Keratinophyton durum

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Keratinophyton durum
Keratinophyton durum microscopic.jpg
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Ascomycota
Class:
Eurotiomycetes
Order:
Onygenales
Family:
Onygenaceae
Genus:
Keratinophyton
Species:
K. durum
Binomial name
Keratinophyton durum
(Zukal) Currah (1985)
Synonyms
  • Aphanoascus durus(Zukal) Cano & Guarro (1990)
  • Gymnoascus durusZukal (1890)
  • Ascocalvatia dura(Zukal) Arx (1986)
  • Anixiopsis biplanataGuého & Vroey (1985)

Keratinophyton durum is a keratinophilic fungus, [1] that grows on keratin found in decomposing or shed animal hair and bird feathers. [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] Various studies conducted in Canada, Japan, India, Spain, Poland, Ivory Coast and Iraq have isolated this fungus from decomposing animal hair and bird feathers using SDA and hair-bait technique. [1] [6] [7] Presence of fungus in soil sediments and their ability to decompose hairs make them a potential human pathogen. [6] [7]

Contents

Strain UAMH 10061 ascospores in SEM Keratinophyton durum ascospores.jpg
Strain UAMH 10061 ascospores in SEM
Strain UAMH 836 grown on Trichophyton agars (1-4) at 21 C for 35 days Keratinophyton durum colonies.jpg
Strain UAMH 836 grown on Trichophyton agars (1–4) at 21 C for 35 days

History and taxonomy

Keratinophyton durum was first described by Hugo Zukal in 1890 as Gymnoascus durus, and subsequently has been the subject of taxonomic confusion. [8] Nearly 100 years after Zukal's description, Currah transferred the fungus from genus Gymnoascus to Keratinophyton (1985) and eventually to genus Aphanoascus (1986) due to similarity in their ascospores. [1] [9] At the same time, Guého and Vroey treated the fungus under the name, Anixiopsis biplanata (1986). [10] The genera Aphanoascus and Anixiopsis have ascospores of similar appearance. [9] This led to a debate within the mycological community upon its naming, wherein some mycologists used Anixiopsis biplanata and others used Aphanoascus durus to describe this species. [10] Amidst this debate, the fungus was misclassified under the genus Ascocalvatia by von Arx in 1986. [8] [1] Ascocalvatia has cylindrical ascospores whereas Aphanoascus spores are flat and circular (oblate) in shape. [9] Finally, in 1990 it was re-classified as Aphanoascus durus by Cano and Guarro. [9] The name Keratinophyton durum was originally applied to the sexual state of the fungus (teleomorph), but now is used to include all life stages. [10] [9] [2] [3] [7] The correct name for this species is K. durum. [8]

Genomic information

Listed below are identified gene sequences for this fungus.

Gene typeIdentification yearPartial sequenceGene accession number
5.8S rRNA gene and ITS 1 and 2, strain FMR 5651March 2003601 bp linear DNA sequenceAJ439434
28S ribosomal RNA geneJune 2003612 bp linear DNA sequenceAB075345
28S ribosomal RNA geneOctober 2016593 bp linear DNA sequenceKX492893

Morphology and growth

Ascospores found within the ascoma, are oblate (shaped like an M&M candy) and yellow-yellowish brown in color when observed in transmitted light microscopy. [1] Typically, the lateral sides of these ascospores are smooth with a bumpy, pitted equatorial edge. [11] [9] [7] Ascospores of this fungus are similar in appearance (morphology) to those of A. terreus by Apnis (Cano & Guarro, Randhawa & Sandhu) A. clathratus and A. hispanicus by Cano & Guarro. [1] [9] Ascospores of A. terreus and A. hispanicus are small, pitted and diamond-shaped (rhomboid), whereas A. clathratus has circular (oblate) ascospores with reduced pitting. [1] Ascomata are spherical (globose) to oval (subglobose), pale yellowish brown to dark reddish brown in color, and range from 280 to 800 μm in diameter. [1] Ascomata are encased in white aerial hyphae and conidia.

In laboratory, this fungus can be grown on 2% malt agar, potato-carrot agar (PCA), phytone yeast extract agar (PYE) and yeast-starch agar (YpSs) growth mediums. [9] [1] [10] On 2% malt agar, post 2-week incubation, K.durum colonies reach up to 35–40 mm in diameter. [10] Colonies appear fluffy and white but have uneven growth. [10] Mostly thinly spread colonies are denser at the centre and can reach 2 mm in height. [10] Hyphae are usually branched, hyaline, smooth-walled and septate. [10] Colonies also contain aleurioconidia. [10] On potato-carrot agar (PCA), rapid growth is observed at 25 °C. [1] Within 14 days of PCA culturing, circular colonies measuring 53–67 mm in diameter can be seen. [1] Initial colonies appear white, but later on change their color and appear greenish grey. [1] In this growth media, resulting ascomata are scattered and there is limited production of conidia. [1] On phytone yeast extract agar (PYE), fungus grows rapidly into white-yellowish white colonies. [1] While conidiogenesis is prominent, ascomata are not produced. [1] On YpSs growth medium, under dark conditions and 28 °C, it grows at the rate of 2–3 mm per day. [9] Cream-coloured colonies with smooth, septate, hyaline hyphae can be observed. [9] Hyphae are thin-walled and wide, measuring 1.7–2.5 μm in width. [9] Ascoma maturation can be observed in 20–23 days. [9] Acomata are encased in round, dark-brown aerial mycelium measuring 500–1050 μm in diameter. [9]

