Lambertia formosa

Last updated

Lambertia formosa
Lambertia formosa UCSC.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Proteales
Family: Proteaceae
Genus: Lambertia
Species:
L. formosa
Binomial name
Lambertia formosa
Lambertiaformosarange.png
Range of L. formosa
Synonyms [1]
  • Lambertia barbata Gand.
  • Lambertia proximaGand.
  • Brabejum pungens Sol.

Lambertia formosa, commonly known as mountain devil, is a shrub of the family Proteaceae, endemic to New South Wales, Australia. First described in 1798 by English botanist James Edward Smith, it is the type species of the small genus Lambertia . It is generally found in heathland or open forest, growing in sandstone-based soils. It grows as a multistemmed shrub to around 2 m (7 ft) with a woody base known as a lignotuber, from which it regrows after bushfire. It has stiff narrow leaves, and the pink to red flowerheads, made up of seven individual tubular flowers, generally appear in spring and summer. It gains its common name from the horned woody follicles, which were used to make small devil-figures.

Contents

The flowers hold profuse amounts of nectar and are pollinated by honeyeaters. Although L. formosa is uncommon in cultivation, it is straightforward to grow in soils with good drainage and a partly shaded to sunny aspect. It is readily propagated by seed. Unlike all other members of the genus Lambertia, L. formosa is greatly resistant to the soil pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi .

Taxonomy

Specimens of Lambertia formosa were collected by botanists Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander during Lieutenant James Cook's landing at Botany Bay between April and May in 1770. These are thought to have been obtained from vegetation currently known as the Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub that occurs in sandy areas near present-day La Perouse. [2] Solander coined the (unpublished) binomial name Brabejum pungens in Banks' Florilegium . [3] The shrub was first described in 1798 by English botanist James Edward Smith who concurrently erected the new genus Lambertia , the name honouring English botanist Aylmer Bourke Lambert. [4] The specific name formosa is the Latin adjective for 'handsome'. [1] [4] English plantsman Henry Cranke Andrews wrote in 1799, "Of all the plants yet introduced from New Holland, that have hitherto flowered with us, this unquestionably takes the lead for beauty, considering the plant altogether", [5] although his countryman Joseph Knight in his 1809 work On the cultivation of the plants belonging to the natural order of Proteeae added that the species name "applies only to the flowers, the foliage being generally of a sickly hue". [4] French botanist Michel Gandoger described specimens collected at Hornsby and Port Jackson as Lambertia proxima, and material sent to him by plant collector Charles Walter as L. barbata in 1919; these turned out to be L. formosa. Gandoger described 212 taxa of Australian plants, almost all of which turned out to be species already described. [6]

One of ten species of the genus Lambertia within the family Proteaceae, Lambertia formosa is the only one found in eastern Australia as the others are all restricted to southwest Western Australia. [7] Common names include mountain devil and honey flower, the former from the fruit's resemblance to a devil's head. [8] No subspecies are recognised, although plants in the southern part of its range from Bargo River to Braidwood have longer leaves. [9]

Description

The developing fruit, from which the mountain devil gets its common name Lambertia formosa conshut1 cropped.jpg
The developing fruit, from which the mountain devil gets its common name

Lambertia formosa grows as a spreading shrub to 2 m (7 ft) tall, with one or more stems arising from a woody base known as a lignotuber. The new growth is covered with a fine brownish hair. The stiff leaves are arranged in whorls of 3, or sometimes up to 4 to 6, on the stems, and are linear to narrow-oblanceolate in shape. Measuring anywhere from 1 to 8 cm (0.4–3 in) in length and 0.2–0.7 cm wide, they have a pointed tip or apex. Flowers are seen at any time of the year, but more often over spring and summer (September to January). [9] Their bases are covered by greenish and reddish bracts. [10] The inflorescences are almost always made up of seven smaller individual flowers (less than 1% of flowerheads have either six or eight flowers), [11] known as florets, and can be shades of red or pink in colour. The tubular perianths are 4.5 cm (1.6 in) long, with the styles protruding another 1–1.5 cm (0.5 in) beyond. Flowering is followed by the development of woody fruit which measure 2–3 by 1–2 cm. They have two 1–1.5 cm sharp horny protuberances, and a 0.5 cm 'beak', initially pale green in colour before fading to a grey-brown. [9] These woody follicles each have two flat, winged seeds that are retained until burnt by fire. [12] [13]

