Iris tectorum

Last updated

Iris tectorum
Iris tectorum 01.JPG
Wall iris (Iris tectorum)
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Limniris
Section: Iris sect. Lophiris
Species:
I. tectorum
Binomial name
Iris tectorum
Synonyms [1]
  • Evansia tectorum(Maxim.) Klatt
  • Iris chinensisBunge [Illegitimate]
  • Iris rosthorniiDiels
  • Iris tectorum f. alba(Dykes) Makino
  • Iris tectorum var. albaDykes
  • Iris tectorum f. tectorum(none known)
  • Iris tomiolophaHance

Iris tectorum (also known as roof iris, Japanese roof iris and wall iris) is a plant species in the genus Iris , it is also in the subgenus Limniris . It is a rhizomatous perennial. It is native of China, Korea and Burma, with lavender-blue, bluish-violet, purple-blue, blue-lilac or sky blue flowers. There is a white form as well. It is a compact plant and is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions of the world.

Contents

Description

[ excessive citations ]

It has a thick, [2] [3] [4] (the size of a man's thumb), [5] creeping, [5] [6] [7] buff (coloured), [8] or greenish rhizome. [9] [10] They are similar in form to a bearded iris rhizome. [11] [12] It has slender, short roots (under the rhizomes), [8] [13] and fibres on the top. [13] The creeping habit, creates spreading clumps of plants. [14] [15] [16] It does not produce stolons. [5]

It has basal fans, [17] [18] [19] that are yellowish green, [13] or pale green, [20] [21] [22] and sword-shaped (ensiform), [10] [23] [24] or lance-shaped. [8] [3] [25] They are also, glossy, [5] [24] [15] and ribbed, [8] [19] [26] and can grow up to between 15–60 cm (6–24 in) long and 1.5–5 cm (1–2 in) wide. [19] [27] [28] The leaves are floppy, [23] [22] and described as semi-evergreen. [25] [27] [23]

It has terete (cylindrical), [6] stems that can grow up to between 20–45 cm (8–18 in) tall. [29] [30] [31] It has 1–2 branches, [9] [22] [27] and 1–2 (reduced) stem leaves. [8] [5] [32]

The stems have 2–3 spathes (leaves of the flower bud), that are green, [6] lanceolate and 3.5–7.5 cm (1–3 in) long and 2–2.5 cm (1–1 in) wide. [13] [5]

It has a 1 cm long pedicel (flower stalk), [13] which is shorter than the spathe, [5] but similar in size to the ovary. [6]

The stems (and the branches) hold between 1 and 3 flowers, [32] [27] [33] in late spring, [15] [18] [29] or early summer, [2] [18] [21] between April and May, [27] [34] [35] or June. [19] [22] [34] It flowers between September and October in Australia. [17] The flower display can last for 2 weeks. [23] The flowers are 7.6–10 cm (3–4 in) in diameter, [29] [36] [37] The flattened, [26] [28] [33] horizontal, [38] flowers are larger than Iris japonica flowers. [39]

The flowers come in shades of lavender blue, [33] [31] [38] or bluish violet, [20] [31] [39] or blue-lilac, [26] [40] [37] or purple-blue, [25] [32] [26] or sky blue. [30] [19] [36] There is also a white form. [31] [38] [39]

It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'. [4] [10] The falls are obovate (egg-like), [11] [6] or ovate, [13] with darker (or brownish purple/violet). [10] mottling, [2] [19] [26] veining, [9] [24] [40] streaks, [6] [10] or spots, [2] [11] [4] [25] around a toothed or lacinated (fringed), [8] [5] white crest. [40] [37] [39] They have a bi-coloured claw (part of the petal closest to the stem), white and violet or lilac. [5] [6] The falls are 5–7 cm (2–3 in) long and 4 cm wide. [5] [9] [32] The elliptic standards spread horizontally (not erect), [9] [22] [26] and are 4.5–5 cm (2–2 in) long and 3 cm wide. [13] [11] Both petals (falls and standards) can have wavy margins. [4] [22] [34]

