Jonglei State

Last updated
Jonglei State
State
Flag of Jonglei.png
Flag
Emblem of Jonglei State.png
Seal
Jonglei in South Sudan 2015.svg
Jonglei in South Sudan between 2015 and 2020
Jonglei in South Sudan.svg
Jonglei in South Sudan before 2015
Coordinates: 07°24′N32°04′E / 7.400°N 32.067°E / 7.400; 32.067
CountryFlag of South Sudan.svg  South Sudan
Region Greater Upper Nile
Number of counties11
Capital Bor
Government
 • Governor Denay Jock Chagor
Area
 • Total80,926 km2 (31,246 sq mi)
Population
 (2017 Estimate)
 • Total1,873,176
Time zone UTC+2 (CAT)
HDI (2021)0.335 [1]
low · 8th of 10
Website https://jongleistate.org

Jonglei State is a state of South Sudan with Bor as its centre of government and the biggest city. Jonglei state comprises nine counties: Bor, Akobo, Ayod, Uror, Duk, Nyirol, Pigi, Twic East, and Fangak. Jonglei State is the largest state by area before reorganisation, with an area of approximately 122,581 km2, [2] as well as the most populous according to the 2008 census conducted in present-day South Sudan's second period of autonomy. The boundaries of the state were again changed as a result of a peace agreement signed on 22 February 2020. [3]

Contents

In the 21st century, Jonglei State has been marred in ethnic clashes which the UNMISS estimated in May 2012 had affected the lives of over 140,000 people, and has been heavily magnified by the broader South Sudanese conflict since December 2013.

Administrative divisions

Jonglei State is divided into 9 counties as follows:

History

20th century

The capital of the state, Bor, became an administrative centre under the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899 -1956) for the Dinka Bor. It was in Malek, a small settlement, about 19 kilometres (12 mi), south of Bor that the first modern Christian mission in present-day South Sudan was established by Archibald Shaw in December 1905. [4] Bor became the first area to host a Church Missionary Society station in 1905. Shaw opened the first primary school in Malek. This school produced the first indigenous Anglican bishop to be consecrated in Dinka land, Daniel Deng Atong, the first person to be baptized in 1916 in Bor. In 1912, the British established Pibor Post, a colonial era outpost which was originally called Fort Bruce in the eastern part of Jonglei State. From 1919 to 1976, the territory belonged to the state of the Upper Nile region in what was initially Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.

The state has a long history of unrest which affected other parts of Sudan. The First Sudanese Civil War which lasted from 1955 until 1972 broke out with a Southern rebellion in Torit in imatong state) against Northern armed officers. [5] In 1983, the Second Sudanese Civil War also broke out in Bor.

In the 1970s, the Investigation Team was established by the Sudanese government to investigate affairs and development potential in the region. [6] In 1976, Jonglei was split off from the Upper Nile as a separate province. Construction of the Jonglei Canal project, a 360 km long canal between Bor and where the Sobat River joins the White Nile began construction in 1978 but was halted in 1983-4 for political, financial and technical reasons. [7] From 1991 to 1994, the territory was again included within the newly defined borders of Upper Nile State. On 14 February 1994, Jonglei state was again split off as a separate state. [8]

21st century

Jonglei State has long suffered from tribal infighting. [9] Much of the conflict is over basic resources of food, land, and water, [9] and personal grudges related to the abduction of women and children and theft of cattle. [10] In November and December 2007, clashes between Murle and Dinke tribesmen had worsened to revenge attacks, killing over 34 people and injuring over 100. [11] On one outbreak in late November 2007, eight Dinka tribesmen and 7,000 cattle were stole near the village of Padak, about 20 kilometres north-east of Bor. Many fled to the Kakuma Camp in northwestern Kenya, and they amounted to some 85 percent of the total 3,000 or so refugees reaching the camp. [11]

