| Leucoagaricus meleagris | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Agaricaceae |
| Genus: | Leucoagaricus |
| Species: | L. meleagris |
| Binomial name | |
| Leucoagaricus meleagris | |
| Synonyms | |
Agaricus meleagris Sowerby (1799) Contents | |
Leucoagaricus meleagris is a species of fungus in the family Agaricaceae. [1] [2]
It was first described in 1799 by the British mycologist James Sowerby who classified it as Agaricus meleagris and illustrated it in volume II of 'Coloured Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms'. [3] Sowerby stated that the specimens were found in a hot-bed by Lady Arden on May 24 1798. [4]
In 1821, the species was reclassified as Gymnopus meleagris by the British mycologist Samuel Frederick Gray and the common name Turkey-fowl naked-foot was suggested. [5]
In 1887, it was reclassified as Lepiota meleagris by the Italian mycologist Pier Andrea Saccardo. [6]
In 1891, it was included in the German botanist Otto Kunze's exhaustive list of reclassifications as Mastocephalus biornatus, [7] however Kunze's Mastocephalus genus, along with most of 'Revisio generum plantarum' was not widely accepted by the scientific community of the age and so this classification was not accepted and nothing remains in this genus.
In 1936, it was reclassified as Hiatula meleagris by the German mycologist Rolf Singer [8] and then as Leucocoprinus meleagris by Marcel Locquin in 1945. [9] In 1949 Singer reclassified it as Leucoagaricus meleagris. [10]
Included in the taxonomy of this species by some sources [1] is that of a Cenococcum species which was suspected to be an asexual morph of this species. However there are issues with these classifications and it is not clear if this species actually produces sclerotia although some Leucoagaricus and Leucocoprinus species do.
In 1829, the Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries described the novel species Cenococcum xylophilum which he described as being similar to Cenococcum geophilum in appearing like small black vetch seeds that are found beneath the soil. The exterior of C. xylophilum was noted as differing in the pale purple floccose (woolly) coating and the white-floury interior. [11]
This was reclassified as Coccobotrys xylophilus in 1900 by the French mycologists Jean Louis Émile Boudier and Narcisse Théophile Patouillard who described the species as having ochre-yellow mycelium producing numerous round, 1-2mm wide structures with a hard outer surface of the same colour as the mycelium. When dissected there is a black layer beneath the exterior and then a red layer of a similar thickness beneath that, finally with a pale ochre centre that may tinge red or become whitish when dry. In this interior section are the sclerotic cells along with short hyphae similar to those surrounding the exterior. The species was found growing amongst tanbark in a hothouse in Angers, France that was growing palm trees. [12]
In 1900, Charles van Bambeke classified Coccobotrys xylophilus as the mycelium and asexual morph of Lepiota meleagris. [13] However the description of Coccobotrys xylophilus given by Boudier and Patouillard appears to significantly differ from that of Fries' Cenococcum xylophilum in colouration. Else Vellinga suggested that the material examined by Boudier and Patouillard and then later Bambeke was not the same as the original collection of Cenococcum xylophilum and so this reclassification had to be rejected. Coccobotrys chilensis however was reclassified as Leucoagaricus chilensis. [14]
The description of the sclerotia given by Boudier and Patouillard may be similar to that of the sclerotia of Leucocoprinus birnbaumii.