The flowers are self-fertile, [8] but are pollinated by insects. [24]

It has a 2.5–3 cm long slender, perianth tube, [5] [6] [9] a 2.5 cm long stamen, bright yellow anthers and a cylindric, 1.8–2 cm long ovary. [13] It has a pale bluish-violet style branch, that is 3.5 cm long. [13] It has toothed lobes (at the tips), that are irregular. [6] [9]

After the iris has flowered, between June and August, [13] [20] it produces an ellipsoid or obovoid (oblong-ovoid), [13] [8] light green, [15] seed capsule. [10] [32] It is 4.5–6 cm (2–2 in) long and 2–2.5 cm wide, [13] [8] [32] and has 6 ribs. [8] When it ripens, (and goes brown, [24] ) it splits in three, along 2 or more seams, starting from the top. [8] [32] Inside, are multiple, [24] [32] black-brown seeds, [13] [24] which are pyriform (pear shaped) and have a small cream (coloured) aril (appendage). [13] [8]

Biochemistry

Iris tectorum, seen in the Tyler Arboretum Japanese Roof Iris Iris tectorum 2299px.jpg
Iris tectorum, seen in the Tyler Arboretum

In 1994, a study was carried out to isolate various chemical compounds from the seeds of Iris tectorum, it found an ester 'iristectorene B'. [41]

In 1999, a study was carried out Iris tectorum rhizomes, it found a triterpenoid chemical compound. [42]

In 2007, a study was carried out on cytotoxic properties of Iris tectorum, used to treat cancer. [43]

In May 2007, a study was carried out on the rhizomes of Iris tectorum, to find various chemical compounds. [44]

In 2009, a karyotype analysis was carried out on 10 Irises found in China, and found that Iris tectorums was 2n=28. [45]

In 2011, Isoflavones such as tectoridin, iristectorin B and iristectorin A have been found in the rhizomes of Iris tectorum. They were published in the Journal of Chromatography B, Vol. 879, Issue 13, pages 975–980. [46]

In 2012, a study was carried out on the leaves of Iris tectorum for anti cancer properties. [47]

In 2013, a study was carried on Iris tectorum to isolate various chemical compounds. [48]

In 2013, a molecular phylogenetic (genetic evolution) study was carried out on 16 species of Iris found in Korea. It placed Iris mandshurica in a clade with other basal irises, including Iris dichotoma and Iris tectorum. [49]

In January 2014, a study was carried out on the neuro-protective activities of Iris tectorum. [50]

Several isoflavones have been found in Iris tectorum. Iris tectorigenin A is found in Iris florentina , Iris tectorum, Iris pseudacorus , Iris kumaonensis and Belamcanda chinensis ( iris domestica ). Iristectorin B (C23H24O12) can be found in the rhizomes of Iris tectorum, iris-tectorigenin B found in Iris germanica and Iris tectorum and iristectorin A (which is also found in Belamcanda chinensis). [51]

Cytology

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. [4] Diploid counts include 2n=28, Simonet, 1932; 2n=32, Sharma, 1970; 2n=28, Chimphamba, 1973; 2n=28, Karihaloo, 1978; 2n=28, Karihaloo, 1984; 2n=28, Huiang, 1986; 2n=36, Mao & Xue, 1986; 2n=28, Huang 1989; and 2n=32, Dong et al., 1994. [6] It is normally designated as 2 n = 24, 28, 32. [13] [8] [40]

Taxonomy

It is pronounced as (Iris) EYE-ris (tectorum) tek-TOR-um. [29] [31]

It is written as 鸢尾 in Chinese script, [13] and known as yuan wei in Pidgin in China. [18] [52] [53]

It has several common names, including; roof iris, [53] [54] [55] Japanese roof iris, [31] [38] [54] wall iris (in America), [55] [56] [57] wall flag, [3] [7] white root iris, [21] [31] Ichihatu (In Japan – meaning first as the first iris to flower), [7] [58] [59] shenan, [52] [53] and roof garden iris. [33]