Violence between Murle and Nuer tribes has been central to the attacks in the state. The Geneva Small Arms Survey concluded that the "Murle–Lou Nuer conflict in Jonglei State is indicative of how tribal and political dynamics are intertwined in the post-CPA period." [12] A civilian disarmament operation targeting primarily the Nuer communities in 2005–06 resulted in a major outbreak of violence against the authorities, who believed that the crackdown was politically motivated. [13] [14] In August 2007, some 80 people were killed in Murle–Lou Nuer clashes. [15] In 2009 alone, some 86,000 people were displaced, and at least 1248 killed as a result of violent clashes. One attack at Lilkwanglei in March 2009 claimed 450 lives, wounding 45 and displacing 5000 people. [12] A month later, 250 were killed, 70 wounded and 15,000 displaced at Akoko. [12] 24,000 were displaced as a result of attack in August 2009 at Panyangor. [12] Between January 2011 and September 2012, some 2600 people died in clashes in Jonglei State. [16] In January 2012 clashes between Murle and Nuer tribes again broke out over cattle. [17] Outbreaks between Nuer and Murle people have been the most severe in Nyirol and Pibor counties but have also affected other counties. [18]

In May 2012, state governor, Kuol Manyang Juuk stated that 3,651 people had been killed, 385 people wounded, 1,830 children abducted, and 3,983,613 cattle stolen. The UN estimated at the time that ongoing clashes had affected the lives of over 140,000 people. [19] The Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA), international defence forces, and UN Peacekeepers are struggling to defuse the ongoing conflict and protect civilians against raids. The Bor Peace Conference was signed on 6 May 2012 in Bor, and has since been trying to improve the situation in the region. [20] Despite the peace agreement, attacks continued to follow. On 9 May 2012 two people were killed and one was injured in an attack by the Murle on 32 cows in Twic East. [19] A day later, a car traveling from Juba to Bor belonging to the South Sudan Ministry of Roads and Bridges was attacked near Panwell village in Bangachorot, killing the driver and wounding two policemen. [19]

New Zealand Defence Force in Jonglei 20120525 WN C1022490 0002 - Flickr - NZ Defence Force.jpg
New Zealand Defence Force in Jonglei

In January 2013, more than 100 people, mainly women and children, were slaughtered during cattle raids. [16] In February 2013, 114 civilians, mainly women and children, along with 14 SPLA soldiers, were killed in Walgak after the community was attacked by the rebel group of David Yau Yau and Murle youth. [21] On 9 April 2013, five Indian UNMISS troops and seven civilian UN employees (two UN staff and five contractors) were killed in a rebel ambush [22] in Jonglei while escorting a UN convoy between Pibor and Bor. [23] Nine further UN employees, both military and civilian, were wounded and some remain missing. [24] Four of the civilians killed were Kenyan contractors working to drill water boreholes. [25] One of the dead soldiers was a lieutenant-colonel and one of the wounded was a captain. [26] According to South Sudan's military spokesman, the convoy was attacked by Yau Yau's rebel forces that they believe are supported by the Sudanese government. [24] UNMISS said that 200 armed men were involved in the attack and that their convoy was escorted by 32 Indian UN peacekeepers. [24] The attackers were equipped with rocket propelled grenades. [25] A UN spokesman said that the fierce resistance put up by their peacekeepers forced the rebels to withdraw and saved the lives of many of the civilians. [24] UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon labelled the killings a war crime, and called for the perpetrators to be brought to justice. [27] Rebel group South Sudan Democratic Movement/Army (SSDM/A) denied responsibility for the murders of the UN peacekeepers. [28]

Geography

Map showing Jonglei before creation of new states in 2015 Karte Sudsudan Jonglei.png
Map showing Jonglei before creation of new states in 2015
The White Nile near Bor White Nile near Bor, Sudan - ISS012 ISS012-E-11087.jpg
The White Nile near Bor

Jonglei State, which covers an area of 122,581 square kilometres (47,329 sq mi), forms the bulk of the eastern part of South Sudan covering most of the eastern centre. Located in the Greater Upper Nile region, it is bordered by Upper Nile State to the north, Unity State to the northwest and west, Lakes State to the southwest, Central Equatoria to the southwest, Eastern Equatoria to the south, and Ethiopia to the east.

The principal town, Bor, lies in the southwestern corner of the state. Other towns include Akobo, Ayod, Fangak, Padak, Pibor, Pochalla and Waat. The principal rivers are the White Nile, which flows in the western part of the state, and the Pibor River, which flows in the central-east. The Pibor and its tributaries drain a watershed 10,000 km2 (3,900 sq mi) in size. The river's mean annual discharge at its mouth is 98 m³/s (3,460 ft³/s). [29] In the southern part of the state is the Kenamuke Swamp (Kobowen), a wetland which is part of the Boma National Park. [7] In June 2007, Animal Geographic Magazine estimated that over 1.3 million animals lived in Boma National Park. [30] It is "home to one of the largest migrations in the world with an estimated 800,000 white-eared kob antelope, 250,000 Mongalla gazelle and some 160,000 tiang moving across Jonglei State", according to the Wildlife Conservation Society. [31]

