Limacina

Last updated

Limacina
LimacinaHelicinaNOAA.jpg
Limacina helicina
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Heterobranchia
Clade: Euopisthobranchia
Order: Pteropoda
Family: Limacinidae
Genus: Limacina
Bosc, 1817 [1]
Type species
Clio helicina
Phipps, 1774
Species

See text

Synonyms [2]
  • HeterofususFleming, 1823
  • Limacina (Limacina)Bosc, 1817 · accepted, alternate representation
  • LorniaMarwick, 1926
  • Muntheavan der Spoel, 1967 (unavailable name: no type species designated)
  • ScaeaPhilippi, 1844
  • SpiratellaBlainville, 1817(Objective synonym of Limacina)
  • SpirialisEydoux & Souleyet, 1840

Limacina is a genus of swimming predatory sea snails commonly known as sea butterflies in the family Limacinidae. This genus contains some of the world's most abundant gastropod species. [2] [3]

Contents

Etymological meaning of the generic name Limacina is "snail-like". [4]

As pelagic marine gastropods, Limacina swim by flapping their parapodia, inspiring the common name sea butterflies.

Sea butterflies are part of the clade Thecosomata. Sea angels, similar to Limacina, are in the order Gymnosomata. Both of these orders are still referred to as "pteropods". Sea butterflies of the order Thecosomata have a shell, while sea angels in the order Gymnosomata do not.

Shell description

The shells of Limacina are well developed, sinistrally coiled, turret-like, and include an operculum. Shell size and thickness vary within the genus. At high latitudes, the diameter of the shell does not exceed 15 mm. At lower latitudes, the diameter varies from 1 to 3 mm.

Description of the soft parts

Two large winglike parapodia, derived from foot tissue, propel these invertebrates through the water column to overcome negative buoyancy due to the animal's shell. As diel vertical migrators, Limacina inhabit deeper waters during the day and travel to the surface at night to feed.

Life habits

Feeding habits of Limacina are characterized by actively feeding on planktonic organisms such as bacteria, small crustaceans, gastropod larvae, dinoflagellates and diatoms. These prey items become entangled in a mucosal web (up to 5 cm wide) excreted by the animal that is, in turn, eaten along with the prey items. This net also provides positive buoyancy. Ciliated posterior footlobes and lateral footlobes move food collected by the mucosal web into the mouth.

Large aggregations of Limacina migrating to the surface of the water attract predators such as Clione (family Clionidae, suborder Gymnosomata), baleen whales, various species of salmonids, herring, [5] and seabirds.

Species

Species within the genus Limacina include:

Species brought into synonymy

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sea butterfly</span> Suborder of molluscs

Sea butterflies, scientific name Thecosomata, are a taxonomic suborder of small pelagic swimming sea snails. They are holoplanktonic opisthobranch gastropod mollusks. Most Thecosomata have some form of calcified shell, although it is often very light and / or transparent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sea angel</span> Clade of gastropods

Sea angels are a large group of small free-swimming sea slugs, not to be confused with Cnidarians, classified into six different families. They are pelagic opisthobranchs in the clade Gymnosomata within the larger mollusc clade Heterobranchia. Sea angels were previously referred to as a type of pteropod.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Limacinidae</span> Family of gastropods

The Limacinidae are a family of small sea snails, pteropods, pelagic marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Thecosomata.

The Notobranchaeidae, or "naked sea butterflies", are a taxonomic family of floating sea slugs, specifically under the subclass Opistobranchia, also called "sea angels".

Paedoclione doliiformis is a species of sea angel, a small floating sea slug, a pelagic marine gastropod mollusk in the family Clionidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pteropoda</span> Order of molluscs

Pteropoda are specialized free-swimming pelagic sea snails and sea slugs, marine opisthobranch gastropods. Most live in the top 10 m of the ocean and are less than 1 cm long. The monophyly of Pteropoda is the subject of a lengthy debate; they have even been considered as paraphyletic with respect to cephalopods. Current consensus, guided by molecular studies, leans towards interpreting the group as monophyletic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atlantidae</span> Family of gastropods

Atlantidae is a family of sea snails, holoplanktonic gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha.

