Lentinus brumalis

Last updated

Lentinus brumalis
Polyporus brumalis G3.3.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Polyporales
Family: Polyporaceae
Genus: Lentinus
Species:
L. brumalis
Binomial name
Lentinus brumalis
(Pers.) Zmitr. 2010
Synonyms
  • Boletus brumalis Pers. 1794
  • Polyporus brumalis (Pers.) Fr. 1818
  • Polyporus fuscidulus (Schrad. ex J.F. Gmel.) Fr. 1838
  • Polyporus trachypus Rostk. 1848
  • Leucoporus brumalis (Pers.) Speg. 1926
Lentinus brumalis
Information icon.svg
Pores icon.pngPores on hymenium
Offset cap icon.svg Cap is offset
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 Spore print is white
Saprotrophic fungus.svgEcology is saprotrophic
Mycomorphbox Inedible.pngEdibility is inedible

Lentinus brumalis is an inedible species of fungus in the family Polyporaceae. [1] Its common name is the winter polypore. The epithet brumalis means "occurring in the winter", describing how this species tends to fruit during winter. [2] [3] It causes white rot on dead hardwood, [4] and is distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere in temperate and boreal zones. [5]

Contents

Taxonomy

Lentinus brumalis was first described as Boletus brumalis in 1794 by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in his work "Neuer Versuch einer systematischen Eintheilung der Schwämme" (New attempt at a systematic classification of fungi). [6] It was transferred to the current genus, Lentinus in 2010 by Ivan V. Zmitrovich. [7]

Description

Macroscopic characteristics

Lentinus brumalis has a round, broadly convex cap that has a diameter of 1.5 to 10 cm (1 to 4 in) and is 0.5 cm (0.20 in) thick. It is depressed in the middle and somewhat zoned. The surface of the cap is dry, though rarely hairy. It ranges from yellow-brown to dark brown in colour. The margin of the cap is often inrolled, particularly in young specimens. [8] [9]

There are 3 mm deep pores on the white to cream underside of the cap. They are spaced 2-4 pores per mm2. [10] They have moderately wide, (0.5-)1-1.5 mm large and roundish to almost diamond-shaped pores, which run down the stem a little (decurrent) and are therefore slightly elongated. [11] They change in appearance from dull to lustrous when the orientation to light is changed. The spore print is white. [10]

The stalk is 2.5 to 4 cm (1 to 2 in) long and 2–5 mm thick. [8] It is gray to brown, occasionally with red tints and is generally lighter than the cap. [10] Its dry surface is either smooth or finely felted to slightly scaly. [12] The flesh is white and its consistency is tender to elastic. It does not have a particular taste or odour. [11]

Microscopic characteristics

The spores are elliptic to cylindrical and measure 5–7 × 1.5–2.5 μm. They are smooth inamyloid, not changing colour when mounted with iodine. [8] The basidia, club-shaped structures that bear spores, have 4 spores each and measure 16–22 × 5–6.5 μm. Cystidia, (large cells found on the fruiting bodies of some fungi) are absent. [10]

Clamp connections are found throughout all tissue. The hyphal system is dimitic, made out of two types of hyphae. The generative hyphae of the flesh is 4–10 μm wide, colourless, thin-walled and occasionally branched. The binding hyphae of flesh has a similar colour and width, though it can sometimes swell up to 13 μm wide. It is thick-walled and nonseptate. It is frequently branched and the branches taper to 1–2 μm wide. [10]

KOH does not affect the colour of any parts of this fungi (negative reaction). When stained by guiaic gum, the flesh turns blue, over a period of 6–12 hours. [12]

Mycochemistry

L. brumalis produces the black pigment melanin, [13] especially under high levels of moisture content (35%-55%) in the wood substrate. [14] Lentinus brumalis degrades lignin in wood by producing enzymes, primarily lignin peroxidase and laccase. [15]

