Joint locking (medicine)

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In medicine, joint locking is a symptom of pathology in a joint. It is a complaint by a person when they are unable to fully flex or fully extend a joint.

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This term is also used to describe the normal mechanism of lower limb joints held in full extension without much muscular effort when a person is standing.

Clinical symptom

Complaints of locking sensation in the knee joint can be divided into true locking and pseudo locking.

Joint locking is a common symptom of:

Locking mechanism

Normal locking of the knee happens during the last stages of extension when a person is standing up. [4] Medial rotation of femur occurs as the space available at the lateral condyle of the tibia is being used up by the lateral condyle of the femur during extension. Therefore, lateral femoral condyle acts as an axis for medial femoral condyle to rotate backwards. This movement is aided by the oblique pull of the ligaments of the knee joint and contraction of the quadriceps muscles. The ligaments are pulled taut when the knee joint is locked in place during standing. When the knee is flexed, it is unlocked by the popliteus muscle through the lateral rotation of femur. [5]

The locking mechanisms of hip joint [6] and midtarsal joint [7] [8] are also being investigated in cadavers.

References

  1. 1 2 Roald, Bahr; Sverre, Mæhlum (2004). Clinical Guide to Sports Injuries. Human Kinetics. p. 325. ISBN   978-0-7360-4117-1 . Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  2. 1 2 3 Nick, Harris (2003). Advanced Examination Techniques in Orthopaedics. Cambridge University Press. p. 150. ISBN   978-1-84110-073-9 . Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  3. ↑ Hixon AL, Gibbs LM (January 2000). "What Should I Know About Osteochondritis Dissecans?". American Family Physician. 61 (1): 158. Archived from the original on 2011-11-13. Retrieved 2009-03-08.
  4. ↑ Postolka, Barbara; Schütz, Pascal; Fucentese, Sandro F.; Freeman, Michael A.R.; Pinskerova, Vera; List, Renate; Taylor, William R. (September 2020). "Tibio-femoral kinematics of the healthy knee joint throughout complete cycles of gait activities". Journal of Biomechanics. 110 109915. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109915. hdl: 20.500.11850/429614 . ISSN   0021-9290.
  5. ↑ Krishna, Garg (2010). "12 - Joints of lower limb". BD Chaurasia's Human Anatomy (Regional and Applied Dissection and Clinical) Volume 2 - Lower limb, abdomen, and pelvis (Fifth ed.). India: CBS Publishers and Distributors Pvt Ltd. p. 156. ISBN   978-81-239-1864-8. Locking is a mechanism that allows the knee to remain the position of full extension as in standing without much muscular effort
  6. ↑ W.H, Roberts (November 1963). "The locking mechanism of the hip joint". The Anatomical Record. 147 (3): 321–324. doi:10.1002/ar.1091470303.
  7. ↑ Blackwood, CB; Yuen, TJ; Sangeorzan, BJ; Leodux, WR (December 2005). "The midtarsal joint locking mechanism". Foot & Ankle International. 26 (12): 1074–1080. doi:10.1177/107110070502601213. PMID   16390642.
  8. ↑ Okita, N; Meyers, SA; Challis, JH; Sharkey, NA (January 2014). "Midtarsal joint locking: new perspectives on an old paradigm". Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 32 (1): 110–5. doi: 10.1002/jor.22477 . PMID   24038197.
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