It is known as Dach-Schwertlilie in German and takiris in Swedish. [52] [53]

The Latin specific epithet tectorum refers to Latin word for roof or covering. [7] [22] [60]

Iris tectorum is native to China, but was first discovered in the 1860s, growing in Japan on the roofs, hence the common name. [23]

It was first published and described by Karl Maximovich in the 'Bulletin of Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg' Volume15 page380 in 1871. [5] [52] [61]

It was published in Flor. Serres Vol.22 page 23 in 1874, with a colour illustration, [6] then published by Hooker in Curtis's Botanical Magazine table 6118 in September, 1874, [5] [6] and in the 'Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society' Vol88 page116 in 1963. [9]

It was introduced to England and European cultivation in 1874, [4] [6] by Philipp Franz von Siebold, who sent plants to St Petersburg. [8] It was also introduced to US cultivation by Mr William Bull in 1874. [5] [33]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 2 April 1996 and updated on 1 December 2004. [52]

Iris tectorum is an accepted name by the RHS. [54]

Distribution and habitat

Iris tectorum from Aizu Matsudaira's Royal Garden, Fukushima pref., Japan Iris tectorum 9.JPG
Iris tectorum from Aizu Matsudaira's Royal Garden, Fukushima pref., Japan

It is native to temperate and tropical regions of Asia. [12] [52] [53]

Range

It is found in (central and south western), [8] [2] [62] China, [37] [53] [54] within the Chinese provinces, of Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan and Zhejiang. [13] [52]

Also found in Korea, [40] [52] [62] and within (the tropical region) of Myanmar (Burma). [52] [57] [62]

It is often cited as native to Japan, [20] [33] [55] but it may just be naturalized. [2] [11] [27]

It has naturalized in Bhutan and India. [16] It has also naturalized in regions of America, including New Hampshire. [56]

Habitat

It grows on forest margins, on sunny banks, in meadows, in damp places and beside water. [24] [16] [20] It can also be found growing along roadsides and on steep hillsides, in China. [4] [27]

They can be found at an altitude of 500–3,500 m (1,600–11,500 ft) above sea level. [13] [12] [16]

In New Hampshire, as a wild flower, it is found on the edges of lawns and fields, beside roadsides and in compost heaps. [56]

Cultivation

Iris tectorum from Botanischer Garten der Universitat Karlsruhe, Germany Iris tectorum 001.JPG
Iris tectorum from Botanischer Garten der Universität Karlsruhe, Germany
Iris tectorum from Munsiyari, India IrisTectorum.jpg
Iris tectorum from Munsiyari, India

The cultivation of Iris tectorum is very similar to that of Iris japonica and Iris milesii. [33]

It is hardy to between USDA Zone 4 and Zone 9. [29] [31] [55] It is hardy to European Zone H2, [9] meaning it can tolerate temperatures as low as −10, [12] but needs protection from hard frosts. [36] Older plants can survive some frosts but young plants need protection in the spring. [37] Both the blue and white forms of the iris, are perfectly hardy. [5] [33] It is hardy in the UK, [3] but it does not flower very well, due to the summers not being hot enough to bake the roots. [35] After flowering, it is best to remove the old stems from Iris confusa , Iris japonica and Iris tectorum, as this helps the plant survive the winter. [12] [63]

It prefers to grow in humus, rich, [28] [36] [57] moist soil, [29] [55] [57] with good drainage. [28] [37] [57]

During spring or autumn, a top dressing of well rotted compost (or well rotted manure), [11] should be added, [8] [37] a feed of fertilizer can also be added. [11] [17] [28] A mulch can also be applied (at the same time) to retain the moisture. [36] [57]

It can tolerate neutral or acidic soils (pH levels between 6.1 – 7.8). [21] [28] [29]

