Lipoptena cervi

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Lipoptena cervi
Lipoptena cervi 1.jpg
Lipoptena cervi, with wings
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Family: Hippoboscidae
Subfamily: Lipopteninae
Genus: Lipoptena
Species:
L. cervi
Binomial name
Lipoptena cervi
Synonyms

Lipoptena cervi, the deer ked or deer fly, is a species of biting fly in the family of louse flies, Hippoboscidae. These flies are commonly encountered in temperate areas of Europe, Siberia, and northern China. They have been introduced to North America. [12] They are parasites of elk, deer, and other deer family members, burrowing through the fur and sucking the blood of the host animals. Adults are only 5–7 mm (0.20–0.28 in) in length and brownish in colour. Their bodies are flat and elastic, making their removal difficult. L. cervi is a poor flier and can only fly for short distances. Once the insect reaches its target, it sheds its wings and starts burrowing through the fur.

Contents

Bite

Lipoptena cervi without wings. LipoptenaCervi.jpg
Lipoptena cervi without wings.

Although their life cycle depends on deer, they may on rare occasions bite humans, producing responses ranging from unnoticeable to highly allergic. Initially, the bite may be barely noticeable and leaves little or no trace. Within 3 days, the site may develop into a hard, reddened welt. The accompanying itch is intense and typically lasts 14 to 20 days. Occasionally, an itch papule may persist for up to a year. [13] The main annoyance in humans is the inconvenience and unpleasantness of removing keds from hair and clothes.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum , a Gram-negative, obligately intracellular bacterium that causes anaplasmosis, has been detected in L. cervi, as has Borrelia burgdorferi , the causative agent of Lyme disease, [14] but whether the insect can serve as a vector is as yet unknown.

Horses can develop colic after a bite. [15] Dogs that are bitten may develop a moderate to severe dermatitis. [15] And L. cervi can attain Bartonella schoenbuchensis from biting deer. [13] Much, however, remains unknown about the ked's potential to pose a medical or veterinary threat.

Remains of L. cervi have been found on Ötzi, the Stone Age mummy from the Schnalstal glacier in South Tyrol. [16]

Life history

Both males and females of L. cervi consume blood from their hosts. Feeding lasts 15 to 25 minutes. [13] The female produces one larva at a time and retains the developing larva in her body until it is ready to pupate. The larva feeds on the secretions of a "milk gland" in the uterus of its mother. The female gives birth to a fully mature white prepupa. She may produce larvae for as long as 10 months. A newborn prepupa immediately darkens, forms the puparium, and begins to pupate on the forest floor, or where the deer are bedded. After pupation, the winged adult emerges and flies in search of a host. Upon finding a host, the adult fly breaks off its wings and it is permanently associated with its host. [17]

Distribution

This species is found in most of Europe (including Great Britain and Ireland), as well as Algeria, eastern Siberia, and northern China. It was introduced to and is established in the Eastern United States (New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Idaho, and New York). [18] It also spread to Finland from Russia in the early 1960s, where it primarily feeds on moose, though it is spreading to reindeer. [17] [19] [20]

Hosts

Red deer, elk (moose), roe deer, fallow deer, and Siberian musk deer are this fly's native host. In the United States, it has acquired hosts such as Canadian deer, white-tailed deer, and reindeer. [17] [18] There are stray records of bites on humans, dogs [21] and badger, and it will occasionally commit to the wrong host. [20]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fly</span> Order of insects

Flies are insects of the order Diptera, the name being derived from the Greek δι- di- "two", and πτερόν pteron "wing". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwings having evolved into advanced mechanosensory organs known as halteres, which act as high-speed sensors of rotational movement and allow dipterans to perform advanced aerobatics. Diptera is a large order containing an estimated 1,000,000 species including horse-flies, crane flies, hoverflies, mosquitoes and others, although only about 125,000 species have been described.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hippoboscoidea</span> Superfamily of flies