Distribution and habitat

Endemic to New South Wales, Lambertia formosa is found on or east of the Great Dividing Range from the vicinity of Braidwood north to Port Stephens, as well as some parts of northern New South Wales around Grafton and between Red Rock and Yamba. [9] In the Sydney Basin, it is found from altitudes of zero to 1100 m (3600 ft) above sea level, and in areas of rainfall from 800 to 1400 mm (32–55 in) annually. [13]

Lambertia formosa grows in heathland, mallee shrubland and dry sclerophyll forest, predominantly found on sandy or rocky soils. [9] Associated heathland species include dwarf apple ( Angophora hispida ), paperbark teatree ( Leptospermum trinervium ), rusty banksia ( Banksia oblongifolia ) and heath banksia ( Banksia ericifolia ), while woodland trees include silvertop ash ( Eucalyptus sieberi ), smooth-barked apple ( Angophora costata ), narrow-leaved apple ( A. bakeri ), red bloodwood ( Corymbia gummifera ), yellow bloodwood ( C. eximia ), scribbly gum ( Eucalyptus sclerophylla ), and Sydney peppermint ( E. piperita ). [13] One heathland community located between Lake Munmorah and Redhead grows at least partly on clayey soils. Here, L. formosa grows under mallee forms of brown stringybark ( Eucalyptus capitellata ) and broad-leaved white mahogany ( E. umbra ) and alongside shrubby forms of prickly-leaved paperbark ( Melaleuca nodosa ), dagger hakea ( Hakea teretifolia ), scrub she-oak ( Allocasuarina distyla ), rusty banksia and swathes of kangaroo grass ( Themeda triandra ). [14]

Ecology

Resprouting from the woody base several months after a bushfire, Lane Cove National Park LambertiaformLCNP.JPG
Resprouting from the woody base several months after a bushfire, Lane Cove National Park

Lambertia formosa regenerates after bushfire by resprouting from its woody lignotuber, but is also serotinous in that it has a seed bank held in its canopy to be released after fire. [15] The number of flowers produced by plants growing back from fire peaks two or three years afterwards. [16] A field study in Brisbane Water National Park north of Sydney found that plants that had experienced two short (less than seven-year) intervals between bushfires had reduced reproductive output as measured by lower numbers of follicles, compared with plants in areas which had had no or one short inter-fire interval. [15] Plants can live for over 60 years. [13]

The red/pink colour, length of the tube and properties of the nectar indicate that the flower is pollinated by honeyeaters, [11] which perch as they consume the nectar. [17] Species observed foraging include the white-eared honeyeater (Lichenostomus leucotis), white-cheeked honeyeater (Phylidonyris niger), New Holland honeyeater (Phylidonyris novaehollandiae), noisy miner (Manorina melanocephala), [13] little wattlebird (Acanthochaera chrysoptera), eastern spinebill (Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris), [11] and yellow-faced honeyeater (Lichenostomus chrysops). [18] Honeyeaters are found in greater numbers in the vicinity of plants with more flowers. [11]

Caterpillars of the Australian cup moth species Xylorycta strigata eat the leaves and make burrows in the wood. [13] The plant also hosts caterpillars of the cup moth species Mecytha fasciata . [13]

Cultivation

The leaves, flowers, and flower structure of the Australian plant Lambertia formosa. Illustration by Henry Cranke Andrews in 1797 Botanistsreposit12andr 0291.jpg
The leaves, flowers, and flower structure of the Australian plant Lambertia formosa. Illustration by Henry Cranke Andrews in 1797

Lambertia formosa was one of the earliest introductions of Australian plant species to cultivation in England. In 1788, seed was sent from Botany Bay to the Lee and Kennedy's nursery in Hammersmith, west London. Two varieties were raised, one designated as "var. longifolia". The first recorded flowering was a plant grown by J. Robertson of Stockwell in July 1798. Andrews wrote the following year that it is "without difficulty raised by cuttings, and thrives in peat earth." [5] Knight reported in 1809 that it required more heat and close care than other Australian plants and hence would never be widely cultivated in England. [4]

