Joshua 12 | |
---|---|
Book | Book of Joshua |
Hebrew Bible part | Nevi'im |
Order in the Hebrew part | 1 |
Category | Former Prophets |
Christian Bible part | Old Testament |
Order in the Christian part | 6 |
Joshua 12 is the twelfth chapter of the Book of Joshua in the Hebrew Bible or in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. [1] According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the Joshua, with additions by the high priests Eleazar and Phinehas. [2] [3] However, modern scholars view it as part of the Deuteronomistic History, which spans the books of Deuteronomy to 2 Kings, which are attributed to nationalistic and devotedly Yahwistic writers who were active during the time of the reformer Judean king Josiah in 7th century BCE. [3] [4] This chapter records the list of kings defeated by the Israelites under the leadership of Moses and Joshua. [5] It is part of a section about the conquest of Canaan which comprises Joshua 5:13–12:24. [6]
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 24 verses.
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). [7]
Extant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint (originally was made in the last few centuries BCE) include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century). [8] [lower-alpha 1]
The narrative of the Israelites conquering the land of Canaan comprises verses 5:13 to 12:24 of the Book of Joshua and has the following outline: [10]
Chapter 12 provides the closing the account of Israel's conquest of the territory in both Transjordan (verses 1–6) and Cisjordan (verses 7–24), as 'the promises land', which comprises lands allocated to all tribes of Israel. [11]
This section recalls once again the victories in Transjordan (cf. Joshua 1:12-15; Numbers 21; Deuteronomy 2–3), especially mentioning that the herem ("ban" or holy war) was applied there first (Deuteronomy 2:34; 3:6). [11] The two defeated kings in Transjordan were Sihon of Heshbon and Og of Bashan. Sihon's territory extended from the river Arnon —running from the east into the Dead Sea, and forming the northern boundary of Moab — northwards along the east bank of the Jordan River to its next major tributary, the Jabbok (where Jacob had wrestled with God; Genesis 32:22–32), including a stretch of the Arabah well to the north of the Jabbok, east of "Chinneroth" (= Sea of Galilee), and eastwards to the Ammonites' borderland. [11] Og's territory lay to the north and east of Sihon's, with two major cities, Ashtaroth and Edrei, in the east of the Sea of Galilee. [11] By taking both territories, Moses took all the Transjordan from the Arnon (river) to (mount) Hermon, then distributed it to the tribes of Reuben and Gad, and half the tribe of Manasseh (cf. Numbers 32: Deuteronomy 2–3). [11]
The Transjordanian territory of Israel is defined by the Arnon river (Seil el-Mojib (Wadi Mujib) in the south and Mount Hermon in the north. [13]
This section lists Joshua's conquests in the territory west of the Jordan, against the nations which were there (Deuteronomy 1:7; 7:1; Joshua 11:16–17), to continue the land possession and promise fulfillment that Moses had started. [11] The conquered area is reported to span from Baal-gad in the north and Mount Halak in the south (cf. Joshua 11:17), followed by the list of the defeated kings of cities, roughly followed the progress of the conquest: first, Jericho and Ai, then the southern alliance under the king of Jerusalem, and the northern alliance under the king of Hazor. [11] Among some new city names —Geder, Hormah, Arad, Adullam, Tappuah, Hepher, Aphek, Lasharon, Taanach, Megiddo, Kedesh, Jokneam, Tirzah— Arad, on the southern borders of Judah, is known with its temple to YHWH, and Megiddo was an important fortress on the north-south route, guarding the 'entrance to the plain of Esdraelon'. [11] "Bethel" in verse 16 (not listed in Septuagint) is mentioned in verse 9, but the city of Bethel is recorded to fall to the 'house of Joseph' in Judges 1:22–25, 'after the death of Joshua' (Judges 1:1). [11] The recurrence of the 'kings' implies the significance of YHWH's empowerment of Joshua, who is not a king, to defeat the kings of Canaan. [11]
The geographical description matches those in Joshua 11:17, but here it is presented in order from north to south. [13]
Sihon was an Amorite king mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, who refused to let the Israelites pass through his country.
Aroer is the name of two biblical cities in the Transjordan, in what is today the Kingdom of Jordan.
Transjordan is an area of land in the Southern Levant lying east of the Jordan River valley. It is also alternatively called Gilead.
Joshua 24 is the twenty-fourth chapter of the Book of Joshua in the Hebrew Bible or in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the Joshua, with additions by the high priests Eleazar and Phinehas, but modern scholars view it as part of the Deuteronomistic History, which spans the books of Deuteronomy to 2 Kings, attributed to nationalistic and devotedly Yahwistic writers during the time of the reformer Judean king Josiah in 7th century BCE. This chapter records Joshua's final address to the people of Israel, that ends with a renewal of the covenant with YHWH, and the appendices of the book, a part of a section comprising Joshua 22:1–24:33 about the Israelites preparing for life in the land of Canaan.
