Iris dichotoma

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Iris dichotoma
Iris dichotoma.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Species:
I. dichotoma
Binomial name
Iris dichotoma
Synonyms [1]
  • Evansia dichotoma(Pall.) Decne.
  • Evansia vespertinaDecne.
  • Iris pomeridianaFisch. ex Klatt
  • Pardanthopsis dichotoma(Pall.) L.W.Lenz
  • Pardanthopsis dichotoma(Pall.) Ledeb.
  • Pardanthus dichotomus(Pall.) Ledeb.

Iris dichotoma (also known as Vesper iris) is a species in the genus Iris and is also in the subgenus of Iris. It was once formerly known as Pardanthopsis dichotoma as it was placed in a genus of its own before DNA testing resulted in it returning to the genus Iris. It is native to the forests and grasslands of Siberia, China, Mongolia and Korea. It has long greyish green leaves, long branched stems carrying many flowers in summer or late summer. In shades of violet, mauve to purple, lavender, pale blue, white or pink. They appear in the late afternoon at the time of Vespers (a service of evening prayer).

Contents

Description

Iris dichotoma grows from a small fibrous rhizome [2] [3] that is stout and very short. [4] Underneath the rhizome, it has thick and swollen roots. [3]

It has numerous typical iris-looking leaves [2] [5] that are similar in form to a bearded iris, [6] except fan shaped. [2] [7] They are also similar to a Vanda orchid's leaves. [6] They grow from the base of rhizome (i.e. basal) and are sword-shaped, [4] [6] [8] greyish green and slightly curved. [4] The leaves have no midvein and can grow between 15–35 cm (6–14 in) long and 1.5–3 cm (1–1 in) wide. [4]

It has dichotomously [4] or multi-branched stems [9] [10] [11] which can grow up to between 90–120 cm (35–47 in) tall. [6] [10] [12] The tall stems keep the flowers much higher than the foliage of the leaves, [2] and they have 4 or 5 leafy spathes (leaves of the flower bud), which are green, lanceolate (spear-like) shaped and 1.5–2.3 cm (1–1 in) long. [4]

It blooms in the US between May and midsummer. [13] Elsewhere, it begins to bloom in summer, [14] or late summer, [6] between July and early August. [4] [2] [8]

It unusually blooms in the late afternoon, [2] [8] [13] around 3 o'clock [7] or 4 o'clock. [10] [15] This occurs at the time of hearing Vespers, hence its common name 'Vespers iris'. [2] [8] They fully open out in just a couple of minutes, [13] but only last one day, [9] [11] [16] as they twist into tight little spirals after dark and then drop from the stem. [4] Withered flowers are never normally seen on the stems. [7]

Each stem can hold between 3–6 flowers. [4] [11] A well-established plant can have nearly hundreds of flowers, [9] [6] [7] and the display of flowers can last for up to 3 to 4 weeks. [13] [7] The flowers are fragrant. [10] As the flowers (and nectar) are extremely attractive to hummingbirds and honeybees, cross-pollination can take place and seeds can be formed. [10]

The flowers are small, [14] [11] at about 1 in (25 mm) long. [10] [5] [9]

They come in various shades from violet, [5] [13] [8] mauve to purple, [16] purple, [2] lavender, [12] pale blue, [2] [8] [14] white, [5] (rarely [9] ), cream, [4] or pink. [9]

Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'. [17]

The outer petals are broadly oblanceolate shaped (much longer than wide and with the widest portion near the tip), 3–3.5 cm (1–1 in) long and about 1 cm wide. [4] [2] The 'claw' (section closest to the centre) is striped, [16] or reticulated (marked with a grid), [2] with yellowish brown and the limb (the end part) has darker spots on a central, pale patch. [4] [2] [7] The patch can have a whitish colour tinged with green and the spots can be lilac-mauve, [11] brown-purple, [8] or red-purple. [10] The tips of the falls are free from any spots or markings. [11] The plain inner petals are narrowly obovate shaped (teardrop-like), 2.5 cm (1 in) long and 6–8 mm wide, with a retuse apex (rounded end with a depression). [4]

It has very distinct arms on the flower style, [6] [2] which are 2.5 cm (1 in) long, with purplish brown markings. [4]

Its perianth tube is extremely short [4] or missing. [16] It has stamens that are 1.6–1.8 cm (1–1 in) long and a green ovary that is 1 cm long. [4]

After it has flowered, the plant will produce a seed capsule and seeds, [10] between August and September. [4]