Growth

Lentinus brumalis Polyporus brumalis G3.1.jpg
Lentinus brumalis

The stipe of Lentinus brumalis is strongly phototropic (grows towards light) before its cap forms. For example, a 12–300 second exposure to 1500 foot-candles of light can cause the stipe to curve 5–80° within 24 hours. After the cap has formed and reached a diameter of 9mm, the stipe stops growing towards the light, instead becoming strongly geotropic (growing away from gravitational pull). [16]

Ecology and distribution

It is saprotrophic on dead hardwoods, in particular, birch, beech and mountain ash, though in rare cases it grows on conifers such as hemlock and fir. In Uzbekistan, it grows on European nettle, willow and poplar trees as well. [5] It grows solitary or in small groups. [12] In North America, Lentinus brumalis is more common in the east, where it grows June through October. [4] In Northern Europe, however it fruits in late October, and March. [2]

Similar species

A potential look-alike, Lentinus strictipes, can be distinguished from L brumalis as it does not fruit until April, as well as possessing smaller, and finer pores, that are rarely larger than 0.5 mm. A closer look-alike, L.arcularius (the spring polypore), differs from Lentinus brumalis in its larger pores, which are up to 2.5 mm wide, and easily recognizable even on young fruiting bodies. [2] Neofavolus alveolaris has a paler cap, larger pores and spores and a more lateral stipe. [10] L. longiporus has significantly longer pores and grows under willows and poplars in April and May. Cerioporus leptocephalus, Cerioporus varius and Picipes melanopus all have a dark black stipe that is not found on L. brumalis. [12]

Research

Cultures of L. brumalis have been taken onto three different satellites (the Salyut-5 orbital station, the Salyut 6 orbital station and the Cosmo 690) to research the effects of weightlessness, space orientation and light on the geotropism and formation of its fruiting bodies. [17] In the absence of gravity and light, the stipe grew strongly twisted into a spiral or ball, and caps did not form, though in the presence of light, there was little anatomical difference from control samples. [18] However, on Salyut 6, with the samples in the dark, they formed no fruiting bodies. [19] [20]

L. brumalis has been studied for its potential ability to degrade dibutyl phthalate. A study in 2007 reported that dibutyl phthalate was nearly eliminated from a culture medium of L. brumalis within 12 days, potentially through transesterification and de-esterification. [21]

Uses

The fruiting body of L. brumalis is inedible, and it has no use as a dyestuff as it yields little to no colour. [22]

Related Research Articles

<i>Polyporus</i> Genus of fungi

Polyporus is a genus of poroid fungi in the family Polyporaceae.

<i>Neolentinus ponderosus</i> Species of fungus

Neolentinus ponderosus, commonly known as the giant sawgill, or ponderous lentinus, is a species of fungus in the family Gloeophyllaceae. Found in western North America, it was originally described in 1965 as a species of Lentinus by American mycologist Orson K. Miller.

<i>Cerrena unicolor</i> Species of fungus

Cerrena unicolor, commonly known as the mossy maze polypore, is a species of poroid fungus in the genus Cerrena. This saprobic fungus causes white rot.

<i>Daedaleopsis confragosa</i> Species of fungus

Daedaleopsis confragosa, commonly known as the thin walled maze polypore or the blushing bracket, is a species of polypore fungus in the family Polyporaceae. A plant pathogen, it causes a white rot of injured hardwoods, especially willows. The fruit bodies are semicircular and tough, have a concentrically zoned brownish upper surface, and measure up to 20 cm (8 in) in diameter. The whitish underside turns gray-brown as the fruit body ages, but bruises pink or red. It is found all year and is common in northern temperate woodlands of eastern North America, Europe, and Asia. The species was first described from Europe in 1791 as a form of Boletus, and has undergone several changes of genus in its taxonomic history. It acquired its current name when Joseph Schröter transferred it to Daedaleopsis in 1888.

<i>Tyromyces chioneus</i> Species of fungus

Tyromyces chioneus, commonly known as the white cheese polypore, is a species of polypore fungus. A widely distributed fungus, it has a circumpolar distribution, in temperate boreal pine forests, of Asia, Europe, and North America, causes white rot in dead hardwood trees, especially birch.