It can tolerate positions between full sun and partial shade, [55] [57] [62] but prefers light shade, [20] [39] [55] In full sun, the leaves can bleach. [11] (similar to woodland conditions). [17] Although, a few sources say it prefers a sunny, sheltered site. [2] [37] [57]

It has average water needs during the growing season. [17] [15] [21] If the summer conditions become exceedingly hot and dry, the iris will go into early dormancy. [24] Therefore it prefers a dry and cold winter, with a warm and wet summer. [5] [27] [37]

It can be grown in a mixed flower border, [15] [21] [28] rock garden, [24] [15] [21] and in a woodland garden. [10] [24] [28] If the plant is to be grown in a rockery, it is recommended that the plant has new soil or fertiliser every year. [37] It can be also grown in containers and large (15 cm) pots, [8] [15] [21] but it needs to be re-potted frequently. [4] In the UK, the pot can survive the winter in a cold greenhouse. [8]

It suffers from a virus disease that causes leaf discolouration, [8] [2] [12] yellowing and streaking. [11] It seems immune to insect pests, [23] [25] but can be prone to damage from slugs or snails. [12] [28] Also an aphid, Aulacorthum solani can be found on the plant. [64]

Since the roots can quickly take all the nutrients out of the soil, division and re-planting is needed every other year, [8] [25] or every 3–5 years when clumps become over-crowded. [4] [14] [17] Although, it can be left undisturbed for many years, but flowering will decrease. [39]

Like most rhizomatous irises, it should be planted with the top of rhizome just at the surface of the soil. [14] [23] [25] They should be spaced 20–30 cm (8–12 in) apart. [14] [29] [31]

Propagation

Iris tectorum can be propagated by division or by seed growing. [23] [25] [37] It is easy to raise from seed. [8] [25] [38]

Plants grown from its seeds will re-produce a true form, including white plants. [37]

Division is best done in the spring, [10] [37] or fall (after flowering). [12] [10] [28] Transplanting should be carried out soon after division. [26]

Hybrids and cultivars

Iris tectorum 'Woolong' Japanese Roof Iris Iris tectorum 'Woolong' Flower 2754px.jpg
Iris tectorum 'Woolong'
Iris tectorum 'Alba' Iris tectorum Alba Kosaciec strzechowaty 2015-05-17 01.jpg
Iris tectorum 'Alba'

Iris tectorum has many cultivars including;

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested, it can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation (like dermatitis or an allergic reaction. [12] [7] [10]

Uses

Despite its toxicity, it is used in Chinese herbal medicine to treat hepatitis and wind damp pains. [66]

The Kam eat fish that have been given fresh Iris tectorum, as medicine to treat stomach aches. [67]

Culture

Flower of Iris tectorum Iris tectorum 003.JPG
Flower of Iris tectorum

Iris tectorum is commonly called the 'roof iris' because it was grown in the thatch of Chinese and Japanese houses. [34] [36] [39] There are several theories as to why;

The most common theory, was due to a period of wartime, [23] or great famine in Japan, all land was then decreed by the emperor to be cultivated, for rice and other food crops. [17] [28] [35] Also, it was illegal for land to be used for growing flowers. [11] [23] [28] But also women wanted the iris roots for making hair dye, face powder and corn plasters. [39] The rhizomes were ground down, [7] [23] [55] to make a white powder used for whitening the skin, [11] [12] [35] similar in look to Geisha girls. [23] [28] Although, EA bowles did not believe this theory. [39]

Another theory, was that it was grown in the wet clay and was used to bind the straw thatch together, to stop a roof coming apart. [11] [24] [17] It also acted as a decoration, creating a purple flowering roof-ridge. [7] [24]

