × g. var. florentina.

<i>Iris milesii</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris milesii is a plant species in the genus Iris, subgenus Limniris and in the section Lophiris. It is a rhizomatous, beardless perennial plant, native to the Himalayas, India and China. It has pinkish-violet, or pinkish purple, or pinkish-lavender or pinkish lilac flowers, with a fringed yellow or orange crest. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris variegata</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris variegata, commonly known as the Hungarian iris, is a plant species in the genus Iris, also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial from eastern Europe. It has dark green, ribbed leaves. The branched flowering stems can be as tall as the leaves, they can hold 2–3 flowers in summer. They are yellowish-white, with brown-purple veins on the drooping falls. It is very hardy and it is commonly cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. There are several cultivars.

<i>Iris lactea</i> Species of plant

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<i>Iris hookeriana</i> Species of plant

Iris hookeriana is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Himalayan mountains of India and Pakistan. It has long pale green or yellow green leaves, long slender stem and fragrant blue, purple or lilac flowers, that are mottled with a darker colour. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris kemaonensis</i> Species of plant

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<i>Iris aphylla</i> Species of plant

Iris aphylla is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris, and in the section Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Asia to Europe. It is found in Azerbaijan, Russian Federation, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Albania, Former Yugoslavia, Italy, Romania and France. It has dark green or bright green, sword-shaped, long grass-like leaves, that die/fade away in the winter. It also has a slender stem, with several branches and green and purplish spathes. It has 3–5 large flowers, in shades of bright purple, purple, violet, dark blue, blue-violet and dark violet, which bloom between spring and early summer. Occasionally, they re-bloom in the autumn, before the seed capsule is formed. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. There is one known subspecies Iris aphylla subsp. hungarica Hegi.

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<i>Iris florentina</i> Variety of plant

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<i>Iris scariosa</i> Species of plant

Iris scariosa is a plant species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial from the mountainsides of Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China. It has sword-like, or sickle shaped, blue green or grey-green leaves, a short flowering stem, 3 or 4 membranous or semi-transparent flower bud leaves, 2 violet, reddish violet, lilac, blue-purple, or blue flowers in late spring, with yellow or white beards. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It was merged with another similar iris in the region, and Iris glaucescens became a synonym of Iris scariosa, before being divided into two separate species again. Although some sources still call it the main species, despite a slight colour difference.

Iris griffithii is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Afghanistan. It has short, sickle-shaped leaves, short green stem and purple flowers with white beards. Several specimens exist within herbaria around Europe, but it is rarely cultivated.

<i>Iris imbricata</i> Species of plant

Iris imbricata is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Caucasus mountains, within Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. It has broad, sword-like, yellow green or light green leaves, slender stem with branches, inflated and overlapping green spathes, and 2–5 yellow, pale yellow or greenish yellow flowers.

<i>Iris junonia</i> Species of plant

Iris junonia is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Cilicia, within the Taurus Mountains. It has glaucous short leaves, tall stems with several branches, numerous flowers in various colours from blue-purple, lavender, pale blue, cream, white and yellow, with brown veining and white tipped orange beards. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. Its status is still unclear, if it is a synonym of Iris germanica or a separate species.

<i>Iris marsica</i> Species of plant

Iris marsica is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Apennine Mountains, in Italy. It has glaucous, sickle-shaped or curved, light green leaves, slender stem with 2 branches, and 3 violet, light blue violet, dark violet, and dark purple flowers. It was only found and described since 1973, and is not yet in general cultivation. It was once thought to be a form of Iris germanica, but has different morphological characteristics and different chromosomal differences.

<i>Iris mesopotamica</i> Species of plant

Iris mesopotamica, the Mesopotamian iris, is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the middle East, within the countries of Iraq, Turkey, Syria and Israel. It has linear, grey-green or green broad leaves, tall stem with 2–3 branches, holding up to 9 scented flowers, in shades of violet, purple, lavender blue and light blue, with a yellow and white or orange and white beard. It is listed as a synonym of Iris germanica in some sources. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, including being planted in graveyards and cemeteries but may also be used for celebrations and decoration.

<i>Iris pallida <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> cengialti</i> Species of plant

Iris pallida subsp. cengialti is a subspecies in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Italy and Slovenia. It has yellowish-green, glaucous, lanceolate or ensiform leaves, tall stem, green flushed with purple spathes, 2 short branches, 2–3 scented flowers, in shades of violet, blue-violet, deep purple, blue-purple, deep blue-purple, pale purple, deep blue, to mid-blue. It has a yellow or orange tipped beard. It was originally published as Iris cengialti but then re-classified as a subspecies of Iris pallida, and known as Iris pallida subsp. cengialti, but it is often still called Iris cengialti. It is cultivated as an ornamental garden plant in temperate regions.

Iris perrieri is a plant species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Savoy Alps in southern France and recently in Italy. It has green, deeply ribbed, sickle shaped leaves, a slender stem with a branch, 1–3 scented flowers that are violet or purple, with a white or pale blue beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to its rarity in the wild. It was once thought to be a form of Iris aphylla, before cell (chromosome) analysis determined it to be a separate species.

Iris revoluta is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from a small area in Salento, Italy. It has (sword-shaped) or falcate (sickle-shaped) glaucous leaves, tall slender stem with several short branches and 2–4 fragrant flowers in dark violet, purple, violet and pale violet. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris subbiflora</i> Species of plant

Iris subbiflora is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Portugal and Spain in Europe. It has evergreen broad leaves, forming dense clumps, it has dwarf stems in late spring,, with 1 upright fragrant flower, in shades of purple, light red purple, grey-blue, blue-violet, or dark violet. It has a beard which is generally blue, purple, or violet, but can fade to white, dull yellow, or dark yellow. After being found in 1804, it was once a separate species until the late 70s, when it was reclassified as subspecies of Iris lutescens, and renamed Iris lutescens subsp. subbiflora. But in the 80s it was returned to an independent species but some authors and references still class the species as a synonym or subspecies. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris timofejewii is a species of flowering plant in the genus Iris, and also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountain slopes of the Caucasus and Dagestan. It has narrow, evergreen, falcate (sickle-shaped), grey-green (glaucous) leaves, and a short flowering stem just taller than the leaves. Each stem has 1–2 flowers in shades of violet, with white beards that have purple tips. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

References

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  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 British Iris Society (1997) A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation , p. 38-39, at Google Books
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