Judges 11 is the eleventh chapter of the Book of Judges in the Old Testament or the Hebrew Bible. According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the prophet Samuel, but modern scholars view it as part of the Deuteronomistic History, which spans in the books of Deuteronomy to 2 Kings, attributed to nationalistic and devotedly Yahwistic writers during the time of the reformer Judean king Josiah in 7th century BCE. This chapter records the activities of judge Jephthah. belonging to a section comprising Judges 6:1 to 16:31.
Joshua 1 is the first chapter of the Book of Joshua in the Hebrew Bible or in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the Joshua, with additions by the high priests Eleazar and Phinehas, but modern scholars view it as part of the Deuteronomistic History, which spans the books of Deuteronomy to 2 Kings, attributed to nationalistic and devotedly Yahwistic writers during the time of the reformer Judean king Josiah in 7th century BCE. This chapter focuses on the commission of Joshua as the leader of Israel after the death of Moses, a part of a section comprising Joshua 1:1–5:12 about the entry to the land of Canaan.
Joshua 22 is the twenty-second chapter of the Book of Joshua in the Hebrew Bible or in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the Joshua, with additions by the high priests Eleazar and Phinehas, but modern scholars view it as part of the Deuteronomistic History, which spans the books of Deuteronomy to 2 Kings, attributed to nationalistic and devotedly Yahwistic writers during the time of the reformer Judean king Josiah in 7th century BCE. This chapter records the mediation for the issue of the establishment of an altar on the east back of Jordan River, a part of a section comprising Joshua 22:1–24:33 about the Israelites preparing for life in the land of Canaan.
Joshua 4 is the fourth chapter of the Book of Joshua in the Hebrew Bible or in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to Joshua, with additions by the high priests Eleazar and Phinehas, but modern scholars view it as part of the Deuteronomistic History, which spans the books of Deuteronomy to 2 Kings, attributed to nationalistic and devotedly Yahwistic writers during the time of the reformer Judean king Josiah in 7th century BCE. This chapter focuses on the Israelites crossing the Jordan River westward into the land of Canaan under the leadership of Joshua, a part of a section comprising Joshua 1:1–5:12 about the entry to the land of Canaan.
Joshua 5 is the fifth chapter of the Book of Joshua in the Hebrew Bible or in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. According to Jewish tradition, the book was attributed to the Joshua, with additions by the high priests Eleazar and Phinehas, but modern scholars view it as part of the Deuteronomistic History, which spans the books of Deuteronomy to 2 Kings, attributed to nationalistic and devotedly Yahwistic writers during the time of the reformer Judean king Josiah in 7th century BCE. This chapter focuses on the circumcision and Passover of the Israelites after crossing the Jordan River under the leadership of Joshua, a part of a section comprising Joshua 1:1–5:12 about the entry to the land of Canaan, and the meeting of Joshua with the Commander of the Lord's army near
Joshua 9 is the ninth chapter of the Book of Joshua in the Hebrew Bible or in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the Joshua, with additions by the high priests Eleazar and Phinehas, but modern scholars view it as part of the Deuteronomistic History, which spans the books of Deuteronomy to 2 Kings, attributed to nationalistic and devotedly Yahwistic writers during the time of the reformer Judean king Josiah in 7th century BC. This chapter focuses on the deception by the people of Gibeon to avoid annihilation by having a treaty with the people of Israel under the leadership of Joshua, a part of a section comprising Joshua 5:13–12:24 about the conquest of Canaan.
Joshua 11 is the eleventh chapter of the Book of Joshua in the Hebrew Bible or in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the Joshua, with additions by the high priests Eleazar and Phinehas, but modern scholars view it as part of the Deuteronomistic History, which spans the books of Deuteronomy to 2 Kings, attributed to nationalistic and devotedly Yahwistic writers during the time of the reformer Judean king Josiah in 7th century BCE. This chapter focuses on the conquest of the land of Canaan by the Israelites under the leadership of Joshua, a part of a section comprising Joshua 5:13–12:24 about the conquest of Canaan.
Joshua 13 is the thirteenth chapter of the Book of Joshua in the Hebrew Bible or in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the Joshua, with additions by the high priests Eleazar and Phinehas, but modern scholars view it as part of the Deuteronomistic History, which spans the books of Deuteronomy to 2 Kings, attributed to nationalistic and devotedly Yahwistic writers during the time of the reformer Judean king Josiah in 7th century BCE. This chapter records the list of land still to be conquered and the land allotments for the tribes Reuben, Gad and half of the Manasseh (east), a part of a section comprising Joshua 13:1–21:45 about the Israelites allotting the land of Canaan.