Hippoboscoidea is a superfamily of the Calyptratae. The flies in this superfamily are blood-feeding obligate parasites of their hosts. Four families are often placed here:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tabanidae</span> Family of insects

Horse-flies and deer flies are true flies in the family Tabanidae in the insect order Diptera. The adults are often large and agile in flight. Only female horseflies bite land vertebrates, including humans, to obtain blood. They prefer to fly in sunlight, avoiding dark and shady areas, and are inactive at night. They are found all over the world except for some islands and the polar regions. Both horse-flies and botflies (Oestridae) are sometimes referred to as gadflies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black fly</span> Family of insects

A black fly or blackfly is any member of the family Simuliidae of the Culicomorpha infraorder. It is related to the Ceratopogonidae, Chironomidae, and Thaumaleidae. Over 2,200 species of black flies have been formally named, of which 15 are extinct. They are divided into two subfamilies: Parasimuliinae contains only one genus and four species; Simuliinae contains all the rest. Over 1,800 of the species belong to the genus Simulium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hippoboscidae</span> Family of insects (louse flies/keds)

Hippoboscidae, the louse flies or keds, are obligate parasites of mammals and birds. In this family, the winged species can fly at least reasonably well, though others with vestigial or no wings are flightless and highly apomorphic. As usual in their superfamily Hippoboscoidea, most of the larval development takes place within the mother's body, and pupation occurs almost immediately.

<i>Lipoptena</i> Genus of flies

Lipoptena is a genus of flies in the family Hippoboscidae, known as louse flies or keds

<i>Crataerina pallida</i> Species of fly

Crataerina pallida, the swift lousefly, is a species of biting fly in the family of louse flies Hippoboscidae. These flies are commonly encountered in the nests of the common swift in Europe and Asia.

Hippoboscinae is a subfamily of the fly family Hippoboscidae. All are parasitic, and unlike some other members of the Hippoboscidae, all Hippoboscinae are winged species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lipopteninae</span> Subfamily of flies

Lipopteninae is a subfamily of the fly family Hippoboscidae. All are parasitic.

Lipoptena mazamae, the Neotropical deer ked, is a fly from the family Hippoboscidae. They are blood-feeding parasites of the white-tailed deer - Odocoileus virginianus in the southeastern United States and Central America, the red brocket deer - Mazama americana in Mexico to northern Argentina, and also an incidental parasite of domestic cattle, Cougars - Puma concolor, and man.

<i>Lipoptena depressa</i> Species of insect

Lipoptena depressa, or the Western American deer ked, is species of fly in the family Hippoboscidae. The flies are blood-feeding ectoparasites of mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus and white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus. They are found in the western United States and Canada.

Neolipoptena ferrisi, or the Pacific deer ked, is a species of fly from the family Hippoboscidae. They are blood-feeding parasites of the mule deer - Odocoileus hemionus, the white-tailed deer - Odocoileus virginianus & The Pronghorn - Antilocapra americana. They are found from British Columbia, Canada, to Baja California, Mexico. and Australia.

Neolipoptena is a genus of flies in the family Hippoboscidae.

Hippobosca equina, also known as the forest fly or New Forest fly, is a biting fly from the family Hippoboscidae. They are blood-feeding ectoparasites of primarily horses and other large mammals including cattle. It is a permanently fully winged fly, not shedding its wings on finding its host, as in some other Hippoboscidae. With its wings retained, it may thus fly away from its host to deposit its larvae. They are good fliers.

<i>Hippobosca</i> Genus of flies

Hippobosca is a genus of flies in the family Hippoboscidae. There are seven known species. There are numerous synonyms.

<i>Melophagus ovinus</i> Species of fly

Melophagus ovinus, or the sheep ked, is a brown, hairy fly that resembles a tick. This wingless fly is about 4 to 6 mm long and has a small head; it is a fly from the family Hippoboscidae. They are blood-feeding parasites of sheep. The sheep ked feeds on the blood of its host by inserting its sharp mouthparts into capillaries beneath the skin. The legs of the sheep ked are very strong and tipped with claws. Sheep keds live their whole lives in the wool of sheep. They are most commonly found on the neck, shoulders, and underbelly of the host animal. Although they are often referred to as the “sheep tick”, sheep keds spend their entire lifecycle on their hosts, which is distinguishable from the characteristics of a true tick. Additionally, sheep keds have six legs, whereas true ticks have eight legs.

