| Kurokawia palmulata | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Caliciales |
| Family: | Physciaceae |
| Genus: | Kurokawia |
| Species: | K. palmulata |
| Binomial name | |
| Kurokawia palmulata (Michx.) S.Y.Kondr., Lőkös & Hur (2021) | |
| Synonyms [1] | |
Kurokawia palmulata, the shaggy fringe lichen, is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Physciaceae. [2]
It was formally described as a new species in 1803 by French botanist André Michaux, who named it Psoroma palmulatum. [3] In its taxonomic history, it has been proposed for placement in the genera Lecanora , Parmelia , and Physcia . [1] In 1899, Edvard August Vainio transferred it to the genus Anaptychia , [4] and it was known as a member of this genus until 2021, when Sergey Kondratyuk and colleagues transferred it to the newly circumscribed genus Kurokawia . [5] In North America, it is commonly known as the "shaggy fringe lichen". [6]
Anaptychia palmulata is recognisable by its foliose thallus, which is typically appressed and can grow up to 9–10 cm (3+1⁄2–4 in) in diameter. The colour varies from brownish-grey to tan-brown. Its lobes are elongated and linear, branching irregularly, and they remain mostly flat at the ends. Unlike some other lichens, Anaptychia palmulata does not possess soredia or isidia. However, it often develops lateral secondary lobules . The lichen's lower surface starts off white or off-white and gradually darkens to a tawny or light brown shade. A noticeable feature is the superimposed layer of hyphae, which does not carry rhizines. Commonly, Anaptychia palmulata will present with apothecia, which are laminal and can grow up to 4 mm in diameter. [7]
The chemical spot test reactions of the lichen often reveal a K+ (yellow) reaction on the upper surface, making it distinctive. The presence of variolaric acid has also been observed. However, the strength and prominence of these reactions can vary between specimens. [7]
The distinct chemical reactions of Anaptychia palmulata to spot tests, especially when it comes to the excipular spot tests, coupled with its colour and morphology, make it stand out from other lichen species. However, care must be taken not to confuse it with similar-looking species like Physconia subpallida – which lacks the positive spot tests that are characteristic of Anaptychia palmulata. Another differentiation point is the cortex structure of these lichens, with Anaptychia palmulata having a prosoplectenchymatous upper cortex. [7] Some species of Heterodermia and Physcia are similar, but they can be distinguished by their K+ (yellow) upper surface spot test reaction, which indicates the presence of atranorin. [6]
Endemic to eastern North America and eastern Asia, Anaptychia palmulata has been found to have a strong affinity for the bark of hardwood trees. However, it can also establish itself on rock surfaces, either directly or overlying mosses. The species is particularly prevalent in areas corresponding to the eastern deciduous forest. Additionally, a correlation has been noted between the geographical distribution of the lichen and the squarroseness of its rhizines – specimens from the southern range tend to have less squarrose rhizines compared to those from the north. [7] Its North America range was extended considerably when it was recorded from Ohio–the first report from western North America. [8] Its range extends north to southern Ontario, [9] and the coniferous old-growth forests of southwestern Nova Scotia in Canada. [10]
The Teloschistaceae are a large family of mostly lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, although its members occur predominantly in temperate regions. Most members are lichens that either live on rock or on bark, but about 40 species are lichenicolous – meaning they are non-lichenised fungi that live on other lichens. Many members of the Teloschistaceae are readily identifiable by their vibrant orange to yellow hue, a result of their frequent anthraquinone content. The presence of these anthraquinone pigments, which confer protection from ultraviolet light, enabled this group to expand from shaded forest habitats to harsher environmental conditions of sunny and arid ecosystems during the Late Cretaceous.
The Physciaceae are a family of mostly lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. A 2016 estimate placed 19 genera and 601 species in the family.
Anaptychia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Physciaceae. Anaptychia species are foliose lichens. They have brown, thin-walled spores with a single septum, and a prosoplechtenchymatous upper cortex.
Gallowayella aphrodites is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose (leafy) lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It is found in the Mediterranean countries Greece, Cyprus, and Italy. Characteristics of the lichen include its small thallus, the disposition of the rhizines on the thallus undersurface, and the lack of vegetative propagules.
Alfred Mycolayovych Oxner was a Ukrainian botanist and lichenologist. His research covered various areas: floristics, taxonomy, phylogenetics, phytogeography, and phytosociology. Oxner founded the National Lichenological Herbarium of Ukraine.
Neobrownliella is a genus of crustose lichens in the subfamily Teloschistoideae of the family Teloschistaceae. It has five species. The genus was circumscribed in 2015 by lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk, Jack Elix, Ingvar Kärnefelt, and Arne Thell, with Neobrownliella brownlieae assigned as the type species. It is a segregate of the large genus Caloplaca. Characteristics of Neobrownliella include a thallus that is continuous or areolate, the presence of anthraquinones as lichen products, a cortical layer with a palisade paraplectenchyma, and the lack of a thick palisade cortical layer on the underside of the thalline exciple. Two species were included in the original circumscription of the genus; an additional three species were added in 2020.
Kashiwadia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Physciaceae. The genus was circumscribed in Sergey Kondratyuk, László Lőkös, and Jae-Seoun Hur in 2014 to contain the species Physcia orientalis, after molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that the taxon occupied an isolated phylogenetic position in the Physciaceae. An additional five species were added to the genus in 2021. The genus name honours Japanese lichenologist Hiroyuki Kashiwadani, who originally described the type species.
Gallowayella hasseana, the poplar sunburst lichen, is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It occurs in North America.
Fulgogasparrea appressa is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It has a widespread distribution in western Mexico, including Baja California. It is characterized by its vibrant colors, unique shape, and specific habitat preferences.
Rusavskia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It has 12 species. It is a member of the subfamily Xanthorioideae. The thallus of Rusavskia is characterized by its foliose (leaf-like) structure with distinct and typically narrow lobes that curve outwards.
Kurokawia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Physciaceae. It has seven species of foliose lichens. The genus, circumscribed in 2021, has Kurokawia isidiata as the type species.
Klauskalbia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Physciaceae. It has four species of foliose lichens.
Fauriea is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. The genus, which contains seven species, is a member of the subfamily Caloplacoideae.
Marchantiana is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It contains seven species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichens that occur in the Southern Hemisphere.
Franwilsia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It has three species.
Gallowayella weberi is a species of corticolous and saxicolous, foliose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. Found in the eastern United States, it is a small lichen with a smooth yellow to orange upper surface and a contrasting white lower surface.
Yoshimuria is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It has four species of crustose lichens.
Seawardiella is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It contains two species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) crustose lichens.
Elenkiniana is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It has three species, all of which occur in Eurasia.