Leucoagaricus meleagris is a small dapperling mushrooms with white flesh in the cap and brown flesh in the stem. [15]
Cap: 2-4.5cm wide, starting hemispherical before expanding to campanulate (bell shaped) then plano-convex with a broad umbo. The surface background is white and covered with brownish-red coarse fibrils and scales. The surface discolours to a dirty red with age or when bruised. This can occur just from handling it. Stem: 6-8cm long with a clavate taper up from the slightly wider base. The surface is white with a fibrillose coating and also discolours brownish-red when old or bruised. The white, ascending stem ring has reddish scales on the underside and is located towards the top of the stem (superior) but it may disappear. Gills: Free, crowded and white but discolouring like the rest of the mushroom so may be yellowish or brownish with age. Spore print: White. Spores: Ellipsoid with a somewhat thick wall and tiny germ pore. Smooth. Hyaline. Dextrinoid. 8-11 x 6-8 μm. Basidia: Four spored. Taste: Slightly farinaceous (floury). Smell: Indistinct. [15] [16]
Leucoagaricus meleagris | |
|---|---|
 | Gills on hymenium |
  | Cap is campanulate or convex |
 | Hymenium is free |
 | Stipe has a ring |
 | Spore print is white |
 | Ecology is saprotrophic |
 | Edibility is unknown |
Leucoagaricus meleagris grows in small groups and tufts in the Autumn. It is reported as being widespread but rarely recorded in the United Kingdom. [15] In the early taxonomy of this species the observations are from greenhouses and amongst bark beds in hothouses so it may be more common in these warm environments. It has also been documented more recently from woodchips in England [17] and Skåne, Sweden [18] as well as in greenhouses in Warsaw, Poland. [16] Observations of it appear to be uncommon in Europe with the most common locations for purported observations being the East Coast of the United States. [19]
Leucocoprinus birnbaumii, commonly known as the flower pot parasol, yellow parasol, flowerpot parasol, or plantpot dapperling, is a species of gilled mushroom in the family Agaricaceae. It is common in the tropics and subtropics. However, in temperate regions, it frequently occurs in greenhouses and flowerpots, hence its common names of flowerpot parasol and plantpot dapperling. It is considered to be toxic if consumed.
Leucocoprinus cepistipes, is a species of fungus in the family Agaricaceae. It is typically found on wood debris, such as wood chips but may also grow in potted plants or greenhouses. Typical characteristics include a fine-scaled bell-shaped cap, a partial veil, and a tendency to bruise a yellow to brown when handled.
Leucoagaricus is a genus of mushroom-forming fungi in the family Agaricaceae. As of March 2023 there are over 200 accepted species of Leucoagaricus with ongoing research into the genus adding several more each year. Leucocoprinus is a similar genus and considered by some sources to be indistinct from Leucoagaricus based on genetic data that demonstrates they are monophyletic. Species are separated into these genera based on macroscopic features such as cap striations in Leucocoprinus or the more persistent basidiocarps (mushrooms) of Leucoagaricus as well as microscopic features such as the lack of a germ pore in Leucoagaricus species. As a result of the similarities and disagreement on taxonomy, many of the species within these genera have formerly been classified in the other and may still be known by previous classifications. For instance the species Leucoagaricus gongylophorus is cultivated by fungus-growing ants but was formerly known as Leucocoprinus gongylophorus whilst other species cultivated by the lesser attine ants are still classified as undescribed Leucocoprinus species.
Leucocoprinus fragilissimus, commonly known as the fragile dapperling, is a species of gilled mushroom in the family Agaricaceae.
Leucocoprinus cretaceus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae. It is likely tropical in origin although it was first documented in Europe where it was often found growing in greenhouses and bark beds. However many early observations conflate this species with Leucocoprinus birnbaumii or Leucocoprinus cepistipes despite sharing only some superficial similarities. This fungus is quite versatile even for a saprotroph and is often found growing in clusters on woodchips, sawdust and compost heaps as well as directly from the ground or on trees. It may also appear in plant pots and greenhouses in colder countries in which it is not well equipped to survive outside.
Leucoagaricus badhamii is a species of fungus in the family Agaricaceae and genus Leucoagaricus. The flesh of this mushroom turns blood red when cut or bruised, hence its common name of blushing dapperling. These damaged areas may eventually turn brown or black and likewise the mushroom may discolour brown or black with age. All parts of the flesh display red staining aiding in identification.
Leucocoprinus ianthinus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae. Like several other Leucocoprinus species it may have originated in a tropical climate but now finds a home in plant pots, greenhouses and compost piles in many countries. It is not seen in plant pots with the same kind of regularity as the well known Leucocoprinus birnbaumii and not seen in the wild as frequently as Leucocoprinus brebissonii.
Leucocoprinus cygneus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae.
Leucocoprinus medioflavus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae.
Leucocoprinus brunnescens is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae.
Leucocoprinus biornatus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae.
Leucocoprinus holospilotus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae.
Leucocoprinus citrinellus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae.
Macrolepiota zeyheri is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae. In the Kilendu dialect it is known as djilo and in the Kilur dialect it is called n'volo mighom.
Leucocoprinus tenellus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae.
Leucocoprinus magnusianus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae.
Leucocoprinus truncatus is a species of mushroom-producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae.
Leucocoprinus fibrillosus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae.
Leucocoprinus russoceps is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae.
Leucocoprinus bulbipes is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae.
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