Hippobosca longipennis, the dog fly, louse fly, or blind fly, is a blood-feeding parasite mostly infesting carnivores. The species name "longipennis" means "long wings". Its bites can be painful and result in skin irritation, it is an intermediate host for the canine and hyaenid filarial parasite Dipetalonema dracunculoides, "and it may also be a biological or mechanical vector for other pathogens".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parasitic flies of domestic animals</span> Overview of parasite-transmitting flies

Many species of flies of the two-winged type, Order Diptera, such as mosquitoes, horse-flies, blow-flies and warble-flies, cause direct parasitic disease to domestic animals, and transmit organisms that cause diseases. These infestations and infections cause distress to companion animals, and in livestock industry the financial costs of these diseases are high. These problems occur wherever domestic animals are reared. This article provides an overview of parasitic flies from a veterinary perspective, with emphasis on the disease-causing relationships between these flies and their host animals. The article is organized following the taxonomic hierarchy of these flies in the phylum Arthropoda, order Insecta. Families and genera of dipteran flies are emphasized rather than many individual species. Disease caused by the feeding activity of the flies is described here under parasitic disease. Disease caused by small pathogenic organisms that pass from the flies to domestic animals is described here under transmitted organisms; prominent examples are provided from the many species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Deer fly</span> Subfamily of flies

Chrysopsinae is an insect subfamily in the family Tabanidae commonly known as deer flies or sheep flies and are bloodsucking insects considered pests to humans and cattle. They are large flies with large brightly-coloured compound eyes, and large clear wings with dark bands. They are larger than the common housefly and smaller than the horse-fly.

Lipoptena grahami is a species of fly in the family Hippoboscidae.