A final reason known, was that it was planted to avert the 'evil spirits' and a superstition that they prevent disease from affecting the householders. [11] [7] [35]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Iris cristata</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris cristata is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Limniris. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, endemic to the eastern United States. It has pale lavender flowers with a white patch and orange or yellow crest. It is a close relative to Iris lacustris, the only other crested iris native to North America. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris confusa</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris confusa (; also known as the bamboo iris is a species of iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in the section Lophiris. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, native to Western China. It has flowers which range from white to a soft lavender or pale blue in colour, with orange-yellow crests and purple dots. The plant's broad, shiny leaves are attached to bamboo-like stems. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris japonica</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris japonica, commonly known as fringed iris, shaga and butterfly flower, is a native of China and Japan. It is a species in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and within the Lophiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, with pale blue, lavender or white flowers with an orange or yellow crest. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris milesii</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris milesii is a plant species in the genus Iris, subgenus Limniris and in the section Lophiris. It is a rhizomatous, beardless perennial plant, native to the Himalayas, India and China. It has pinkish-violet, or pinkish purple, or pinkish-lavender or pinkish lilac flowers, with a fringed yellow or orange crest. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris lactea</i> Species of plant

Iris lactea is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris. and the series Ensatae, it is the only species in the series. The Japanese water iris, Iris ensata, is actually in series Laevigatae. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from central Asia, with pale blue or violet flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris rossii</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris rossii, the long-tail iris, is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Chinenses of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial from Japan, Korea and China. It has narrow, grass-like leaves, short stems and 1 or 2 purple-violet flowers.

Iris mandshurica is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, it is found in Russia, China, and Korea. It has green sword-like leaves, smooth green stem and yellow flowers, with yellow-purple veining and a yellow beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris hoogiana</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris hoogiana is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Regelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the grassy mountainsides of Turkestan. It has long green leaves, which are slightly purple at the base, and a long slender flowering stem. The flowers are blue, ranging from sky-blue to lavender blue and blue purple. It has orange or yellow beards. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris dolichosiphon is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China and Bhutan. It has long, thin dark green leaves, very short stem, and dark blue, purple, or violet flowers. That are mottled with white. It has thick white/orange beards. It has one subspecies, Iris dolichosiphon subsp. orientalis, from China, India and Burma. It has similar flowers. They are cultivated as ornamental plants in temperate regions

Iris leptophylla is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China. It has thin, long grey-green leaves, long slender stem and 2 fragrant purple, blue-purple, violet or lavender pink flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris tigridia</i> Species of plant of the genus Iris

Iris tigridia is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Kazakhstan, Russia, Mongolia and China. It has dark green or greyish green, grass-like leaves, a short slender stem and a single flowers that are either violet, dark blue, blue-purple, dark purple, mauve, lilac, lavender, or light purple. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris aphylla</i> Species of plant

Iris aphylla is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris, and in the section Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Asia to Europe. It is found in Azerbaijan, Russian Federation, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Albania, Former Yugoslavia, Italy, Romania and France. It has dark green or bright green, sword-shaped, long grass-like leaves, that die/fade away in the winter. It also has a slender stem, with several branches and green and purplish spathes. It has 3–5 large flowers, in shades of bright purple, purple, violet, dark blue, blue-violet and dark violet, which bloom between spring and early summer. Occasionally, they re-bloom in the autumn, before the seed capsule is formed. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. There is one known subspecies Iris aphylla subsp. hungarica Hegi.

<i>Iris glaucescens</i> Species of plant

Iris glaucescens is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, found in Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China. It has blue-grey sickle-shaped leaves, slender stem, and spring flowers in blue-violet, pale violet, lilac-purple, to deep purple, to light bluish, and almost white shades. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It was merged with another similar iris in the region, and became a synonym of Iris scariosa, before being divided into two separate species again. Although some sources still call it a synonym of Iris scariosa.

<i>Iris florentina</i> Variety of plant

The identity of the plant first described by Carl Linnaeus as Iris florentina remains unclear, as of December 2021. In horticulture, it has been treated as a white-flowered variant of Iris × germanica, under names such as Iris germanica nothovar. florentina, Iris × germanica var. florentina and Iris × germanica 'Florentina'. Iris florentina has also been treated as the correct name for the true species also known as Iris albicansLange.

