John T. Koch

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John T. Koch FLSW is an American academic, historian, and linguist who specializes in Celtic studies, especially prehistory, and the early Middle Ages. [1] He is the editor of the five-volume Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia (2006, ABC Clio). He is perhaps best known as the leading proponent of the Celtic from the West hypothesis.

Contents

Career

He is a graduate of Harvard University, where he was awarded the degrees of MA and PhD in Celtic Languages and Literatures in 1983 and 1985, respectively. He has also pursued studies at Jesus College, Oxford, and the University of Wales, Aberystwyth. [1] He has taught Celtic Studies at Harvard University and Boston College. [1]

Since 1998, he has been senior research fellow or reader at the Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies, University of Wales, where he has supervised a research project called Celtic Languages and Cultural Identity, [1] the output of which includes the five-volume Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia (2006), and An Atlas for Celtic Studies (2007).

He has published widely on aspects of early Irish and Welsh language, literature and history. His works include The Celtic Heroic Age (first published in 1994, 4th edition in 2003), in collaboration with John Carey; The Gododdin of Aneirin (1997), an edition, translation and discussion of the early Welsh poem Y Gododdin ; and numerous articles published in books and journals. A grammar of Old Welsh and a book on the historical Taliesin are in the works. [1]

In 2007, John Koch received a personal chair at the University of Wales. [2]

In 2011, Koch was elected a Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales. [3]

Koch supervises (as senior fellow and project leader) the Ancient Britain and the Atlantic Zone Project (covering Ireland, Armorica, and the Iberian Peninsula) at the University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies. [4] In 2008, Koch gave the O'Donnell Lecture at Aberystwyth University titled People called Keltoi, the La Tène Style, and ancient Celtic languages: the threefold Celts in the light of geography. [5] [6] In 2009, Koch published a paper, [7] later that year developed into a book, Tartessian: Celtic from the Southwest at the Dawn of History, detailing how the Tartessian language may have been the earliest directly attested Celtic language with the Tartessian written script used in the inscriptions based on a version of a Phoenician script in use around 825 BC. This was followed by Tartessian 2: Preliminaries to Historical Phonology in 2011, focused on the Mesas do Castelinho inscription.

Ideas

Koch has been a leading proponent of the Celtic from the West hypothesis, the idea that the Celtic languages originated as a branch of the Indo-European languages not in the upper Danube valley, from where they radiated westward, but rather that they arose in a part of Atlantic Europe, including Southwestern Europe (Western France and Northern and Western Iberian Peninsula), as a combination of a language descendant from Proto-Indo-European and native non-Indo-European Pre-Indo-European languages (related to Aquitanian, ancestor of Proto-Basque language, Iberian, and other unattested languages). From there (in this scenario) they spread east to South Central Europe, including the Pannonian Basin, where early forms of the Proto-Italic already would have been developing independently from Proto-Indo-European. [8] This language or languages also influenced early Pre-Proto-Germanic, the direct ancestor of Proto-Germanic, but not yet a fully Germanic proto-language, (possibly located in the southern coast of the Baltic Sea or other place of North Central Europe) and contributed to its rifting from the Balto-Slavic/Indo-Iranian dialect continuum (in the western Corded Ware Culture area). [9]

This idea, the subject of three edited volumes in a series by Koch and Barry Cunliffe called Celtic from the West (2012–2016), is controversial.

Published books

Related Research Articles

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The Celtic languages are a group of related languages descended from Proto-Celtic. They form a branch of the Indo-European language family. The term "Celtic" was first used to describe this language group by Edward Lhuyd in 1707, following Paul-Yves Pezron, who made the explicit link between the Celts described by classical writers and the Welsh and Breton languages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Celts</span> Indo-European ethnolinguistic group

The Celts or Celtic peoples were a collection of Indo-European peoples in Europe and Anatolia, identified by their use of Celtic languages and other cultural similarities. Major Celtic groups included the Gauls; the Celtiberians and Gallaeci of Iberia; the Britons and Gaels of Britain and Ireland; the Boii; and the Galatians. The relation between ethnicity, language and culture in the Celtic world is unclear and debated; for example over the ways in which the Iron Age people of Britain and Ireland should be called Celts. In current scholarship, 'Celt' primarily refers to 'speakers of Celtic languages' rather than to a single ethnic group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Barry Cunliffe</span> English archaeologist

Sir Barrington Windsor Cunliffe,, known as Barry Cunliffe, is a British archaeologist and academic. He was Professor of European Archaeology at the University of Oxford from 1972 to 2007. Since 2007, he has been an emeritus professor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coel Hen</span> Sub-Roman king in Northern Britain

Coel, also called Coel Hen and King Cole, is a figure prominent in Welsh literature and legend since the Middle Ages. Early Welsh tradition knew of a Coel Hen, a c. 4th-century leader in Roman or Sub-Roman Britain and the progenitor of several kingly lines in Yr Hen Ogledd, a region of the Brittonic-speaking area of what is now northern England and southern Scotland.