<i>Meripilus giganteus</i> Species of fungus

Meripilus giganteus is a polypore fungus in the family Meripilaceae. It causes a white rot in various types of broadleaved trees, particularly beech (Fagus), but also Abies, Picea, Pinus, Quercus and Ulmus species. This bracket fungus, commonly known as the giant polypore or black-staining polypore, is often found in large clumps at the base of trees, although fruiting bodies are sometimes found some distance away from the trunk, parasitizing the roots. M. giganteus has a circumboreal distribution in the northern Hemisphere, and is widely distributed in Europe. In the field, it is recognizable by the large, multi-capped fruiting body, as well as its pore surface that quickly darkens black when bruised or injured.

<i>Albatrellus subrubescens</i> Species of fungus in the family Albatrellaceae found in Asia, Europe and North America

Albatrellus subrubescens is a species of polypore fungus in the family Albatrellaceae. The fruit bodies (mushrooms) of the fungus have whitish to pale buff-colored caps that can reach up to 14.5 cm (5.7 in) in diameter, and stems up to 7 cm (2.8 in) long and 2 cm (0.8 in) thick. On the underside of the caps are tiny light yellow to pale greenish-yellow pores, the site of spore production. When the fruit bodies are fresh, the cap and pores stain yellow where exposed, handled, or bruised.

<i>Neofavolus alveolaris</i> Species of fungus

Neofavolus alveolaris, commonly known as the hexagonal-pored polypore, is a species of fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It causes a white rot of dead hardwoods. Found on sticks and decaying logs, its distinguishing features are its yellowish to orange scaly cap, and the hexagonal or diamond-shaped pores. It is widely distributed in North America, and also found in Asia, Australia, and Europe.

<i>Favolus</i> Genus of fungi

Favolus, or honeycomb fungus, is a genus of fungi in the family Polyporaceae. The fruit bodies of Favolus species are fleshy with radially arranged pores on the underside of the cap that are angular and deeply pitted, somewhat resembling a honeycomb.

<i>Lignosus</i> Genus of fungi

Lignosus is a genus of polypore fungi in the family Polyporaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 1920 by mycologists Curtis Gates Lloyd and Camille Torrend, with L. sacer as the type species.

<i>Pachykytospora</i> Genus of fungi

Pachykytospora is a small genus of poroid fungi in the family Polyporaceae. Species in the cosmopolitan genus cause white rot. There are about 10 species in the genus, with newest member described from European Russia in 2007. Pachykytospora species have fruit bodies that are resupinate, with light brown tubes. They are characterized by their uneven, ellipsoid spores, and the Polyporus-like skeletal-binding hyphae.

<i>Picipes badius</i> Species of fungus

Picipes badius, commonly known as the black-footed polypore or black-leg, is a species of fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It causes a white rot of hardwoods and conifers. The species is found in temperate areas of Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America. It has a dark brown or reddish-brown cap that reaches a diameter of 25 cm (9.8 in), and a stipe that is often completely black or brown at the top and black at the base.

<i>Hapalopilus rutilans</i> Species of fungus

Hapalopilus rutilans is a species of polypore fungus in the family Polyporaceae. Officially described in 1821, it was transferred to its current genus Hapalopilus six decades later. It is commonly known as the tender nesting polypore, purple dye polypore, or the cinnamon bracket. This widely distributed species is found on five continents. It grows on the fallen or standing dead wood of deciduous trees, in which it fruits singly, in groups, fused, or in overlapping clusters. Fruit bodies are in the form of kidney-shaped to semicircular, cinnamon-orange-brown brackets. The underside of the fruit body features a yellowish to brownish pore surface with tiny angular pores, from which spores are released.