Lambertia formosa is readily grown in cultivation given a sunny position and fair drainage, [8] though it tolerates a range of soils and some shade. [10] Its flowers attract birds, especially important as this can provide a source of food year-round. The plant responds well to pruning. Seeds germinate within 25 to 60 days of sowing, and firm young growth makes the best cutting material for propagation. Fertilisers generally are not needed, but slow release low-phosphorus fertilisers are tolerated. The species is frost-hardy and grows in temperate to subtropical climates. [10]

Inoculation experiments show that Lambertia formosa is resistant to dieback ( Phytophthora cinnamomi ), unlike all other members of the genus. [19] Hence it has potential as a rootstock for grafting Lambertia species of Western Australian origin, all of which are highly sensitive to root rot. [10]

Uses and cultural references

The common name "honey flower" is derived from the flowers which produce a clear nectar in large quantities. This was a source of nourishment for Australian Aboriginal Peoples and, following European colonisation, explorers, escaped convicts and children were recorded sucking the flowers. [20] [21] [22] Explorer Ludwig Leichhardt wrote that "often when I've been tired and thirsty, I've bitten off the base of a tuft of Lambertia formosa flowers to suck the delightfully sweet honey out of them". [23] Headaches and nausea have been reported from ingesting large quantities of the fluid, though it is not known to contain a toxic substance. [20] [24]

The species was the subject of an illustration by Sydney Parkinson, artist on HM Bark Endeavour's voyage to the Pacific from 1769 to 1771. A colour botanical engraving based on Parkinson's work is part of Banks' Florilegium . [25] First Fleet midshipman and artist George Raper depicted the species in two works: an untitled watercolour study (c. 1788) and Bird Of Point Jackson (1789). [26] [27] Writer and illustrator George Collingridge incorporated the flower in several of his designs and unsuccessfully championed it as the floral emblem of Australia. [28]

Hand-crafted figures have been made using the mature woody fruit for a head, together with pipe cleaners, wool and fabric scraps. [29] [30] Known as "mountain devils", these were sold as tourist souvenirs in the Blue Mountains. [31]

Related Research Articles

<i>Banksia serrata</i> Species of tree native to eastern Australia

Banksia serrata, commonly known as the saw banksia, the old man banksia, the saw-tooth banksia or the red honeysuckle and as wiriyagan by the Cadigal people, is a species of woody shrub or tree of the genus Banksia, in the family Proteaceae. Native to the east coast of Australia, it is found from Queensland to Victoria with outlying populations on Tasmania and Flinders Island. Commonly growing as a gnarled tree up to 16 m (50 ft) in height, it can be much smaller in more exposed areas. This Banksia species has wrinkled grey bark, shiny dark green serrated leaves and large yellow or greyish-yellow flower spikes appearing over summer. The flower spikes, or inflorescences, turn grey as they age and pollinated flowers develop into large, grey, woody seed pods called follicles.

<i>Banksia ericifolia</i> Woody shrub native to Australia

Banksia ericifolia, the heath-leaved banksia, or lantern banksia, is a species of woody shrub of the family Proteaceae native to Australia. It grows in two separate regions of Central and Northern New South Wales east of the Great Dividing Range. Well known for its orange or red autumn inflorescences, which contrast with its green fine-leaved heath-like foliage, it is a medium to large shrub that can reach 6 m (20 ft) high and wide, though is usually half that size. In exposed heathlands and coastal areas, it is more often 1–2 m (3.3–6.6 ft).

<i>Banksia petiolaris</i> Proteaceae plant of Western Australia

Banksia petiolaris is a rare species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae native to Western Australia, where it is found in sandy soils in the south coastal regions from Munglinup east to Israelite Bay. It was first described by Victorian state botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in 1864, and no subspecies are recognised. B. petiolaris is one of several closely related species that will all grow as prostrate shrubs, with horizontal stems and thick, leathery upright leaves. Those of this species can be viable for up to 13 years—the longest-lived of any flowering plant recorded. It bears yellow cylindrical flower spikes, known as inflorescences, up to 16 cm high in spring. As the spikes age, they turn grey and develop up to 20 woody seed pods, known as follicles, each.