<i>Y Gododdin</i> Medieval Welsh poem

Y Gododdin is a medieval Welsh poem consisting of a series of elegies to the men of the Brittonic kingdom of Gododdin and its allies who, according to the conventional interpretation, died fighting the Angles of Deira and Bernicia at a place named Catraeth in about AD 600. It is traditionally ascribed to the bard Aneirin and survives only in one manuscript, the "Book of Aneirin".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lusitanian language</span> Extinct Indo-European language of Iberia

Lusitanian was an Indo-European Paleohispanic language. There has been support for either a connection with the ancient Italic languages or Celtic languages. It is known from only six sizeable inscriptions, dated from c. 1 CE, and numerous names of places (toponyms) and of gods (theonyms). The language was spoken in the territory inhabited by Lusitanian tribes, from the Douro to the Tagus rivers, territory that today falls in central Portugal and western Spain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cynetes</span> Pre-Roman people of the Iberian Peninsula

The Cynetes or Conii were one of the pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula, living in today's Algarve and Lower Alentejo regions of southern Portugal, and the southern part of Badajoz and the northwestern portions of Córdoba and Ciudad Real provinces in Spain before the 6th century BC. According to Justin's epitome, the mythical Gargoris and Habis were their founding kings.

In historical linguistics, Italo-Celtic is a hypothetical grouping of the Italic and Celtic branches of the Indo-European language family on the basis of features shared by these two branches and no others. There is controversy about the causes of these similarities. They are usually considered to be innovations, likely to have developed after the breakup of the Proto-Indo-European language. It is also possible that some of these are not innovations, but shared conservative features, i.e. original Indo-European language features which have disappeared in all other language groups. What is commonly accepted is that the shared features may usefully be thought of as Italo-Celtic forms, as they are certainly shared by the two families and are almost certainly not coincidental.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hispano-Celtic languages</span> Extinct Celtic languages of Iberia

Hispano-Celtic is a term for all forms of Celtic spoken in the Iberian Peninsula before the arrival of the Romans. In particular, it includes:

Arganthonios was a king of ancient Tartessos. Given the legendary status of Geryon, Gargoris and Habis, Arganthonios is the earliest documented monarch of the Iberian Peninsula.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tartessian language</span> Extinct unclassified language of southwest Iberia

Tartessian is an extinct Paleo-Hispanic language found in the Southwestern inscriptions of the Iberian Peninsula, mainly located in the south of Portugal, and the southwest of Spain. There are 95 such inscriptions, the longest having 82 readable signs. Around one third of them were found in Early Iron Age necropolises or other Iron Age burial sites associated with rich complex burials. It is usual to date them to the 7th century BC and to consider the southwestern script to be the most ancient Paleo-Hispanic script, with characters most closely resembling specific Phoenician letter forms found in inscriptions dated to c. 825 BC. Five of the inscriptions occur on stelae that have been interpreted as Late Bronze Age carved warrior gear from the Urnfield culture.

The origin of the Basques and the Basque language is a controversial topic that has given rise to numerous hypotheses. Modern Basque, a descendant or close relative of Aquitanian and Proto-Basque, is the only pre-Indo-European language that is extant in western Europe. The Basques have therefore long been supposed to be a remnant of a pre-Indo-European population of Europe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atlantic Bronze Age</span> Period of approximately 1300-700 BC in Europe

The Atlantic Bronze Age refers to a cultural complex of the Bronze Age period in prehistoric Europe, spanning approximately 1300–700 BC. This complex includes various cultures in Britain, France, Ireland, Portugal and Spain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southwest Paleohispanic script</span> Paleohispanic script

The Southwest Script or Southwestern Script, also known as Tartessian, South Lusitanian and Conii script is a Paleohispanic script used to write an unknown language usually identified as Tartessian. Southwest inscriptions have been found mainly in the southwestern quadrant of the Iberian Peninsula, mostly in the south of Portugal, but also in Spain.