Economy

The economy of Jonglei State is mostly dependent upon livestock, agriculture and fishing. Most of inhabitants are employed in the agricultural sector. [30] UNEP says that the Dinka people of the state are "agro-pastoralists, combining cattle-rearing with wet season agriculture, and migrating seasonally according to the rains and the inundation of the toic (seasonal floodplains)." [32] Most of Jonglei State falls within the oil development Block B, which was granted to Total S.A. before independence. [33] Chevron Oil has been one of the major developers of oil extraction in Jonglei. [34] Exploration of petroleum has been stalled by ongoing (as of January 2013) violence. [35]

The Jonglei Canal Project, formulated in the mid 1970s to build a 360 km long canal between Bor and where the Sobat River joins the White Nile in the far north near Malakal, is the most prominent project to have ever been conducted in the state and is also one of its greatest failures. Construction began in 1978 but was halted in 1983-4 for political, financial and technical reasons, and today abandoned machinery used to construct the canal is rusting away. The project was a highly controversial one, and in 1979 the Wildlife Clubs of South Sudan (WCSS) was established, which led the campaign against its construction. [36] The building of the canal had a negative impact on the lives of thousands of people in local communities who had to be displaced to accommodate for the canal, and "deprived them of dry-season grazing land for their cattle and other livestock". [37] Although New Scientist said in 1983 that the impact of the canal which by-passed a large area of the Sudd swamps was unclear, [38] more recently experts have concluded that it would have had a devastating impact upon the vast wetland in the south of the state which is a unique ecosystem for a diversity of wildlife, drying it up. [39] Researchers from Iowa State University concluded that the canal project to provide irrigation had always been a lost cause and would have proved ineffective and that future agricultural development in southern Sudan could only be achieved by rain-fed crops and mechanized agriculture. [40] [41] Whittington and McClelland in 1992, however, evaluated the opportunity costs of the Jonglei Canal I project at $US 500 million. [42]

The main hospital and schools are in Bor. Access to adequate healthcare in the state is extremely poor, and the situation has worsened since 2009 when Médecins Sans Frontières Belgium, who had been running the Bor Hospital, pulled out of the country amidst security concerns. [43] Dr Samuel Legato Agat, a doctor at the hospital, was trained in Cuba and Canada, but most staff at the hospital as of 2012 were illiterate and incapable of producing documentation for patients. [43] Kenya Commercial Bank (South Sudan) maintains a branch in Bor. [44] The main transport connections are Bor Airport at Bor, in addition to river traffic on the White Nile and three major roads that lead out of Bor to other parts of South Sudan.

Pollution

Demographics

Jonglei State is inhabited mostly by Dinka (Monyjang/Jieng) and the Nuer people. The other ethnic groups include; Murle, Anuak, Jie and Boya. [45]

Education

The John Garang Memorial University of Science and Technology, one of the seven public universities in the country, is located in Bor. The university is named after John Garang de Mabior. Most of all educational institutions are concentrated in Bor, including number of best secondary schools in the country. Some of the leading schools in Bor are Alliance High School, Bor College, Malek Academy located in Malek missionary site about 19 km south of Bor etc, whose students have consistently claimed top positions in National examination results.

Notable people

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dinka people</span> Nilotic ethnic group native to South Sudan

The Dinka people are a Nilotic ethnic group native to South Sudan. The Dinka mostly live along the Nile, from Mangalla-Bor to Renk, in the region of Bahr el Ghazal, Upper Nile, and the Abyei Area of the Ngok Dinka in South Sudan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Murle people</span> Ethnic group

The Murle are a Surmic ethnic group inhabiting the Pibor County and Boma area in Greater Pibor Administrative Area, South Sudan, as well as parts of southwestern Ethiopia. They have also been referred as Beir by the Dinka and as Jebe by the Luo and Nuer, among others. The Murle speak the Murle language, which is part of the Surmic language family. The language cluster includes some adjoining groups in Sudan, as well as some non-contiguous Surmic populations in southwestern Ethiopia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sudanese nomadic conflicts</span> Non-state conflicts between rival nomadic tribes

Sudanese nomadic conflicts are non-state conflicts between rival nomadic tribes taking place in the territory of Sudan and, since 2011, South Sudan. Conflict between nomadic tribes in Sudan is common, with fights breaking out over scarce resources, including grazing land, cattle and drinking water. Some of the tribes involved in these clashes have been the Messiria, Maalia, Rizeigat and Bani Hussein Arabic tribes inhabiting Darfur and West Kordofan, and the Dinka, Nuer and Murle African ethnic groups inhabiting South Sudan. Conflicts have been fueled by other major wars taking place in the same regions, in particular the Second Sudanese Civil War, the War in Darfur and the Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile.