<i>Banksia spinulosa</i> Woody shrub in the family Proteaceae, native to eastern Australia

Banksia spinulosa, the hairpin banksia, is a species of woody shrub, of the genus Banksia in the family Proteaceae, native to eastern Australia. Widely distributed, it is found as an understorey plant in open dry forest or heathland from Victoria to northern Queensland, generally on sandstone though sometimes also clay soils. It generally grows as a small shrub to 2 metres (7 ft) in height, though can be a straggly tree to 6 metres (20 ft). It has long narrow leaves with inflorescences which can vary considerably in coloration; while the spikes are gold or less commonly yellowish, the emergent styles may be a wide range of colours – from black, purple, red, orange or yellow.

<i>Banksia aemula</i> Shrub of the family Proteaceae found on the Australian east coast

Banksia aemula, commonly known as the wallum banksia, is a shrub of the family Proteaceae. Found from Bundaberg south to Sydney on the Australian east coast, it is encountered as a shrub or a tree to 8 m (26 ft) in coastal heath on deep sandy soil, known as Wallum. It has wrinkled orange bark and shiny green serrated leaves, with green-yellow flower spikes, known as inflorescences, appearing in autumn. The flower spikes turn grey as they age and large grey follicles appear. Banksia aemula resprouts from its woody base, known as a lignotuber, after bushfires.

<i>Banksia menziesii</i> Species of plant

Banksia menziesii, commonly known as firewood banksia, is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae. It is a gnarled tree up to 10 m (33 ft) tall, or a lower spreading 1–3 m (3.3–9.8 ft) shrub in the more northern parts of its range. The serrated leaves are dull green with new growth a paler grey green. The prominent autumn and winter inflorescences are often two-coloured red or pink and yellow, and their colour has given rise to more unusual common names such as port wine banksia and strawberry banksia. Yellow blooms are rarely seen.

<i>Banksia lemanniana</i> Shrub of the family Proteaceae native to Western Australia

Banksia lemanniana, the yellow lantern banksia or Lemann's banksia, is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae, native to Western Australia. It generally grows as an open woody shrub or small tree to 5 m (16 ft) high, with stiff serrated leaves and unusual hanging inflorescences. Flowering occurs over summer, the greenish buds developing into oval flower spikes before turning grey and developing the characteristic large woody follicles. It occurs within and just east of the Fitzgerald River National Park on the southern coast of the state. B. lemanniana is killed by bushfire and regenerates from seed.

<i>Banksia marginata</i> Tree or woody shrub in the family Proteaceae found throughout much of southeastern Australia

Banksia marginata, commonly known as the silver banksia, is a species of tree or woody shrub in the family Proteaceae found throughout much of southeastern Australia. It ranges from the Eyre Peninsula in South Australia to north of Armidale, New South Wales, and across Tasmania and the islands of Bass Strait. It grows in various habitats, including Eucalyptus forest, scrub, heathland and moorland. Banksia marginata varies widely in habit, ranging from a 20-centimetre (7.9 in) shrub to a 12-metre (40 ft) tree. The narrow leaves are linear and the yellow inflorescences occur from late summer to early winter. These flower spikes fade to brown and then grey and develop woody follicles bearing the winged seeds. Originally described by Antonio José Cavanilles in 1800, further collections of B. marginata were designated as several separate species by Robert Brown in 1810. However, all were reclassified as a single species by George Bentham in 1870. No distinct subspecies have been recognised by Banksia expert Alex George, who nonetheless concedes that further work is needed.

<i>Banksia media</i> Shrub native to Western Australia

Banksia media, the southern plains banksia or golden stalk banksia, is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae. An evergreen shrub, it occurs on the south coast of Western Australia between Albany and Israelite Bay, where it is a common plant. A many-branched bush with wedge-shaped serrated leaves and large golden-yellow flower spikes, known as inflorescences, it grows up to 10 metres (30 ft) high.

<i>Banksia oblongifolia</i> Species of plant

Banksia oblongifolia, commonly known as the fern-leaved, dwarf or rusty banksia, is a species in the plant genus Banksia. Found along the eastern coast of Australia from Wollongong, New South Wales in the south to Rockhampton, Queensland in the north, it generally grows in sandy soils in heath, open forest or swamp margins and wet areas. A many-stemmed shrub up to 3 m (9.8 ft) high, it has leathery serrated leaves and rusty-coloured new growth. The yellow flower spikes, known as inflorescences, most commonly appear in autumn and early winter. Up to 80 follicles, or seed pods, develop on the spikes after flowering. Banksia oblongifolia resprouts from its woody lignotuber after bushfires, and the seed pods open and release seed when burnt, the seed germinating and growing on burnt ground. Some plants grow between fires from seed shed spontaneously.