<i>Pycnoporellus alboluteus</i> Species of fungus

Pycnoporellus alboluteus, commonly known as the orange sponge polypore, is a species of polypore fungus in the family Fomitopsidaceae. Distributed throughout the boreal conifer zone, the fungus is found in mountainous regions of western North America, and in Europe. It causes a brown cubical rot of conifer wood, especially spruce, but also fir and poplar. The soft, spongy orange fruit bodies grow spread out on the surface of fallen logs. Mature specimens have tooth-like or jagged pore edges. A snowbank mushroom, P. alboluteus can often be found growing on logs or stumps protruding through melting snow. Although the edibility of the fungus and its usage for human culinary purposes are unknown, several species of beetles use the fungus as a food source.

<i>Neofavolus</i> Genus of fungi

Neofavolus is a genus of four species of polypore fungi in the family Polyporaceae. All four known species of Neofavolus are known from temperate regions and unknown from the tropics. Neofavolus alveolaris, the type species, is widely distributed in the temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere, while N. cremeoalbidus and N. mikawai are known only from limited areas of eastern Asia. The most recent addition to the genus, N. suavissimus, is found in North America, Europe, and Japan.

<i>Bondarzewia berkeleyi</i> Species of fungus

Bondarzewia berkeleyi, commonly known as Berkeley's polypore, or stump blossoms, is a species of polypore fungus in the family Russulaceae. It is a parasitic species that causes butt rot in oaks and other hardwood trees. A widespread fungus, it is found in Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America.

<i>Nigroporus vinosus</i> Species of fungus

Nigroporus vinosus is a species of poroid fungus in the family Steccherinaceae, and the type species of the genus Nigroporus. Its fruit bodies have brownish caps with tinges of purple or red. The cap underside has a pore surface the same colour as the cap, and minute pores. Nigroporus vinosus has a pantropical distribution. It has been recorded from Africa, North America, Central America, South America, Asia, and Oceania. It is a wood-decay fungus that causes a white rot.

<i>Lentinus arcularius</i> Species of inedible fungus in the genus Polyporus

Lentinus arcularius, also known as the spring polypore, is a species of fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It has been found on all continents, but has primarily been documented in the United States, Austria, Mexico, Australia, and Japan. It was first documented in 1783 by German naturalist August Batsch under the name Boletus arcularius. It was later renamed to Polyporus arcularius in 1821 by Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries before being recently (2010) transferred to the genus Lentinus.

<i>Loweomyces fractipes</i> Species of fungus

Loweomyces fractipes is a species of poroid fungus in the family Steccherinaceae, and the type species of the genus Loweomyces. It is a widely distributed species, found in North America, Europe, Central America, South America, and Korea.

<i>Tyromyces pulcherrimus</i> Species of fungus

Tyromyces pulcherrimus, commonly known as the strawberry bracket, is a species of poroid fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It is readily recognisable by its reddish fruit bodies with pores on the cap underside. The fungus is found natively in Australia and New Zealand, where it causes a white rot in living and dead logs of southern beech and eucalyptus. In southern Brazil, it is an introduced species that is associated with imported eucalypts.