The seed capsule is cylindric in shape, yellowish-green and 3.5–5 cm (1–2 in) long and 1–1.2 cm (0–0 in) wide. [4] Inside, it has elongated, [6] or elliptic shaped, [4] and dark brown, [4] or brown coloured seeds, [6] that have small wings [4] compared to Iris domestica and related hybrids, which have large round black seeds. [6]

Genetics

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. [17] It has a chromosome count of 2n=32. [2] [4] It was counted three times:

Biochemistry

The rhizome of Iris dichotoma Pall. contains isoflavonoids as the main bioactive compound. [18]

The chloroplast of I. dichotoma phylogeography (geography and genetics) in Asia has been studied. [19]

Taxonomy

Iris dichotoma Iris dichotoma - Flickr - peganum (13).jpg
Iris dichotoma

Iris dichotoma is pronounced as EYE-ris dy-KAW-toh-muh. [12] [6]

It is written as 野鸢尾 in Chinese script and known as ye yuan wei. [4]

It has common name of 'Vesper iris' as the blooms open up at around 4:00 pm each day, just in time for Vespers. [6] [10] [14] It is also thought to be commonly known as 'autumn iris' and 'blue curls' in the UK, [20] although Trichostema dichotomum is normally commonly called 'blue curls'. [21]

The Latin specific epithet dichotoma means divided into two equal portions, equal-branched or split into two, [22] [23] or forked. [24]

Iris dichotoma was first published and described by Peter Simon Pallas in 'Reise Russ. Reich.' (Reise durch Verschiedene Provinzen des Russischen Reichs.) Vol. 3 on page 712 in 1776. [25] [1] [26]

In 1972, using morphological studies, botanist Lee Wayne Lenz re-classified the species as a separate species and renamed it Pardanthopsis dichotoma which he then published in Aliso Vol. 7 on page 403. [14] [27] [28] Its lack of perianth tube was the feature that originally separated it from other iris species. [16]

In 1998, Goldblatt in (Klaus Kubitzki (ed.)) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants Vol. 3 on page 326, also noted that it was a monospecific genus between Iris and Belamcamda. [4]

In 2001, based on DNA analysis, [29] Pardanthopsis was then merged back into the genus Iris, and the name Iris dichotoma Pall. was used again. [14] [2] [6] Occasionally, the former name Pardanthopsis dichotoma is still used. [13] [6]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service on 25 October 2005 as Iris dichotoma, [25] and it was last-listed in the RHS Plant Finder in 2017. [20]

Distribution and habitat

Iris dichotoma Iris dichotoma - Flickr - peganum (3).jpg
Iris dichotoma

I. dichotoma is native to temperate regions of Asia. [25] [13]

Range

It is found in Siberia, [6] [3] [14] near Lake Baikal, [2] and the Dahuria region, [26] as well as near the Russian Federation city of Chita, [25] and also in the Russian Federation state of Amur. [25]

It is also found in Mongolia, [6] [3] [2] Korea, [25] [14] [4] and in China [6] [3] [14] within the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi and Yunnan. [25] [4]

Habitat

"Iris dichotoma" grows in Quercus (oak) forests, sandy grasslands, and dry sunny areas, [4] which have moist fertile soils. [6] It can be found at an altitude of 200–2,300 m (660–7,550 ft) above sea level. [4]

Cultivation

Iris dichotoma Iris dichotoma white - Flickr - peganum.jpg
Iris dichotoma

Iris dichotoma is difficult to cultivate and they are not recommended for amateurs, [2] thought more as a collector's plant. [6] They are often treated as a biennial by many gardeners as it can be quite short lived, [10] [5] [14] especially the hybrids. [6]

It is hardy to between USDA Zone 6 [13] and Zone 10, [6] meaning it can withstand temperatures down to −23.3 °C (−10 °F), [12] or −20 °C. [7] It requires no winter protection (in Pittsburgh). [7]

It prefers to grow in well-drained, [13] [6] [7] humus-rich garden soil. [10] [14] [5] It can tolerate neutral or acidic soils, [10] pH levels between 6.5 and 7.5. [12] [6]

It prefers positions in full sun, [10] [5] [12] but it needs to be kept well-watered and fertilized, especially to get flowers in the first summer. [5] [13] It is drought-tolerant once established, [7] but prefers regular watering. [6]

Within the garden, it can be combined in July with trumpet lilies ( Lilium brownii , Lilium henryi , or Lilium regale ) or Galtonia candicans in a white garden. [10] It could also be paired with other evening bloomers like Cestrum and Jasminum in a night garden or alternatively morning flowering Hemerocallis (day lilies) to create lauds and vespers section in a garden. [14]

Propagation

Irises can generally be propagated by division, [10] [12] [30] or by seed growing. [12] [6] [5] The fibrous root system of the iris enables the plant to be separated simply and then the young plants to be transplanted. [10]