Joshua 14 is the fourteenth chapter of the Book of Joshua in the Hebrew Bible or in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the Joshua, with additions by the high priests Eleazar and Phinehas, but modern scholars view it as part of the Deuteronomistic History, which spans the books of Deuteronomy to 2 Kings, attributed to nationalistic and devotedly Yahwistic writers during the time of the reformer Judean king Josiah in 7th century BCE. This chapter records the preparation for the allotment of land and the inheritance for Caleb, a part of a section comprising Joshua 13:1–21:45 about the Israelites allotting the land of Canaan.
Joshua 16 is the sixteenth chapter of the Book of Joshua in the Hebrew Bible or in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the Joshua, with additions by the high priests Eleazar and Phinehas, but modern scholars view it as part of the Deuteronomistic History, which spans the books of Deuteronomy to 2 Kings, attributed to nationalistic and devotedly Yahwistic writers during the time of the reformer Judean king Josiah in 7th century BCE. This chapter records the allotment of land for the tribe of Joseph, especially the tribe of Ephraim, a part of a section comprising Joshua 13:1–21:45 about the Israelites allotting the land of Canaan. 555√
Joshua 17 is the seventeenth chapter of the Book of Joshua in the Hebrew Bible or in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the Joshua, with additions by the high priests Eleazar and Phinehas, but modern scholars view it as part of the Deuteronomistic History, which spans the books of Deuteronomy to 2 Kings, attributed to nationalistic and devotedly Yahwistic writers during the time of the reformer Judean king Josiah in 7th century BCE. This chapter records the allotment of land for the tribe of Joseph, especially the tribe of Manasseh, a part of a section comprising Joshua 13:1–21:45 about the Israelites allotting the land of Canaan.
Joshua 18 is the eighteenth chapter of the Book of Joshua in the Hebrew Bible or in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the Joshua, with additions by the high priests Eleazar and Phinehas, but modern scholars view it as part of the Deuteronomistic History, which spans the books of Deuteronomy to 2 Kings, attributed to nationalistic and devotedly Yahwistic writers during the time of the reformer Judean king Josiah in 7th century BCE. This chapter records the further allotment of land for the tribes of Israel, especially the tribe of Benjamin, a part of a section comprising Joshua 13:1–21:45 about the Israelites allotting the land of Canaan.
Joshua 19 is the nineteenth chapter of the Book of Joshua in the Hebrew Bible or in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the Joshua, with additions by the high priests Eleazar and Phinehas, but modern scholars view it as part of the Deuteronomistic History, which spans the books of Deuteronomy to 2 Kings, attributed to nationalistic and devotedly Yahwistic writers during the time of the reformer Judean king Josiah in the 7th century BCE. This chapter records the further allotment of land for the tribes of Israel, especially the tribes of Simeon, Zebulun, Issachar, Asher, Naphtali and Dan, as well as Joshua's Inheritance, a part of a section comprising Joshua 13:1–21:45 about the Israelites allotting the land of Canaan.
Joshua 20 is the twentieth chapter of the Book of Joshua in the Hebrew Bible or in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the Joshua, with additions by the high priests Eleazar and Phinehas, but modern scholars view it as part of the Deuteronomistic History, which spans the books of Deuteronomy to 2 Kings, attributed to nationalistic and devotedly Yahwistic writers during the time of the reformer Judean king Josiah in 7th century BCE. This chapter records the designation of the cities of refuge, a part of a section comprising Joshua 13:1–21:45 about the Israelites allotting the land of Canaan.
Joshua 21 is the twenty-first chapter of the Book of Joshua in the Hebrew Bible or in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. According to 0Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the Joshua, with additions by the high priests Eleazar and Phinehas, but modern scholars view it as part of the Deuteronomistic History, which spans the books of Deuteronomy to 2 Kings, attributed to nationalistic and devotedly Yahwistic writers during the time of the reformer Judean king Josiah in 7th century BCE. This chapter records the designation of "Levitical cities", a part of a section comprising Joshua 13:1–21:45 about the Israelites allotting the land of Canaan.
Joshua 23 is the twenty-third chapter of the Book of Joshua in the Hebrew Bible or in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the Joshua, with additions by the high priests Eleazar and Phinehas, but modern scholars view it as part of the Deuteronomistic History, which spans the books of Deuteronomy to 2 Kings, attributed to nationalistic and devotedly Yahwistic writers during the time of the reformer Judean king Josiah in 7th century BCE. This chapter records the Joshua's farewell address to tribes of Israel, a part of a section comprising Joshua 22:1–24:33 about the Israelites preparing for life in the land of Canaan.