The history of South Sudan comprises the history of the territory of present-day South Sudan and the peoples inhabiting the region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">India–South Sudan relations</span> Bilateral relations

India–South Sudan relations are the bilateral ties between the Republic of India and the Republic of South Sudan. India recognised South Sudan on 9 July 2011, the day South Sudan became an independent state. India maintains an embassy at Juba, and South Sudan maintains an embassy in New Delhi.

Ayod County {Formerly known as Yod locally } is an administrative area in Jonglei State, South Sudan, with headquarters in Ayod. Its inhabited by Gawaar Nuer categorically divided into two sections e.g Baar and Nyang then which are further consists of major clans of Chieng- Kapel, Bhaang,Jamuogh, Chieng -Thony, Chieng - Nyadakuon, Jithiep, Chieng-Pear, and Chieng-Nyaiguak. In the January 2011 referendum the results were unanimously in favor of independence from Sudan.

Ethnic violence in South Sudan has a long history among South Sudan's varied ethnic groups. South Sudan has 64 tribes with the largest being the Dinka, who constitute about 35% of the population and predominate in government. The second largest are the Nuers. Conflict is often aggravated among nomadic groups over the issue of cattle and grazing land and is part of the wider Sudanese nomadic conflicts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations Mission in South Sudan</span> United Nations peacekeeping mission for South Sudan

The United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) is a United Nations peacekeeping mission for South Sudan, which became independent on 9 July 2011. UNMISS was established on 8 July 2011 by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1996 (2011).

The South Sudan Democratic Movement (SSDM), sometimes called the South Sudan Democratic Movement/Army (SSDM/A), was a South Sudanese militant group. Along with its armed wing, the South Sudan Defence Army (SSDA), rebelled against the government of South Sudan led by President Salva Kiir Mayardit and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nuer White Army</span> Militant ethnic nationalist organization in South Sudan

The Nuer White Army, sometimes decapitalised as the "white army", is a semi-official name for a militant organisation formed by the Nuer people of central and eastern Greater Upper Nile in modern-day South Sudan as early as 1991. According to the Small Arms Survey, it arose from the 1991 schism within the Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A) for the dual purpose of defending Nuer cattle herds from neighbouring groups and fighting in the Second Sudanese Civil War between the SPLM/A and the Sudanese government.

Pochalla is a county in the Greater Pibor Administrative Area, South Sudan. The capital of the state, where the governor and state parliament is located, is in Bor town, which is situated on the Nile River at the western end of the state. Pochalla is to the extreme east of the state, located on the border with Ethiopia. Much of the County is sandwiched between two rivers, the Akobo, which forms the national boundary to the east, and the Oboth to the west. The dominant people group are the Anyuak who border the Murle to the west and the Nuer to the North, both of whom are cattle keeping tribes, who have a culture of raiding to increase their cattle numbers. To the east in Ethiopia, the Anuak have had tensions with the government, so communications are weak.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David Yau Yau</span> South Sudanese militant and politician

David Yau Yau is a South Sudanese politician and former militant. He served as Governor of Boma State from 2018 to 2020 and as the Chief Administrator of the Greater Pibor Administrative Area of South Sudan. He was previously the leader of a Murle insurrection against the South Sudanese government.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Sudanese Civil War</span> 2013–2020 civil war in South Sudan

The South Sudanese Civil War was a multi-sided civil war in South Sudan between forces of the government and opposition forces. In December 2013, President Salva Kiir accused his former deputy Riek Machar and 10 others of attempting a coup d'état. Machar denied trying to start a coup and fled to lead the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition (SPLM-IO). Fighting broke out between the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) and SPLM-IO, igniting the civil war. Ugandan troops were deployed to fight alongside the South Sudanese government. The United Nations has peacekeepers in the country as part of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greater Pibor Administrative Area</span> Administrative area in South Sudan

The Greater Pibor Administrative Area is an administrative area in South Sudan.