Seeds

After allowing the seed pods to dry on plant, break open capsules to collect seeds. [12] Known germination tip: soak the seeds. Place in warm water until seeds swell, usually between 24 and 48 hours. Then remove floaters (these will not germinate) and the water can be re-used for soaking. [6]

Seeds are best sown in the spring; germination is normally easy. [8] Seeds are sown at temperatures at about 20 °C and can germinate within 3 months. [6] An alternate method involves cold storage (or vernalization). Seeds can be sown in pots or flat trays and then refrigerate for 4 to 6 weeks. After coming out of cold storage, seeds should germinate in a week or two. After the threat of frost has passed, it is safe to transplant seedlings outdoors. [5]

The seedlings dislike transplanting when they grow too large. The plant may flower the first year, if started very early (February–March) and planted out after the last frosts of the year. [8]

Cultivars

Known cultivars: 'Dichotoma Alba', [31] 'Shilka'. [9]

Known crosses (Iris dichotoma and other iris): 'Ai Hua', 'Auroral Sail, [32] 'Azure Pinwheel, [33] 'Blazing Sunflower', [34] Bountiful Blush', 'Bright Smile'. 'Butterfly Magic', [35] 'Candy Lilies', 'Cherry Pie', [36] 'Chic Leopard', 'Chocolate Knight', [37] 'Colorful Stelleroid', [38] 'Dancing Woman', 'Daybreak Sail', [39] 'Dazzler Series', 'Fiery Rhapsody, [40] 'Fire Leaf', 'Happy Yanyan', [41] 'Heart Of Darkness', [42] 'Jungle Colors', 'Kiba Giants' 'Laced Lavender', 'Lost Bar', [43] 'Mandarin Lady', 'Moonlit Hairpin', [44] 'Orange Diamond', [45] 'Pastel Parfait', 'Pink Leopard', [46] 'Romantic Celebration', 'Rosy Brocade', 'Sangria', [47] 'Seiya Hui', 'Sharp Shine', 'Sheng Ni', 'Shining Butterfly', [48] 'Slight Smile', 'Sparkling Fire', [49] 'Star Eyes', 'Spooky World', [50] 'Spotted Dog Hui', 'Starlit Shell', [51] 'Starry Bodhi', 'Summer Candy', [52] 'Summer Snow', 'Sunset Tones'. 'Sweet Princess' [53] and 'Wedding Dress'. [9]

Candy lily

Candy lily, Roger-Van den Hende botanical garden X Pardancanda norrisii JRVdH 04.jpg
Candy lily, Roger-Van den Hende botanical garden

There is also an intergeneric hybrid between Belamcanda chinensis (also Iris domestica) and Pardanthopsis dichotoma (also Iris dichotoma) [27] called the candy lily, [6] [13] [14] which is also called "x Pardancanda norrisii". [2] [14] [3] The 'x' in front of the name is to show that it is a man-made primary hybrid between two different genera. [6]

In 1967, Samuel Norris, a plant breeder from Kentucky, [54] crossed I. dichotoma with Iris domestica. The hybrid obtained was named Pardancanda norrisii. [2] [55] When the name of Pardanthopsis dichotoma was returned to the Iris genus, the scientific name of the candy lily also had to be renamed; the name is now Iris x norrisii. [54] [56] [57]

It can reach 60 to 90 cm 60–90 cm (24–35 in) tall. [58] Like I. dichotoma, it has flowers that last for one day but can keep blooming for weeks. [59] It blooms in the summer and has saucer-shaped flowers. [58] They have seedpods between August and October that split to show the black seeds, similar to the blackberry lily (or B. chinensis).

The candy lily has its own cultivars as well; Pardancanda 'Sangria' is a purple strain with deep purple and golden yellow patterned petals, [59] and 'Kiba Giants' has flowers that are variable between yellow, red and violet. [60]

Uses

Iris dichotoma is used in Chinese herbal medicine, [2] and has been used to treat several disorders, such as inflammation, throat disorders, asthma and coughs. [18]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (especially the rhizome and leaves), and if mistakenly ingested they can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction. [12]

Related Research Articles

<i>Iris</i> (plant) Genus of flowering plants in the family Iridaceae

Iris is a flowering plant genus of 310 accepted species with showy flowers. As well as being the scientific name, iris is also widely used as a common name for all Iris species, as well as some belonging to other closely related genera. A common name for some species is flags, while the plants of the subgenus Scorpiris are widely known as junos, particularly in horticulture. It is a popular garden flower.