<i>Atlanta</i> (gastropod) Genus of gastropods

Atlanta is a genus of pelagic marine gastropod molluscs in the family Atlantidae. They are sometimes called heteropods.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pterotracheoidea</span> Superfamily of molluscs

The Pterotracheoidea is, according to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda, a taxonomic superfamily of sea snails or sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha. They are commonly called heteropods or sea elephants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cavoliniidae</span> Family of gastropods

The family Cavoliniidae is a taxonomic group of small floating sea snails, pelagic marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks.

Clione limacina, known as the naked sea butterfly, sea angel, and common clione, is a sea angel found from the surface to greater than 500 m (1,600 ft) depth. It lives in the Arctic Ocean and cold regions of the North Atlantic Ocean. It was first described by Friderich Martens in 1676 and became the first gymnosomatous "pteropod" to be described.

<i>Atlanta lesueurii</i> Species of gastropod

Atlanta lesueurii is a species of sea snail, a holoplanktonic marine gastropod mollusk in the family Atlantidae.

<i>Protatlanta souleyeti</i> Species of gastropod

Protatlanta souleyeti is a species of sea snail, a holoplanktonic marine gastropod mollusk in the family Atlantidae.

<i>Protatlanta</i> Genus of gastropods

Atlanta is a genus of pelagic marine gastropod molluscs in the family Atlantidae.

<i>Protatlanta rotundata</i> Extinct species of gastropod

Protatlanta rotundata is an extinct species of sea snail, a holoplanktonic marine gastropod mollusk in the family Atlantidae.

<i>Limacina helicina</i> Species of gastropod

Limacina helicina is a species of small swimming planktonic sea snail in the family Limacinidae, which belong to the group commonly known as sea butterflies (Thecosomata).

<i>Limacina rangii</i> Species of gastropod

Limacina rangii is a species of swimming sea snail in the family Limacinidae, which belong to the group commonly known as sea butterflies (Thecosomata).

Clione antarctica is a species of "sea angel", a sea slug, a pelagic marine gastropod mollusk in the family Clionidae, the "sea angels".

Limacina retroversa is a distinct species of swimming planktonic gastropods, belonging to a group of predatory sea snails known as sea butterflies (Thecosomata). The name Limacina retroversa describes the unique morphology of this sea snail, including its slug-like body and coiled, backwards-turning shell. They are typically found in the epipelagic zone of cold, polar waters, but can be found worldwide, in any ocean. L. retroversa are currently under threat, as their numbers are decreasing due to rising global carbon levels and other human-caused climate threats.

References

  1. Bosc L. A. G. (1817). "Cléodore". Nouveau Dictionnaire d’Histoire naturelle7: 188.
  2. 1 2 Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2012). Limacina. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138122 on 2012-07-18
  3. Lalli, Carol M.; Gilmer, Ronald W. (1989). Pelagic Snails: The Biology of Holoplanktonic Gastropod Mollusks. ISBN   9780804714907.
  4. Woodward S. P. (1854). A manual of the Mollusca; or, A rudimentary treatise of recent and fossil shells. 2: 207. London.
  5. Quarterly research reports for Auke Bay Lab, July-Sept 2005 - page 1
  6. 1 2 Janssen A. W. (2007). "Holoplanktonic Mollusca (Gastropoda: Pterotracheoidea, Janthinoidea, Thecosomata and Gymnosomata) from the Pliocene of Pangasinan (Luzon, Philippines)". Scripta Geologica 137 http://www.scriptageologica.nl/07/nr135/a02 Archived 2011-07-24 at the Wayback Machine
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Cahuzac B. & Janssen A. W. (2010). "Eocene to Miocene holoplanktonic Mollusca (Gastropoda) of the Aquitaine Basin, southwest France". Scripta Geologica 141: http://www.scriptageologica.nl/10/nr141/a01 Archived 2012-03-15 at the Wayback Machine
  8. 1 2 3 4 Janssen A. W. (2010). "Pteropods (Mollusca, Euthecosomata) from the Early Eocene of Rotterdam (The Netherlands)". Scripta Geologica 07 http://www.scriptageologica.nl/10/nr007/a09 Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
  9. WoRMS (2010). Limacina antarctica Woodward, 1854. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=509607 on 2011-01-29