<i>Banksia paludosa</i> Shrub in the family Proteaceae native to New South Wales, Australia

Banksia paludosa, commonly known as the marsh or swamp banksia, is a species of shrub in the plant genus Banksia. It is native to New South Wales, Australia, where it is found between Sydney and Batemans Bay, with an isolated population further south around Eden. There are two recognised subspecies, the nominate of which is a spreading shrub to 1.5 m (4.9 ft) in height, and subsp. astrolux is a taller shrub to 5 m (16 ft) high found only in Nattai National Park.

<i>Banksia speciosa</i> Large shrub or small tree in the family Proteaceae found on the south coast of Western Australia

Banksia speciosa, commonly known as the showy banksia, is a species of large shrub or small tree in the family Proteaceae. It is found on the south coast of Western Australia between Hopetoun and Point Culver, growing on white or grey sand in shrubland. Reaching up to 8 m (26 ft) in height, it is a single-stemmed plant that has thin leaves with prominent triangular 'teeth' along each margin, which are 20–45 cm (7.9–17.7 in) long and 2–4 cm (0.8–1.6 in) wide. The prominent cream-yellow flower spikes known as inflorescences appear throughout the year. As they age they develop up to 20 follicles each that store seeds until opened by fire. Though widely occurring, the species is highly sensitive to dieback and large populations of plants have succumbed to the disease.

<i>Banksia sphaerocarpa</i> Shrub or tree in the family Proteaceae

Banksia sphaerocarpa, commonly known as the fox banksia or round-fruit banksia, is a species of shrub or tree in the plant genus Banksia. It is generally encountered as a 1–2 m (3.3–6.6 ft) high shrub, and is usually smaller in the north of its range. This species has narrow green leaves, and brownish, orange or yellow round flower spikes which may be seen from January to July. It is widely distributed across the southwest of Western Australia, growing exclusively in sandy soils. It is usually the dominant plant in scrubland or low woodland. It is pollinated by, and is a food source for, birds, mammals, and insects.

<i>Banksia telmatiaea</i> Australian shrub that grows in marshes and swamps

Banksia telmatiaea, commonly known as swamp fox banksia or rarely marsh banksia, is a shrub that grows in marshes and swamps along the lower west coast of Australia. It grows as an upright bush up to 2 metres tall, with narrow leaves and a pale brown flower spike, which can produce profuse quantities of nectar. First collected in the 1840s, it was not published as a separate species until 1981; as with several other similar species it was previously included in B. sphaerocarpa.

<i>Banksia sessilis</i> Species of plant of Western Australia

Banksia sessilis, commonly known as parrot bush, is a species of shrub or tree in the plant genus Banksia of the family Proteaceae. It had been known as Dryandra sessilis until 2007, when the genus Dryandra was sunk into Banksia. The Noongar peoples know the plant as budjan or butyak. Widespread throughout southwest Western Australia, it is found on sandy soils over laterite or limestone, often as an understorey plant in open forest, woodland or shrubland. Encountered as a shrub or small tree up to 6 m (20 ft) in height, it has prickly dark green leaves and dome-shaped cream-yellow flowerheads. Flowering from winter through to late spring, it provides a key source of food—both the nectar and the insects it attracts—for honeyeaters in the cooler months, and species diversity is reduced in areas where there is little or no parrot bush occurring. Several species of honeyeater, some species of native bee, and the European honey bee seek out and consume the nectar, while the long-billed black cockatoo and Australian ringneck eat the seed. The life cycle of Banksia sessilis is adapted to regular bushfires. Killed by fire and regenerating by seed afterwards, each shrub generally produces many flowerheads and a massive amount of seed. It can recolonise disturbed areas, and may grow in thickets.

<i>Isopogon anemonifolius</i> Shrub of the family Proteaceae

Isopogon anemonifolius, commonly known as broad-leaved drumsticks, is a shrub of the family Proteaceae that is native only to eastern New South Wales in Australia. It occurs naturally in woodland, open forest, and heathland on sandstone soils. I. anemonifolius usually ranges between one and two metres in height, and is generally smaller in exposed heathland. Its leaves are divided and narrow, though broader than those of the related Isopogon anethifolius, and have a purplish tinge during the cooler months. The yellow flowers appear during late spring or early summer and are displayed prominently. They are followed by round grey cones, which give the plant its common name drumsticks. The small hairy seeds are found in the old flower parts.