<i>Iris lactea</i> Species of plant

Iris lactea is a species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus Limniris and is the only species in the series Ensatae. The Japanese water iris, Iris ensata, is actually in series Laevigatae. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from central Asia, with pale blue or violet flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris uniflora</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris uniflora is a species in the genus Iris and in the subgenus Limniris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Russia, Mongolia, China and Korea. It has thin grass-like leaves and stems, and purple, blue-purple or violet flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris setosa</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris setosa, the bristle-pointed iris, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Iris of the family Iridaceae, it belongs the subgenus Limniris and the series Tripetalae. It is a rhizomatous perennial from a wide range across the Arctic sea, including Alaska, Maine, Canada, Russia, northeastern Asia, China, Korea and southwards to Japan. The plant has tall branching stems, mid green leaves and violet, purple-blue, violet-blue, blue, to lavender flowers. There are also plants with pink and white flowers.

Iris bungei is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Tenuifoliae of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from Mongolia, Tibet and China. It has green leaves, short stem and 2 violet, purple, lavender or blue flowers.

Iris ventricosa is a beardless iris in the genus Iris, in the subgenus Limniris and in the series Tenuifoliae of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from Asia and the Russian Federation, to Mongolia and China. It has grey-green leaves, short flowers stems and 1–2 pale violet or pale blue flowers.

<i>Iris halophila</i> Species of plant

Iris halophila is a species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus Limniris and in series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, with yellow, white or violet flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It comes from a wide range from eastern Europe to China in Asia. It was known for a long while as a subspecies of Iris spuria, before being treated as a separate species in its own right.

Iris subdichotoma is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in the section Lophiris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Tibet and China, with pale blue, blue-purple, purple, violet or white flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris arenaria</i> Species of plant

Sandy iris, or sand iris, is a species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Central Europe, found in Hungary, Austria, Romania, Czech Republic and Ukraine. It has grass-like leaves, a short stem and pale yellow flowers. It has had a mixed origin and was once Iris humilis subsp. arenaria, a subspecies of Iris humilis, until it was reclassified as a separate species. But many sources still state that it is either a synonym or subspecies of Iris humilis. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris humilis</i> Species of plant

Iris humilis is a plant species in the genus Iris. It is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, with a wide distribution range from Europe to Russia to China, via Mongolia and Kazakhstan. It has sword-shaped leaves, a short stem and yellow flowers with an orange beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris mandshurica is a species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Psammiris section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, it is found in Russia, China, and Korea. It has green sword-like leaves, smooth green stem and yellow flowers, with yellow-purple veining and a yellow beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris subbiflora</i> Species of plant

Iris subbiflora is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Portugal and Spain in Europe. It has evergreen broad leaves, forming dense clumps, it has dwarf stems in late spring,, with 1 upright fragrant flower, in shades of purple, light red purple, grey-blue, blue-violet, or dark violet. It has a beard which is generally blue, purple, or violet, but can fade to white, dull yellow, or dark yellow. After being found in 1804, it was once a separate species until the late 70s, when it was reclassified as subspecies of Iris lutescens, and renamed Iris lutescens subsp. subbiflora. But in the 80s it was returned to an independent species but some authors and references still class the species as a synonym or subspecies. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris atropurpurea</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris atropurpurea, the coastal iris is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Israel. It has glaucous (blue-green), linear, falcate (sickle-shaped) leaves. Between February and March, it has between 1 and 2 flowers, in dark shades from red-brown, burgundy, dark purple to blackish purple. They have a darker signal patch and yellow beard tipped with purple. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to it needing very dry conditions.

<i>Iris gatesii</i> Species of plant

Iris gatesii is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of Turkey and Iraq. It has long, narrow, grey-green or glaucous leaves. The strong, sturdy stem supports a single large flower in spring, between April and June. The large flowers are very variable in colouring, ranging from a pale greenish, grey, white, or creamy-yellow background colour, which is then covered with many purplish-brown, purple, or nearly black, spots, dots, short broken lines, or veining. They have a brownish purple or purple beard, over a dark signal patch. It can be cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, if it does not get too wet during summer.

<i>Iris hermona</i> Species of flowering plant

Iris hermona, the Golan iris, is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris, and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the pastures and meadows of the Golan Heights in Israel and Syria. It has linear, upright leaves, tall slender stem holding a bi-coloured flower, having a pale lilac, cream-yellow, light tan, or white background, which is then covered in purple brown, or purple, or purple-pink veining, spots or speckling. It has a round purple-brown or almost black signal patch, and a sparse purple brown or almost black beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it needs very dry conditions during the summer.