References

  1. ↑ "Lentinus brumalis in Mycobank".
  2. 1 2 3 Jahn, Hermann (1963). Mitteleuropäische Porlinge (Polyporaceae s. lato) und ihr Vorkommen in Westfalen [Central European polypore (Polyporaceae s. lato) and their occurrence in Westphalia] (in German) (4 ed.). pp. 30–31.
  3. ↑ Polypores and Similar Fungi of Eastern and Central North America. University of Texas Press. 2021. p. 215. doi:10.7560/322727. ISBN   978-1-4773-2273-4.
  4. 1 2 Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America . Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p.  300. ISBN   978-1-55407-651-2.
  5. 1 2 Khojimatov, Olim K.; Gafforov, Yusufjon; Bussmann, Rainer W., eds. (2023). "Ethnobiology of Uzbekistan". Ethnobiology: 1257. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-23031-8. ISBN   978-3-031-23030-1. ISSN   2365-7553.
  6. ↑ Persoon, C. H. (1794). "Neuer Versuch einer systematischen Eintheilung der Schwämme" [New attempt at a systematic classification of fungi]. Neues Magazin für die Botanik in ihrem ganzen Umfange (in German). 1: 107 – via Hathitrust Digital Library.
  7. ↑ Zmitrovich, Ivan V. (2010). "The Taxonomical and Nomenclatural Characteristics of Medicinal Mushrooms in Some Genera of Polyporaceae". International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms. 12 (1): 87–89. doi:10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v12.i1.80. ISSN   1521-9437.
  8. 1 2 3 "Polyporus brumalis (MushroomExpert.Com)". www.mushroomexpert.com. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
  9. ↑ McKnight, Karl B.; Rohrer, Joseph R.; McKnight Ward, Kirsten; McKnight, Kent H. (2021). Peterson Filed Guide to Mushrooms (2nd ed.). Harper Collins. p. 276. ISBN   9780544236110.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gibson, Ian. Beug, Michael (ed.). "E-Flora BC Atlas Page". linnet.geog.ubc.ca. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  11. 1 2 Gminder, Andreas; Karasch, Peter (2023). Das Kosmos Handbuch Pilze[The Kosmos Mushroom Handbook] (in German). Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Company KG. p. 508.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Labbé, Robert (March 2023). "Lentinus brumalis / Winter polypore". MycoQuebec. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  13. ↑ Sridhar, KR; Deshmukh, Sunil Kumar (2021). "Colourful Macrofungi and their Pigment Structures". Advances in Macrofungi; Industrial Avenues and Prospects. CRC Press. ISBN   9781000460124.
  14. ↑ Tudor, Daniela (14 January 2014). Fungal Pigment Formation in Wood Substrate (PhD thesis). University of Toronto. p. 150.
  15. ↑ Satyanarayana, Tulasi (2005). Microbial Diversity; Current Perspectives and Potential Applications. I.K. International. p. 822. ISBN   9788188237432.
  16. ↑ Giese, Arthur C. (2013). Photophysiology: Current Topics. Elsevier Science. p. 71. ISBN   9781483262284.
  17. ↑ Vaulina, E. N.; Palmbakh, L. R.; Antipov, V. V.; Anikeeva, I. D.; Kostina, L. N.; Zharikova, G. G.; Kasatkina, T. B. (1979). "Biological investigations on the orbital station "Salyut-5"". Life Sciences and Space Research. 17: 241–246. ISSN   0075-9422. PMID   12008713.
  18. ↑ Kasatkina, T. B.; Zharikova, G. G.; Rubin, A. B.; Palmbakh, L. R.; Vaulina, E. N.; Mashinsky, A. L. (1 January 1980), Holmquist, R. (ed.), "Development of Higher Fungi Under Weightlessness", Life Sciences and Space Research, 18, Pergamon: 205–211, doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-024436-5.50028-7, ISBN   978-0-08-024436-5, PMID   11971286 , retrieved 25 February 2024
  19. ↑ Zharikova, G. G.; Rubin, A. B.; Nemchinov, A. V. (1977). "Effects of weightlessness, space orientation and light on geotropism and the formation of fruit bodies in higher fungi". Life Sciences and Space Research. 15: 291–294. ISSN   0075-9422. PMID   11962503.
  20. ↑ Moore, David (January 1991). "Perception and response to gravity in higher fungi – a critical appraisal". New Phytologist. 117 (1): 3–23. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1991.tb00940.x. ISSN   0028-646X. PMID   11541309.
  21. ↑ Lee, Soo-Min; Lee, Jae-Won; Koo, Bon-Wook; Kim, Myung-Kil; Choi, Don-Ha; Choi, In-Gyu (15 August 2007). "Dibutyl phthalate biodegradation by the white rot fungus, Polyporus brumalis". Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 97 (6): 1516–1522. doi:10.1002/bit.21333. ISSN   0006-3592. PMID   17221890.
  22. ↑ Bessette, Arleen R.; Bessette, Alan E. (2001). The Rainbow Beneath My Feet; A Mushroom Dyer's Field Guide. Syracuse University Press. p. 164. ISBN   9780815606802.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.