<i>Isopogon anethifolius</i> Shrub in the family Proteaceae

Isopogon anethifolius, commonly known as narrow-leaf drumsticks or narrow-leafed drumsticks, is a shrub in the family Proteaceae. The species is found only in coastal areas near Sydney in New South Wales, and to the immediate west. It occurs naturally in woodland, open forest and heathland on sandstone soils. An upright shrub, it can reach to 3 m (9.8 ft) in height, with terete leaves that are divided and narrow. The yellow flowers appear in the Spring, from September to December, and are prominently displayed. They are followed by round grey cones, which give the plant its common name of drumsticks. The small hairy seeds are found in the old flower parts.

<i>Telopea mongaensis</i> Species of plant in the family Proteaceae endemic to south eastern New South Wales, Australia

Telopea mongaensis, commonly known as the Monga waratah or Braidwood waratah, is a shrub or small tree in the family Proteaceae. Endemic to Australia, it grows at high altitude in south eastern New South Wales, where it is often seen in moist areas at the edge of rainforest or by streams in eucalyptus forests. Growing to 6 m (20 ft) high, it has narrow green leaves 4–18 cm (1.6–7.1 in) in length, and 0.5–2 cm (0.20–0.79 in) wide. In spring bears many red flowerheads, each made up of 28 to 65 individual flowers.

<i>Persoonia lanceolata</i> Shrub in the family Proteaceae native to New South Wales in eastern Australia

Persoonia lanceolata, commonly known as lance-leaf geebung, is a shrub native to New South Wales in eastern Australia. It reaches 3 m (10 ft) in height and has smooth grey bark and bright green foliage. Its small yellow flowers grow on racemes and appear in the austral summer and autumn, followed by green fleshy fruits which ripen the following spring. Within the genus Persoonia, P. lanceolata belongs to the lanceolata group of 58 closely related species. It interbreeds with several other species found in its range.

<i>Petrophile pulchella</i> Species of shrub of the family Proteaceae found in eastern Australia