The Pibor massacre occurred in Pibor County, South Sudan from 23 December 2011 to 4 January 2012. The fighting was between the Murle and the Lou Nuer, mostly over raiding cattle and abducting children to raise as their own. The Nuer White Army released a statement stating its intention to "wipe out the entire Murle tribe on the face of the earth as the only solution to guarantee long-term security of Nuer’s cattle". A report by the United Nations Mission in South Sudan estimated that about 900 were killed. Joshua Konyi, the commissioner of Pibor County and a Murle, estimated that 2,182 women and children and 959 men were killed, 1,293 children were abducted and 375,186 cows were stolen.

The disarmament of the Lou Nuer was a forcible disarmament campaign undertaken by the SPLA in Southern Sudan in December 2005. While other groups had been peacefully disarmed, the Lou section of the Nuer in Northern Jonglei State refused to comply. The SPLA organized a force under Peter Bol Kong to forcibly disarm the Lou Nuer, whose White Army resisted until a defeat in the battle of Motot, after which they fled the area.

Motot is a town in Uror County, Jonglei State, South Sudan.

The Battle of Bor was one of the first battles of the South Sudanese Civil War, consisting of a series of clashes for the city of Bor, the capital of Jonglei State, between the SPLA and SPLA defectors under Peter Gadet, part of the force that would become the SPLA-IO. The city changed hands four times between December 18, 2013 and January 18, 2014, ultimately leaving the SPLA in control.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">George Athor's rebellion</span>

George Athor's rebellion was an uprising in the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region which lasted from April 2010 to December 2011. Organized by South Sudanese military commander and politician George Athor, the conflict mainly took place in the states of Upper Nile and Jonglei as well as some border areas.

In January 2022, armed Murle militias attacked Bor Dinka villages in Jonglei State, South Sudan, killing dozens of people.

