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Joseph Freiherr von Sonnenfels (1732 – 25 April 1817) was an Austrian and German jurist and novelist. He was among the leaders of the Illuminati movement in Austria, and a close friend and patron of Mozart. He is also the dedicatee of Ludwig van Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 15, Op. 28, which was published in 1801.
He was born in Nikolsburg/Mikulov, Moravia, a son of Perlin Lipmann (1705–1768), chief rabbi of Brandenburg. Perlin Lipmann and his children converted to Catholicism some time between 1735–1741. [1] Joseph, who was baptized in his early youth, received his elementary education at the gymnasium of his native town Nikolsburg, and then studied philosophy at the University of Vienna. In 1749, he joined the Deutschmeister regiment as a private, advancing to the rank of corporal. On his discharge in 1754, he took a course in law at the University of Vienna and established himself as a counselor at law in the Austrian capital. From 1761 to 1763, he officiated as secretary of the Austrian Arcierengarde. In 1763, he was appointed professor of political science at the University of Vienna, twice acting as rector magnificus. In 1779, he received the title of Wirklicher Hofrath, and was in 1810 elected president of the Academy of Sciences, a position which he held until his death in Vienna.
From 1765 to 1767 and from 1769 to 1775 Sonnenfels was editor of the paper Der Mann ohne Vorurtheil, in which he defended the liberal tendencies in literature. He improved the Vienna stage especially through his critical work Briefe über die Wienerische Schaubühne, in which he attacked the harlequin of the Vienna theater, causing this figure to be eliminated from the personnel of the stage.
He was chiefly instrumental in bringing about the abolition of torture in Austria (1776). Sonnenfels' attitude toward Lessing placed the former in a very unfavorable light, as it was due to his intrigues and jealousy that Lessing was not called to Vienna. Sonnenfels was severely condemned for his action in this affair. In 1817, Sonnenfels was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia. [2]
Sonnenfels was an influential party in the debate over which written standard should become dominant and his backing of Gottsched's position, thereby subverting the local "Gemeindeutsch" standard and Popowitsch's compromise standard alike. He is considered as a "Key stakeholders of the Austrian elite [... who was] impressed with the East Central German standard and Sonnenfels would influence with his “taste reform the literary developments in a role as ‘Austrian Gottsched’ ” in Vienna (De Boor & Newald, 1967, p. VI/1:403)." [3]
His Gesammelte Werke appeared in 10 volumes (Vienna, 1783–87), and contained most of his belletristic works, poems, and dramas.
Carl Menger von Wolfensgrün was an Austrian economist and the founder of the Austrian school of economics. Menger contributed to the development of the theories of marginalism and marginal utility, which rejected cost-of-production theory of value, such as developed by the classical economists such as Adam Smith and David Ricardo. As a departure from such, he would go on to call his resultant perspective, the subjective theory of value.
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Isidore Singer and Frederick T. Haneman (1901–1906). "Sonnenfels". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia . New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