Cativolcus or Catuvolcus was king of half of the country of the Eburones, a people between the Meuse and Rhine rivers, united with Ambiorix, the other king, in the insurrection against the Romans in 54 BC; but when Julius Caesar in the next year proceeded to devastate the territories of the Eburones, Cativolcus, who was advanced in age and unable to endure the labours of war and flight, poisoned himself with a yew, after imprecating curses upon Ambiorix.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paleohispanic languages</span> Pre-Roman indigenous languages of Iberia

The paleo-Hispanic languages are the languages of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula, excluding languages of foreign colonies, such as Greek in Emporion and Phoenician in Qart Hadast. After the Roman conquest of Hispania the Paleohispanic languages, with the exception of Proto-Basque, were replaced by Latin, the ancestor of the modern Iberian Romance languages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pre-Indo-European languages</span> Languages of Europe and South Asia before the arrival of Indo-European languages

The Pre-Indo-European languages are any of several ancient languages, not necessarily related to one another, that existed in Prehistoric Europe, Asia Minor, Ancient Iran and Southern Asia before the arrival of speakers of Indo-European languages. The oldest Indo-European language texts are Hittite and date from the 19th century BC in Kültepe, and while estimates vary widely, the spoken Indo-European languages are believed to have developed at the latest by the 3rd millennium BC. Thus, the Pre-Indo-European languages must have developed earlier than or, in some cases, alongside the Indo-European languages that ultimately displaced almost all of them.

Gallaecian or Northwestern Hispano-Celtic is an extinct Celtic language of the Hispano-Celtic group. It was spoken by the Gallaeci in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula around the start of the 1st millennium. The region became the Roman province of Gallaecia, which is now divided between the Spanish regions of Galicia, western Asturias, the west of the Province of León, and the North Region in Portugal.

Raimund Karl is an Austrian archaeologist, Celticist and historian. He is currently a professor of Archaeology and Heritage Management Institute and at the School of History, Welsh History and Archaeology at Bangor University.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Koch, John T., ed. (2006). "About the editor". Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, Denver, and Oxford: ABC-CLIO.
  2. Koch, John T. (31 July 1999). "Professor John T. Koch MA, PhD, FLSW". Wales.ac.uk. University of Wales. Archived from the original on 24 May 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018. Official bio.
  3. Wales, The Learned Society of. "John Koch". The Learned Society of Wales. Retrieved 2023-08-30.
  4. "Ancient Britain and the Atlantic Zone Project". Wales.ac.uk. University of Wales. Archived from the original on 8 July 2010. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
  5. "O'Donnell Lecture". Aber News. Aberystwyth University. May 2008. Archived from the original on 25 January 2009. Retrieved 30 July 2018 via Aber.ac.uk.
  6. Koch, John T. "O'Donnell Lectures 2008: Appendix A" (PDF). Aber.ac.uk. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  7. Koch, John T. (2009). "A Case for Tartessian as a Celtic Language" (PDF). Acta Palaeohispanica. Aberystwyth University. X (9): 339–351. ISSN   1578-5386. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2010.
  8. Working hypothesis 6: Non-IE influence in the West and the separation of Celtic from ItaloCeltic 1. The Beaker phenomenon spread when a non-Indo-European culture and identity from Atlantic Europe was adopted by speakers of Indo-European with Steppe ancestry ~2550 BC. 2. Interaction between these two languages turned the Indo-European of Atlantic Europe into Celtic. 3. That this interaction probably occurred in South-west Europe is consistent with the historical location of the Aquitanian, Basque, and Iberian languages and also aDNA from Iberia indicating the mixing of a powerful, mostly male instrusive group with Steppe ancestry and indigenous Iberians beginning ~2450 BC, resulting in total replacement of indigenous paternal ancestry with R1b-M269 by ~1900 BC. 4. The older language(s) survived in regions that were not integrated into the Atlantic Bronze Age network.¶NOTE. This hypothesis should not be construed as a narrowly ‘Out of Iberia’ theory of Celtic. Aquitanian was north of Pyrenees. Iberian in ancient times and Basque from its earliest attestation until today are found on both sides of the Pyrenees. The contact area envisioned is Atlantic Europe in general and west of the CWC zone bounded approximately by the Rhine. in KOCH, John T. "Formation of the Indo-European branches in the light of the Archaeogenetic Revolution" draft of paper read at the conference 'Genes, Isotopes and Artefacts. How should we interpret the movement of people throughout Bronze Age Europe?' Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, 13-14 December 2018.
  9. The separation of the Pre-Germanic dialect from the Pre-Balto-Slavic/Indo-Iranian, and its reorientation towards Pre-Italo-Celtic, was the result of Beaker influence in the western CWC area that began ~2550 BC. in KOCH, John T. "Formation of the Indo-European branches in the light of the Archaeogenetic Revolution" draft of paper read at the conference 'Genes, Isotopes and Artefacts. How should we interpret the movement of people throughout Bronze Age Europe?' Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, 13-14 December 2018.