<i>Iris iberica</i> Species of plant

Iris iberica is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Caucasus mountains of Armenia, eastern Georgia, and western Azerbaijan. It has narrow, glaucous, gray-green and sickle shaped leaves, short stem holding a single flower in late spring. Which has a pale background covered with heavy veining in pale mauve, violet, dark purple, maroon or purple-brown. It has a black or dark purple signal patch and a brown or purple-brown beard. Although, it has many hybrid forms dues to its variability and has 2 known subspecies of Iris iberica subsp. elegantissima and Iris iberica subsp. lycotis. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, as it is hardier than other Oncocyclus species.

<i>Iris mariae</i> Species of plant

Iris mariae is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the deserts of Israel and Egypt. It is fairly tall, with long and slender glaucous leaves, and in late spring, lilac-purple to pinkish or violet flowers with deeper veining and blackish-violet signal and dark purple beard.

<i>Iris sari</i> Species of plant

Iris sari is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in section Oncocyclus. It is from the rocky steppes and hills of Turkey. It has curved or straight leaves, cream, greenish or yellowish flowers which are variable and veined with crimson, purple-brown, reddish brown, reddish-purple or black. It has a dark maroon, rich crimson or brown signal patch and gold or yellow beard.

<i>Iris sprengeri</i> Species of plant

Iris sprengeri is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It is from the mountain slopes of Turkey. It has large flowers which are white, silver-white or cream, with purple-red or reddish-brown veining and a golden yellow beard and a dark purple or deep purple-brown signal patch.

<i>Iris meda</i> Species of plant

Iris meda is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It is from the desert mountains and hills of Media and has long grey-green leaves with cream, pale yellow or yellow flowers, which have purple or dark brown patches and yellow beards.

References

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  27. 1 2 Lenz, Lee W. (1972). "An Intergeneric Hybrid Between Belamcanda Chinensis and Pardanthopsis Dichotoma (=Iris Dichotoma)". Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany. 7 (4): 405–407.
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  29. ↑ Tillie, N.; Chase, M.W.; Hall, T. (2001). "Molecular studies in the genus Iris L.: a preliminary study". Annali di Botanica (Roma): 197–207. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  30. ↑ "How to divide iris rhizomes". gardenersworld.com. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  31. ↑ "Iris dichotoma alba | Moon garden, Iris, Growing food". Pinterest. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  32. ↑ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris 'Auroral Sail') with 16 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  33. ↑ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris 'Azure Pinwheel') with 17 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  34. ↑ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris 'Blazing Sunflower') with 16 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  35. ↑ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris x norrisii 'Butterfly Magic') with one image and 17 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  36. ↑ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris x norrisii 'Cherry Pie') with one image and 19 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  37. ↑ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris 'Chocolate Knight') with 16 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  38. ↑ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris 'Colorful Stelleroid') with 16 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  39. ↑ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris 'Daybreak Sail') with 16 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  40. ↑ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris 'Fiery Rhapsody') with 15 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  41. ↑ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris 'Happy Yanyan') with 15 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  42. ↑ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris x norrisii 'Heart of Darkness') with one image and 16 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  43. ↑ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris 'Lost Bar') with 16 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  44. ↑ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris 'Moonlit Hairpin') with 16 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  45. ↑ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris x norrisii 'Orange Diamond') with 17 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  46. ↑ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris x norrisii 'Pink Leopard') with one image and 19 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  47. ↑ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris x norrisii 'Sangria') with 4 images and 11 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  48. ↑ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris 'Shining Butterfly') with 16 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  49. ↑ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris 'Sparkling Fire') with 15 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  50. ↑ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris x norrisii 'Spooky World') with one image and 15 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  51. ↑ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris 'Starlit Shell') with 15 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  52. ↑ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris x norrisii 'Summer Candy') with 4 images and 20 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  53. ↑ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris x norrisii 'Sweet Princess') with 16 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  54. 1 2 Campion, Amy (7 August 2015). "Candy Lilies | The World's Best Gardening Blog". amycampion.com. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  55. ↑ "Pardancanda norrissii". nvknurseries.com. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  56. ↑ "Iris x norrisii | candy lily/RHS GardeningIris × norrisii candy lily". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  57. ↑ "Iris x norrisii". signa.org. The Species Iris Group of North America. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  58. 1 2 Ravenscroft, Dean. "Pardancanda Plants – Candy Lily Growing Guide". Gardeners HQ. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  59. 1 2 "Pardancanda – candy lily". perennialreference.com. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  60. ↑ "Pardancanda norrisii 'Kiba Giants'". blackstemplants.co.uk. Retrieved 27 April 2021.

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