<i>Iris scariosa</i> Species of plant

Iris scariosa is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountainsides of Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China. It has sword-like, or sickle shaped, blue green or grey-green leaves, a short flowering stem, 3 or 4 membranous or semi-transparent flower bud leaves, 2 violet, reddish violet, lilac, blue-purple, or blue flowers in late spring, with yellow or white beards. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It was merged with another similar iris in the region, and Iris glaucescens became a synonym of Iris scariosa, before being divided into two separate species again. Although some sources still call it the main species, despite a slight colour difference.

<i>Iris junonia</i> Species of plant

Iris junonia is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Cilicia, within the Taurus Mountains. It has glaucous short leaves, tall stems with several branches, numerous flowers in various colours from blue-purple, lavender, pale blue, cream, white and yellow, with brown veining and white tipped orange beards. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. Its status is still unclear, if it is a synonym of Iris germanica or a separate species.

<i>Iris kashmiriana</i> Species of plant

Iris kashmiriana is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Kashmir, India. It has straight, sword-shaped, glaucous leaves, tall, thick stem with up 2 short branches, which hold 2–3 flowers, which can be white, cream or pale blue, lilac, lavender or blue-purple. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, although in Kashmir, it is also planted on graves.

<i>Iris pallida <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> cengialti</i> Species of plant

Iris pallida subsp. cengialti is a subspecies in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Italy and Slovenia. It has yellowish-green, glaucous, lanceolate or ensiform leaves, tall stem, green flushed with purple spathes, 2 short branches, 2–3 scented flowers, in shades of violet, blue-violet, deep purple, blue-purple, deep blue-purple, pale purple, deep blue, to mid-blue. It has a yellow or orange tipped beard. It was originally published as Iris cengialti but then re-classified as a subspecies of Iris pallida, and known as Iris pallida subsp. cengialti, but it is often still called Iris cengialti. It is cultivated as an ornamental garden plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris subbiflora</i> Species of plant

Iris subbiflora is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Portugal and Spain in Europe. It has evergreen broad leaves, forming dense clumps, it has dwarf stems in late spring,, with 1 upright fragrant flower, in shades of purple, light red purple, grey-blue, blue-violet, or dark violet. It has a beard which is generally blue, purple, or violet, but can fade to white, dull yellow, or dark yellow. After being found in 1804, it was once a separate species until the late 70s, when it was reclassified as subspecies of Iris lutescens, and renamed Iris lutescens subsp. subbiflora. But in the 80s it was returned to an independent species but some authors and references still class the species as a synonym or subspecies. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris acutiloba</i> Species of plant

Iris acutiloba is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of the Caucasus and found in Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Dagestan in the North Caucasus, and Iran. It is a dwarf species, with narrow, falcate or curved leaves, it has one flower in spring or early summer, that comes in shades from cream, creamy white, whitish, pale brown, light grey, to pale violet. It is heavily veined or streaked and pointed, with 2 dark spots and brown, purple, dark purple, or black short beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. There are two subspecies, Iris acutiloba subsp. lineolata and Iris acutiloba subsp. longitepala.