References

  1. 1 2 Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema naturae... Ed. 10, Vol. 1. Holmiae [= Stockholm]: L. Salvii. pp. 824 pp. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
  2. ↑ Curtis, J. (1824). British entomology. Vol. 1. London: Privately published. pp. 11–14.
  3. ↑ Olivier, G.A. (1792). Insectes [(i.e., Arthropoda) Pt. 5]. Vol. 7, pp. 1-368 (=livr. 54) [1793.05.13]. In Société de Gens de Lettres, de Savants et d'Artistes Encyclopedie methodique. Paris: Histoire naturelle.
  4. ↑ Nitzsch, C.L. (1818). "Die Familien und Gattungen der Thierinsekten (Insecta epizoica) als Prodromus einer Naturgeschichte derselben" (PDF). Mag. Ent. (Germar). 3: 261–316. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  5. ↑ Pallas, P.S. (1779). "Moschi historia naturalis". Spicilegia Zoologica, Berolini [=Berlin]. 2 (13): 1–28.
  6. ↑ Schnabl, J. (1881). "Lipoptena cervi, var. alcis [female sex symbol]". Deutsch. Ent. Z. 26: 12.
  7. ↑ Coquillett, D.W. (1907). "Notes and descriptions of Hippoboscidae and Streblidae". Entomological News. 18: 290–292. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
  8. ↑ Wiedemann, Christian Rudolph Wilhelm (1830). Aussereuropäische Zweiflügelige Insekten. Vol. 2. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  9. 1 2 Olfers, I.F.M. von (1816). De vegetativis et animatis corporibus in corporibus animatis reperiundis commentarius. Pars I. Berolini [=Berlin]: Maureriana. pp. vi + 112 + [1] pp., 1 pl.
  10. ↑ Meigen, J. W. (1830). Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten. (Volume 6) (PDF) (in German). Schulz-Wundermann. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-09.
  11. ↑ Roser, K.L.F. von (1840). "Erster Nachtrag zu dem im Jahre 1834 bekannt gemachten Verzeichnisse in Wurttemberg vorkommender zweiflugliger Insekten". Correspondenzbl. K. Wurttemb. Landw. Ver., Stuttgart. 37 [=N.S. 17] (1): 49–64.
  12. ↑ Fact Sheets. Deer Keds. Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved 2015-09-26.
  13. 1 2 3 Christoph Dehio; Ursula Sauder; and Rosemarie Hiestand (2004). "Isolation of Bartonella schoenbuchensis from Lipoptena cervi, a Blood-Sucking Arthropod Causing Deer Ked Dermatitis". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 42 (11). US: American Society for Microbiology: 5320–5323. doi:10.1128/JCM.42.11.5320-5323.2004. ISSN   0095-1137. PMC   525279 . PMID   15528732.
  14. ↑ Buss B, Kearnery C.B., Coleman, C., Henning, J.D. (December 2016). "Detection of Lyme disease and anaplasmosis pathogens via PCR in Pennsylvania deer ked." Journal of Vector Ecology 41 (2): 292-294.
  15. 1 2 Jonas Malmsten in Sauli Härkönen, ed. (2007). The Scandinavian deer ked situation from a veterinary medical perspective. 1st Nordic Workshop on Biology, Applied Importance and Current Research on the Deer Ked, Workshop Schedule and Abstracts. Finland: Finnish Forest Research Institute. p. 22.
  16. ↑ Gothe R, Schöl H (1996). "Stone age deerfly (Lipoptena cervi) found with a mummy in a glacier". Tierärztliche Praxis (in German). 24 (6): 549–551. PMID   9139418.
  17. 1 2 3 Arja Kaitala; Sauli Härkönen; Sauli Laaksonen; Pekka Niemelä; Petteri Nieminen; Hannu Ylönen (2007). Sauli Härkönen (ed.). Deer Ked Project – a broadly-based interdisciplinary research project in Finland. 1st Nordic Workshop on Biology, Applied Importance and Current Research on the Deer Ked, Workshop Schedule and Abstracts. Finland: Finnish Forest Research Institute. p. 22.
  18. 1 2 Maa, T. C. (1969). "A Revised Checklist and Concise Host Index of Hippoboscidae (Diptera)". Pacific Insects Monograph . 20. Honolulu: Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii: 261–299.
  19. ↑ Sauli Laaksonen; Tommi Paakkonen; Raine Kortet; Anne-Mari Mustonen; Petteri Nieminen; Laura Härkönen; Milla Solismaa; Arja Kaitala; Hannu Ylönen; Jari Aho; Sauli Härkönen (2007). Sauli Härkönen (ed.). Deer ked – a threat to reindeer welfare?. 1st Nordic Workshop on Biology, Applied Importance and Current Research on the Deer Ked, Workshop Schedule and Abstracts. Finland: Finnish Forest Research Institute. p. 22.
  20. 1 2 Hutson, A.M (1984). Diptera: Keds, flat-flies & bat-flies (Hippoboscidae & Nycteribiidae). Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects. Vol. 10. Royal Entomological Society of London. pp. 84 pp.
  21. ↑ Hermosilla, C.; Pantchev, N; Bachmann, R; Bauer, C (2006). "Lipoptena cervi (deer ked) in two naturally infested dogs". Veterinary Record. 159 (9). Great Britain: British Veterinary Association: 286–287. doi:10.1136/vr.159.9.286. ISSN   0042-4900. PMID   16946313. S2CID   10013843.

Notes

11. Egri, B., Rigó, E.(2014): A Hanság gímszarvasainak Lipoptena cervi (Linnaeus, 1758) fertőzöttségéről (Irodalmi összefoglaló és saját megfigyelések)(About the deer ked ((Lipoptena cervi, 1758))infestation on the red deer in Hanság Region. Literature review and own examinations. Magyar Állatorvosok Lapja, 136.2.: 115–122.

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