Petrophile pulchella, commonly known as conesticks, is a common shrub of the family Proteaceae and is found in eastern Australia. The leaves are divided with needle-shaped but soft pinnae, the flowers silky-hairy, cream-coloured and arranged in oval heads and the fruit are arranged in oval heads. Conesticks grows on shallow sandstone soils, often in open forest or heathlands near the coast. It is also occasionally seen on the adjacent ranges.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Lambertia formosa". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
  2. ↑ Benson, Doug; Eldershaw, Georgina (2007). "Backdrop to Encounter: the 1770 Landscape of Botany Bay, the Plants Collected by Banks and Solander and Rehabilitation of Natural Vegetation at Kurnell" (PDF). Cunninghamia. 10 (1): 113–37. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-06-23.
  3. ↑ Diment, Judith (1984). "Catalogue of the Natural History drawings commissioned by Joseph Banks on the Endeavour Voyage 1768-1771 held in the British Museum (Natural History) Part 1: Botany: Australia". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Historical Series. 11: 1-184 [146].
  4. 1 2 3 4 Knight, Joseph; [Salisbury, Richard] (1809). On the Cultivation of the Plants Belonging to the Natural Order of Proteeae. London, United Kingdom: W. Savage. p. 109.
  5. 1 2 Andrews, Henry C. (1799). The Botanist's Repository: for New, and Rare Plants. The author. plate LXIX.
  6. ↑ McGillivray, Donald J. (1973). "Michel Gandoger's Names of Australian Plants". Contributions from the New South Wales National Herbarium. 4 (6): 319–65. ISSN   0077-8753.
  7. ↑ Harden, G.J. "Genus Lambertia". PlantNET - New South Wales Flora Online. Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust, Sydney Australia. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  8. 1 2 "Lambertia formosa". Australian Native Plants Society website. Australian Native Plants Society (Australia). Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Harden, Gwen. "New South Wales Flora Online: Lambertia formosa". Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust, Sydney, Australia. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Elliot, Rodger W.; Jones, David L.; Blake, Trevor (1993). Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation:Volume 6 - K–M. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Lothian Press. pp. 44–45. ISBN   0-85091-589-9.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Pyke, Graham H. (1982). "Fruit set in Lambertia formosa Sm. (Proteaceae)". Australian Journal of Botany. 30 (1): 39–45. doi:10.1071/BT9820039.
  12. ↑ Rowell, Raymond J. (1980). Ornamental Flowering Shrubs in Australia. Australia: AH & AW Reed Pty Ltd. pp. 151–52. ISBN   0-589-50177-1.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Benson, Doug; McDougall, Lyn (2000). "Ecology of Sydney Plant Species: Part 7b Dicotyledon Families Proteaceae to Rubiaceae" (PDF). Cunninghamia. 6 (4): 1017–1202 [1092–93]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-06-27. Retrieved 2013-02-04.
  14. ↑ Benson, Doug (1986). "The Vegetation of the Gosford and Lake Macquarie 1:100 000 Vegetation Map Sheet" (PDF). Cunninghamia. 1 (4): 467–89 [481]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-06-24.
  15. 1 2 Knox, Kirsten J. E.; Morrison, David A. (2005). "Effects of Inter-fire Intervals on the Reproductive Output of Resprouters and Obligate Seeders in the Proteaceae". Austral Ecology. 30 (4): 407–13. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2005.01482.x.
  16. ↑ Pyke, Graham H. (1983). "Relationship between Time since the Last Fire and Flowering in Telopea speciosissima R. Br. and Lambertia formosa Sm". Australian Journal of Botany. 31 (3): 293–96. doi:10.1071/BT9830293.
  17. ↑ Pyke, Graham H. (1981). "Honeyeater Foraging: A Test of Optimal Foraging Theory". Animal Behaviour. 29 (3): 878–88. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(81)80024-3. S2CID   53190900.
  18. ↑ Higgins, Peter; Peter, J. M.; Steele, W. K. (2001). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds Volume 5, Tyrant-flycatchers to Chats. Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. p. 730. ISBN   0-19-553071-3.
  19. ↑ Shearer, B. L.; Crane, C. E.; Cochrane, J. A. (2010). "Variation in Susceptibility to Phytophthora cinnamomi Infection within the Genus Lambertia". Australian Journal of Botany. 57 (7): 575–85. doi:10.1071/BT10154.
  20. 1 2 Maiden, Joseph Henry (1889). The Useful Native Plants of Australia (including Tasmania). Sydney: The Technological Museum of New South Wales, Turner and Henderson.
  21. ↑ Turbet, Peter (1989). The Aborigines of the Sydney District Before 1788. Kenthurst, New South Wales: Kangaroo Press. p. 70. ISBN   978-0-86417-222-8.
  22. ↑ Barrington, George (1802). The History of New South Wales including Botany Bay, Port Jackson, Parramatta, Sydney, and all its Dependencies, from the Original Discovery of the Island: with the Customs and Manners of the Natives; and an Account of the English Colony, from its Foundation, to the Present Time. London, United Kingdom: Printed for M. Jones. pp. 100–01.
  23. ↑ Aurousseau, M. (2010). The Letters of F.W. Ludwig Leichhardt Volume II. Farnham (Surrey), United Kingdom: Ashgate Publishing. p. 546. ISBN   978-1-4094-1500-8.
  24. ↑ "Aboriginal Trail". Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
  25. ↑ "Lambertia formosa". Collections. National Museum Australia. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
  26. ↑ "Bird of Port Jackson". First Fleet Artwork Collection. Natural History Museum.
  27. ↑ "[Lambertia formosa] [picture] / [George Raper]". The Ducie Collection of First Fleet Art. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
  28. ↑ Mitchell, Adrian (2012). Plein Airs and Graces: The Life and Times of George Collingridge. Adelaide, South Australia: Wakefield Press. p. 143. ISBN   978-1-74305-095-8.
  29. ↑ Carr, Valerie (2 August 1967). ""Devil" Dolls". Australian Women's Weekly: 7.
  30. ↑ Hurley, Frank (1936). "Treasures of Katoomba". Australian Screen. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  31. ↑ Low, John (1994). Blue Mountains. Sydney, New South Wales: Kingsclear Books. p. 92. ISBN   978-0-908272-37-2.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.