References

  1. ↑ "Iris tectorum Maxim. is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Iris tectorum". alpinegardensociety.net. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Christopher Bricknell, ed. (1994) [1st. pub.=1989]. Gardeners' Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers 7th Edition (Revised ed.). Dorling Kindersley. p. 523. ISBN   978-0751301472.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Austin, Claire (2005). Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia. Timber Press. ISBN   978-0881927306.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Richard Lynch The Book of the Iris , p. 91, at Google Books
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Laurin, Terry (20 October 2014). "(SPEC) Iris tectorum Maxim". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Eland, Sue (2008). "Iris tectorum" (PDF). plantlives.com. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 British Iris Society (1997) A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation , p. 117, at Google Books
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification(2011) , p. 259, at Google Books
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Iris tectorum". ces.ncsu.edu (North Carolina State University). Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Lankow, Carla (September 1997). "Iris tectorum". kcis.org. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Chapter II iris clump and other (part3)". irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 "FOC Vol. 24 Page 308". efloras.org (Flora of China). Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Barbara Ellis Taylor's Guide to Growing North America's Favorite Plants: Proven Perennials , p. 169, at Google Books
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Iris tectorum". learn2grow.com. 1 April 2015.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 "what is the Iris tectorum Maxim Extract?". probioticskfo.weebly.com. 15 January 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Iris tectorum". igarden.com.au. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  18. 1 2 3 4 De-Yuan Hong and Stephen Blackmore (Editors) The Plants of China , p. 354, at Google Books
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Encyclopedia". cgf.net (Cotswold Garden Flowers). Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Fringed Irises". flower.onego.ru. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "White Root Iris Iris tectorum 'Album'". hgtvgardens.com. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. p. 146. ISBN   978-0-88192-089-5.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Klingaman, Gerald (4 February 2005). "Plant of the Week". uaex.edu. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "Botanical Name - IRIS tectorum". ansci.cornell.edu. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Iris". rslandscapedesign.blogspot.co.uk. 13 February 2010. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Dykes, William (2009). "Handbook of Garden Irises" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Phillips, Roger; Rix, Martyn (1991). Perennials Vol. 1. Pan Books Ltd. p. 187. ISBN   9780330327749.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Plant Profile: Japanese Roof Iris (Iris tectorum)". karensgardentips.com. 6 May 2009. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "The Rainbow Of Irises". gogardennow. 16 November 2009. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
  30. 1 2 John Greenlee The American Meadow Garden: Creating a Natural Alternative to the traditional lawn , p. 116, at Google Books
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "PlantFiles: Japanese Roof Iris, Root Iris, Wall Iris". davesgarden.com. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Iris tectorum". nativeplanttrust.org. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Burgess, J. (16 April 1935). "CRESTED IRISES OF EVANSIA SECTION". historiciris.blogspot.co.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  34. 1 2 3 4 Donald Wyman Wyman's Gardening Encyclopedia , p. 57, at Google Books
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 Florence Du Cane The Flowers and Gardens of Japan , p. 150, at Google Books
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Crested Iris". irises.org.au. Archived from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  37. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Evansia Or Crested Irises". herbs2000.com. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  38. 1 2 3 4 5 Stebbings, Geoff (1997). The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises . Newton Abbot: David and Charles. p.  76. ISBN   978-0715305393.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Elizabeth Lawrence Through the Garden Gate , p. 246, at Google Books