Additionally, the fungus can be isolated using hair-baiting technique and followed by incubation on Sabouraud's dextrose agar (SDA). [7] [2] [5] [4] [3] Isolation using Sabouraud's dextrose agar supplemented with (50 mg/L) chloramphenicol and cycloheximide (500 mg/L), requires 5–10 day, room temperature incubation. [5] [3] [2] Similarly, hair baiting technique involving sterile human or horse hair can also be used to isolate this fungus from wet soils (rivers and lakes). [7] [4] Pocket-like surface erosion in human hair caused by this fungus can be observed under a light microscope following staining with lactophenol cotton blue. [3]

Habitat and ecology

Typically, it has been isolated from depth of 3–5 cm in soils containing decomposing feather and animal hair. [3] K. durum is known from soils of Gir Forest National Park (India), Sanjay Gandhi National Park, Kaziranga national park, Lonar crater lake as well as Shatt Al-Arab river (Iraq). [7] [5] [4] [3] [2] In terrestrial ecosystems, this fungus is predominantly found areas where there is increased animal and bird densities. [1] [2] [3] [5] [6] In underwater sediments, it prefers alkaline pH conditions. [4] [7] A study conducted in Shatt Al-Arab river by Abdullah and Hassan, demonstrated that the soil pH range for this fungi is 6.9. It is also found in Lonar lake sediments where water is highly alkaline (pH of 10.5–11.2) with increased concentrations of sodium chloride, fluorides and bicarbonates. [4]

Pathogenicity

In their study, Deskhmukh & Verekar determined that it releases keratin at the rate of 234.6 μg/mL and is capable of decomposing 26.4% of human hair within four weeks of incubation. [3] Since this fungus occurs in close proximity of animals and birds, it may be pathogenic to animal and humans. [5] [4] [7] [3]

Related Research Articles

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<i>Aphanoascus fulvescens</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Chrysosporium keratinophilum</i> Species of fungus

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Ctenomyces serratus is a keratinophilic fungal soil saprotroph classified by the German mycologist, Michael Emil Eduard Eidam in 1880, who found it growing on an old decayed feather. Many accounts have shown that it has a global distribution, having been isolated in select soils as well as on feathers and other substrates with high keratin content. It has also been found in indoor dust of hospitals and houses in Kanpur, Northern India and as a common keratinophilic soil fungus in urban Berlin. This species has been associated with nail infections in humans as well as skin lesions and slower hair growth in guinea pigs.

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Uncinocarpus queenslandicus is a species of microfungi that grows in soil and keratinous materials, such as hair. It was the fourth species to be designated as part of the genus Uncinocarpus. Its name is derived from the Australian state of Queensland, where it was first isolated.

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References

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  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Deshmukh, S.K.; Verekar, S.A. (December 2014). "Isolation of keratinophilic fungi from selected soils of Sanjay Gandhi National Park, Mumbai (India)". Journal de Mycologie Médicale. 24 (4): 319–327. doi:10.1016/j.mycmed.2014.08.004. PMID   25442920.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Deshmukh, S. K.; Verekar, S. A. (October 2006). "Keratinophilic fungi from the vicinity of meteorite crater soils of Lonar (India)". Mycopathologia. 162 (4): 303–306. doi:10.1007/s11046-006-0044-7. PMID   17039278.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Deshmukh, Sunil Kumar; Verekar, Shilpa Amit; Chavan, Yashwant G. (31 October 2016). "Incidence of Keratinophilic Fungi from the Selected Soils of Kaziranga National Park, Assam (India)". Mycopathologia. 182 (3–4): 371–377. doi:10.1007/s11046-016-0083-7. PMID   27798742.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Verekar, Shilpa A.; Deshmukh, Sunil K. (2017). "Keratinophilic Fungi Distribution, Pathogenicity and Biotechnological Potentials". Developments in Fungal Biology and Applied Mycology. Springer Singapore. pp. 75–97. doi:10.1007/978-981-10-4768-8_6. ISBN   9789811047671.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Abdullah, S. K.; Hassan, Dina A. (March 1995). "Isolation of dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi from surface sediments of the Shatt Al-Arab River and its creeks at Basrah, Iraq". Mycoses. 38 (3–4): 163–166. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.1995.tb00042.x. ISSN   0933-7407.
  8. 1 2 3 "Keratinophyton durum". www.mycobank.org. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Cano-Lira, José F.; Guarro, Josep (1 April 1990). "The genus Aphanoascus". Mycological Research. 94 (3): 355–377. doi:10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80361-4. ISSN   0953-7562.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Guého, Eveline; Vroey, Charles De (October 1986). "A new species of Anixiopsis". Canadian Journal of Botany. 64 (10): 2207–2210. doi:10.1139/b86-294. ISSN   0008-4026.
  11. ↑ Currah, R.S. (1985). "Taxonomy of the Onygenales: Arthrodermataceae, Gymnoascaceae, Myxotrichaceae and Onygenaceae". Mycotaxon. 24: 156–157.
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