References

  1. ↑ "Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2020-04-18.
  2. ↑ "Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan 2010" (PDF). Southern Sudan Centre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-18. Retrieved 2012-06-01.
  3. ↑ Mednick, Sam. "After 6 years of war, will peace finally come to South Sudan?". www.aljazeera.com.
  4. ↑ Guarak, Mawut Achiecque Mach (21 February 2011). Integration and Fragmentation of the Sudan: An African Renaissance. AuthorHouse. p. 72. ISBN   978-1-4567-2357-6 . Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  5. ↑ Tarrósy, István; Szabó, Loránd; Hydén, Göran (2011). The African State in a Changing Global Context: Breakdowns and Transformations. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 112. ISBN   978-3-643-11060-2 . Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  6. ↑ Kulusika, Simon E. (2004). South Sudan right of self-determination and establishment of new sovereign state: a legal analysis. University of Zambia Press. p. 11. ISBN   978-9982-03-020-5 . Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  7. 1 2 Hughes, Ralph H.; Hughes, Jane S.; Bernacsek, G. M. (1992). Iucn Directory of African Wetlands. IUCN. p. 221. ISBN   978-2-88032-949-5 . Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  8. ↑ "States of Sudan", Statoids. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  9. 1 2 Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. International Development Committee (1 April 2012). South Sudan: Prospects for Peace and Development, Fifteenth Report of Session 2010–12, Vol. 1: Report, Together with Formal Minutes, Oral and Written Evidence. The Stationery Office. p. 84. ISBN   978-0-215-04373-3 . Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  10. ↑ Trafficking in Persons Report (10th Ed. ). DIANE Publishing. November 2010. p. 306. ISBN   978-1-4379-3716-9 . Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  11. 1 2 "UNHCR suspends returns to Sudan's Jonglei state". UNHCR. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Geneva Small Arms Survey (3 June 2010). Small Arms Survey 2010: Gangs, Groups, and Guns. Cambridge University Press. p. 286. ISBN   978-0-521-19711-3 . Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  13. ↑ "There is No Protection": Insecurity and Human Rights in Southern Sudan. Human Rights Watch. 2009. p. 26. ISBN   978-1-56432-436-8 . Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  14. ↑ Young, John (2007). Sudan People's Liberation Army: disarmament in Jonglei and its implications. Institute for Security Studies, South Africa. p. 1. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  15. ↑ Year in Review 2007: United Nations Peace Operations. United Nations Publications. 1 April 2008. p. 11. ISBN   978-92-1-101168-5 . Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  16. 1 2 "South Sudan Women Seek Jonglei Peacemaking Role". Voice of America. 11 April 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  17. ↑ "UN: Hundreds dead in South Sudan tribal clash". Al Jazeera. 4 January 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  18. ↑ "Jonglei: Nyirol raid kills mother and child – official". Sudan Tribune . 31 December 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  19. 1 2 3 "Jonglei's Greater Akobo area holds peace conference". Sudan Tribune. 12 May 2012. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  20. ↑ "Jonglei peace deal may not stop violence". Sudan Tribune. 5 May 2012. Archived from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  21. ↑ "South Sudan's Jonglei state swears in three new county commissioners". Sudan Tribune. 18 March 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  22. ↑ "UN peacekeepers killed in South Sudan ambush". Al Jazeera. 10 April 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
  23. ↑ Pandit, Rajat (10 April 2013). "Five Indian peacekeepers killed in South Sudan ambush". The Times of India . Archived from the original on 12 April 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
  24. 1 2 3 4 Associated Press (9 April 2013). "5 UN peacekeepers, 7 others killed in gunfire attack in South Sudan, officials say". Washington Post . Retrieved 9 April 2013.[ dead link ]
  25. 1 2 "Gunmen kill 4 Kenyans on Sudan water drilling mission". Business Daily Africa. 10 April 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
  26. ↑ "Bodies of five martyrs likely to reach India tonight". First Post. 10 April 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
  27. ↑ Dikshit, Sandeep (9 April 2013). "Killing of peacekeepers a war crime: Ban ki-Moon". The Hindu. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
  28. ↑ "We didn't kill UN peacekeepers in Bor: rebel group". Sudan Tribune . 9 April 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  29. ↑ Shahin, M. (30 November 2002). Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa. Springer. pp. 276, 288. ISBN   978-1-4020-0866-5 . Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  30. 1 2 Guarak, Mawut Achiecque Mach (21 February 2011). Integration and Fragmentation of the Sudan: An African Renaissance. AuthorHouse. p. 668. ISBN   978-1-4567-2357-6 . Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  31. ↑ Clammer, Paul (2009). Sudan. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 15. ISBN   978-1-84162-206-4 . Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  32. ↑ Sudan: Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment. UNEP/Earthprint. 2007. p. 114. ISBN   978-92-807-2702-9 . Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  33. ↑ McDoom, Opheera (25 May 2010). "UN evacuates 10 aid staff after south Sudan clashes". Reuters. Juba. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
  34. ↑ Sudan Oil and Gas Exploration Laws and Regulation Handbook. Int'l Business Publications. 3 March 2008. p. 28. ISBN   978-1-4330-7897-2 . Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  35. ↑ "South Sudan: Jonglei Hopes for Oil Production in 2013". Sudan Tribune . 24 December 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
  36. ↑ Haggett, Peter (1 July 2001). Encyclopedia of World Geography. Marshall Cavendish. p. 2210. ISBN   978-0-7614-7289-6 . Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  37. ↑ Rotberg, Robert I. (2003). State failure and state weakness in a time of terror. Brookings Institution Press. p. 116. ISBN   978-0-8157-7572-0 . Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  38. ↑ New Scientist. Reed Business Information. 11 August 1983. p. 421. ISSN   0262-4079 . Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  39. ↑ Hughes, J. Donald (14 October 2009). An Environmental History of the World: Humankind's Changing Role in the Community of Life. Routledge. p. 181. ISBN   978-0-203-88575-8 . Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  40. ↑ Erlikh, Ḥagai; Gershoni, Israel (2000). The Nile: Histories, Conflicts, Myths. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 263. ISBN   978-1-55587-672-2 . Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  41. ↑ Collins, Robert O. (1988). Jonglei: a history of the hydropolitics of the Nile. p. 44. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  42. ↑ Brauch, Hans Günter (2009). Facing Global Environmental Change: Environmental, Human, Energy, Food, Health and Water Security Concepts. Springer. p. 331. ISBN   978-3-540-68488-6 . Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  43. 1 2 Small Arms Survey 2012: Moving Targets. Cambridge University Press. 31 July 2012. p. 99. ISBN   978-0-521-14687-6 . Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  44. ↑ "Branches of KCB South Sudan". Kenya Commercial Bank. Retrieved 13 April 2013.[ dead link ]
  45. ↑ "1954 map of South Sudan by tribe". South Sudan Stories. Retrieved 13 April 2013.

Commons-logo.svg Media related to Jonglei state at Wikimedia Commons

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.