  40. 1 2 3 4 5 "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  41. ↑ Seki, Katsura; Tomihari, Toshiya; Haga, Kazuo; Kaneko, Ryohei (May 1994). "Iristectorene B, a monocyclic triterpene ester from Iris tectorum". Phytochemistry. 36 (2): 433–438. doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(00)97090-0.
  42. ↑ Takahashi, Kunihiko; Hano, Yoshio; Suganuma, Masami; Okabe, Sachiko; Nomura, Taro (27 January 1999). "28-Deacetylbelamcandal, a Tumor-Promoting Triterpenoid from Iris tectorum". Journal of Natural Products. 62 (2): 291–293. doi:10.1021/np980461m. PMID   10075762.
  43. ↑ Fang, R.; Houghton, P.J.; Hylands, P.J. (2007). "Cytotoxic compounds from Iris tectorum". Planta Med. 73 (9): 546. doi:10.1055/s-2007-987326.
  44. ↑ Fang, R.; Houghton, P.J.; Luo, C.; Hylands, P.J. (May 2007). "Isolation and structure determination of triterpenes from Iris tectorum". Phytochemistry. 68 (9): 1242–1247. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.02.018. PMID   17408706 . Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  45. ↑ Yu, Xiao-Fang; Zhang, Hai-Qing; Yuan, Ming; Zhou, Yong-Hong (2009). "Karyotype studies on ten Iris species (Iridaceae) from Sichuan, China" (PDF). Caryologia. 62 (3): 253–260. doi: 10.1080/00087114.2004.10589690 . S2CID   83329044 . Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  46. ↑ ScholarlyEditions Solvents—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition , p. 593, at Google Books
  47. ↑ Ma, Yuhan; Huan, Li; Binbin, Lin; Wang, Guokai; Qin, Minjian (December 2012). "C-glycosylflavones from the leaves of Iris tectorum Maxim". Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. 2 (6): 598–601. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2012.10.007 . Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  48. ↑ Zhang, Z.G.; Lv, T.S.; Qiu, Q.H.; Wang, J.H. (August 2013). "Non-isoflavonoid compounds of Iris tectorum". Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials. 36 (8): 1281–1283. PMID   24558827.
  49. ↑ Lee, HyunJung; Park, SeonJoo (2013). "A phylogenetic study of Korean Iris L. based on plastid DNA (psbA-trnH, trnL-F) sequences". Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy. 43 (3): 227–235. doi:10.11110/kjpt.2013.43.3.227 . Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  50. ↑ Zhang, Chun-Lei; Wang, Yan; Yan-Fei, Liu; Ni, Gang; Liang, Dong; Luo, Huan; Song, Xiu-Yun; Zhang, Wan-Qing; Chen, Ruo-Yun; Chen, Nai-Hong; Yu, De-Quan (16 January 2014). "Iridal-Type Triterpenoids with Neuroprotective Activities from Iris tectorum". Journal of Natural Products. 77 (2): 411–415. doi:10.1021/np400937f. PMID   24433009.
  51. ↑ John Buckingham and V. Ranjit N. Munasinghe Dictionary of Flavonoids with CD-ROM , p. 639, at Google Books
  52. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Iris tectorum". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  53. 1 2 3 4 5 6 John H. Wiersema and Blanca León World Economic Plants: A Standard Reference, Second Edition , p. 370, at Google Books
  54. 1 2 3 4 "Iris tectorum". rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  55. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Six Legacy Bulbs". pacificbulbsociety.org. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  56. 1 2 3 Arthur Haines and Elizabeth Farnsworth (of New England Wild Flower Society) New England Wild Flower Society's Flora Novae Angliae: A Manual for the Identification of Native and naturalized higher vascular plants of New England , p. 180, at Google Books
  57. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "JG Plant List". fwbg (Fort Worth botanical garden). Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  58. ↑ "Iris tectorum". asahi-net.or.jp. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  59. ↑ "Ikebana". big-garden.com. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  60. ↑ Smith, A.W.; Stearn, William T. (1972). A Gardener's Dictionary of Plant Names (Revised ed.). Cassell and Company (published 1963). p. 310. ISBN   978-0304937219.
  61. ↑ "Iridaceae Iris tectorum Maxim". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  62. 1 2 3 4 "Crested Irises". pacificbulbsociety.org. 22 July 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  63. ↑ "Plant Collections: SOUTHERN CHINA COLLECTION". rbg.vic.gov.au. Archived from the original on 23 April 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  64. ↑ R. L. Blackman, Victor F. Eastop Aphids on the World's Herbaceous Plants and Shrubs , p. 553, at Google Books
  65. ↑ "Iris tectorum 'Wolong' (Wolong Chinese Roof Iris)". plantdelights.com. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
  66. ↑ Jiaju Zhou, Guirong Xie, Xinjian Ya Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicines – Molecular Structures at Google Books
  67. ↑ Eisenberg, Amy; Amato, John; Dengtao, (unknown). "Kam Guilzhouh nyim Guangxxih di Benxtux Wenchual nyim Zihyuanc dih Gonxliix (Kam Local Indigenous Knowledge and Sustainable Resource Management in Guizhou and Guangxi Provinces)" (PDF). Ethnobotany Journal. 7. Retrieved 1 April 2015.

Sources

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.