Nunataks, also called glacial islands, are exposed portions of ridges, mountains, or peaks not covered with ice or snow within (or at the edge of) an ice field or glacier. [1] Nunataks present readily identifiable landmark reference points in glaciers or ice caps and are often named. The term is derived from the Inuit word, nunataq.
An ice field is a large area of interconnected glaciers, usually found in a mountainous region. They are often found in the colder climates and higher altitudes of the world where there is sufficient precipitation for them to form. The higher peaks of the underlying mountain rock that protrude through the icefields are known as nunataks. Ice fields are larger than alpine glaciers, but smaller than ice caps and ice sheets. The topography of ice fields is determined by the shape of the surrounding landforms, while ice caps have their own forms overriding underlying shapes.
A glacier is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight, creating crevasses, seracs, and other distinguishing features. They also abrade rock and debris from their substrate to create landforms such as cirques and moraines. Glaciers form only on land and are distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water.
The Aldebaran Rock ( 70°50′S66°41′W / 70.833°S 66.683°W ) is a particularly conspicuous nunatak of bright red rock, located near the head of Bertram Glacier and 5 miles (8 km) northeast of Pegasus Mountains in western Palmer Land.
Palmer Land is the portion of the Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica that lies south of a line joining Cape Jeremy and Cape Agassiz. This application of Palmer Land is consistent with the 1964 agreement between US-ACAN and UK-APC, in which the name Antarctic Peninsula was approved for the major peninsula of Antarctica, and the names Graham Land and Palmer Land for the northern and southern portions, respectively. The line dividing them is roughly 69 degrees south.
Olander Nunatak ( 74°25′S72°7′W / 74.417°S 72.117°W Coordinates: 74°25′S72°7′W / 74.417°S 72.117°W ) is one of several somewhat scattered nunataks which rise above the ice of eastern Palmer Land, lying 5 nautical miles (9 km) east of Tollefson Nunatak and 27 nautical miles (50 km) north-northwest of Sky-Hi Nunataks.
Olander Nunatak is one of several somewhat scattered nunataks which rise above the ice of eastern Palmer Land, lying 5 nautical miles (9 km) east of Tollefson Nunatak and 27 nautical miles (50 km) north-northwest of Sky-Hi Nunataks. Mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1961-67. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for R.E. Olander, electronics technician at Eights Station in 1963.
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are often chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position and two or three of the numbers represent a horizontal position; alternatively, a geographic position may be expressed in a combined three-dimensional Cartesian vector. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation. To specify a location on a plane requires a map projection.
A nunatak is an exposed, often rocky element of a ridge, mountain, or peak not covered with ice or snow within an ice field or glacier. They are also called glacial islands. Examples are natural pyramidal peaks. When rounded by glacial action, smaller rock promontories may be referred to as rognons.
The Bruns Nunataks ( 72°5′S1°10′E / 72.083°S 1.167°E ) are a small group of nunataks, lying 2.5 nautical miles (5 km) west-northwest of Brattskarvet Mountain in the Sverdrup Mountains of Queen Maud Land. The name "Bruns-Berge", after Herbert Bruns, electrical engineer with the expedition, was applied in this area by the Third German Antarctic Expedition (1938–39) under Alfred Ritscher. [2]
Brattskarvet Mountain is a mountain, 2,100 metres (6,900 ft) high, next north of Vendeholten Mountain in the Sverdrup Mountains of Queen Maud Land. It was photographed from the air by the Third German Antarctic Expedition (1938–39). It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition (1949–52) and from air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59) and named Brattskarvet.
The Sverdrup Mountains are a group of mountains about 80 km (50 mi) long, standing just west of the Gjelsvik Mountains in Queen Maud Land, East Antarctica. With its summit at 2,655 metres (8,711 ft), the massive Mount Krüger forms the highest point in the Sverdrup Mountains.
Queen Maud Land is a c. 2.7 million square kilometre (1.04 million sq mi) region of Antarctica claimed as a dependent territory by Norway. The territory lies between 20° west and 45° east, between the claimed British Antarctic Territory to the west and the similarly claimed Australian Antarctic Territory to the east. On most maps there had been an unclaimed area between Queen Maud Land's borders of 1939 and the South Pole until 12 June 2015 when Norway formally annexed that area. Positioned in East Antarctica, the territory comprises about one-fifth of the total area of Antarctica. The claim is named after the Norwegian queen Maud of Wales (1869–1938).
New Swabia is a cartographic name sometimes given to an area of Antarctica between 20°E and 10°W in Queen Maud Land, which is claimed as a Norwegian dependent territory under the Antarctic Treaty System. New Swabia was explored by Germany in early 1939 and named after that expedition's ship, Schwabenland, itself named after the German region of Swabia.
The Charles Nunataks ( 73°19′S2°10′E / 73.317°S 2.167°E ) are an isolated group of nunataks lying 8 nautical miles (15 km) south of the western end of the Neumayer Cliffs in Queen Maud Land. They were mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) (1949–52) and from air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59), and named for Charles W. Swithinbank, glaciologist with NBSAE. [3]
Neumayer Cliffs is a series of abrupt rock cliffs forming the northeast end of Kirwan Escarpment in Queen Maud Land. Discovered by the German Antarctic Expedition under Alfred Ritscher, 1938–39, and named for German geophysicist Georg von Neumayer. Surveyed by the Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE), 1949-52.
The Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition (1949–1952) was the first Antarctica expedition involving an international team of scientists. The team members came from Norway, Sweden and the British Commonwealth of Nations.
The Dråpane Nunataks ( 73°46′S5°3′E / 73.767°S 5.050°E ) are nunataks north of Urnosa Spur, near the southwest end of the Kirwan Escarpment in Queen Maud Land. They were mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the NBSAE and additional air photos (1958–59), and named Dråpane (the drops). [4]
The Firlingane Nunataks (coordinates: 71°52′S 27°7′E) are four nunataks standing between Bulken Hill and Hesteskoen Nunatak in the Sør Rondane Mountains of Antarctica. They were mapped by Norwegian cartographers in 1957 from air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–47, and named Firlingane (the quadruplets). [5]
The Hemmestad Nunataks (coordinates: 71°40′S 8°26′) are a group of about 20 nunataks extending over about 7 nautical miles (13 km), forming the northeast portion of the Drygalski Mountains in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. They were plotted from air photos by the Third German Antarctic Expedition (1938–39), were mapped from surveys and air photos by the Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition (1956–60) and named for Arne Hemmestad, a mechanic with the Norwegian expedition (1956–57). [7] [8]
The Henriksen Nunataks (coordinates: 71°30′S 9°0′E) are a group of scattered nunataks about 10 nautical miles (20 km) north of the Kurze Mountains in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. They were plotted from air photos by the Third German Antarctic Expedition (1938–39), mapped from surveys and air photos by the Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition (1956–60) and named for Hans-Martin Henriksen, a meteorological assistant with the latter expedition (1956–58). [10]
The Hettene Nunataks (coordinates: 71°45′S 26°25′E) are a group of nunataks at the west side of Hette Glacier in the Sør Rondane Mountains of Antarctica. They were mapped by Norwegian cartographers in 1957 from air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–47, and named Hettene (the caps). [11]
The Holane Nunataks (coordinates: 71°58′S 0°29′E) are two isolated nunataks lying about 20 nautical miles (40 km) west of the northern extremity of the Sverdrup Mountains, in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. They were mapped and named by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition (1949–52) and from air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59). [12]
The Isrosene Nunataks (coordinates: 71°53′S 26°35′E) are two nunataks 6 miles (10 km) west-northwest of Balchen Mountain, protruding through the western part of Byrdbreen in the Sør Rondane Mountains of Antarctica. They were mapped by Norwegian cartographers in 1957 from air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–47, and named "Isrosene" (the ice roses). [13]
The Jare IV Nunataks (coordinates: 71°38′S 36°0′E) are a group of four aligned nunataks situated 3 nautical miles (6 km) north-northeast of Mount Gaston de Gerlache in the Queen Fabiola Mountains of Antarctica. They were discovered on October 7, 1960 by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition under Guido Derom, and were named by Derom after the fourth Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE IV); in November–December 1960 a field party of the Japanese expedition reached this area and carried out geodetic and other scientific work. [14]
The Jarl Nunataks (coordinates: 71°55′S 3°18′E) are a small group of nunataks 3 nautical miles (6 km) north of Risen Peak which mark the northeastern extremity of the Gjelsvik Mountains in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. They were mapped from surveys and air photos by the Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition (1956–60) and named for Jarl Tonnesen, a meteorologist with the expedition (1956–58). [15]
The Knattebrauta Nunataks (coordinates: 72°27′S 0°18′E) are a line of nunataks trending northeast–southwest lying 4 nautical miles (7 km) north of the Robin Heights in the Sverdrup Mountains, Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. They were photographed from the air by the Third German Antarctic Expedition (1938–39), mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the NBSAE and air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59) and named Knattebrauta (the crag slope). [16]
The Litvillingane Rocks (coordinates: 71°52′S 1°44′W) are two isolated nunataks, the eastern with a small outlier, lying 3 nautical miles (6 km) south of Bolten Peak, on the east side of Ahlmann Ridge in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. They were mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the NBSAE and air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59) and named Litvillingane (the mountainside twins). [18]
The Malyutki Nunataks (coordinates: 72°4′S 10°46′E) are a group of nunataks that trend north–south for 4 nautical miles (7 km), situated at the southeastern extremity of the Orvin Mountains, about 13 nautical miles (24 km) west-northwest of Skeidsberget Hill, in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. The feature was mapped by the Norsk Polarinstitutt from surveys and air photos by the Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition, 1956–60. It was also mapped by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition in 1961 and named "Skaly Malyutki" (baby nunataks). [19]
Nevskiye Nunataks (coordinates: 71°40′S 8°5′E) are a group of scattered nunataks comprising the Sørensen Nunataks and Hemmestad Nunataks in the Drygalski Mountains, Queen Maud Land. Mapped by Norsk Polarinstitutt from surveys and air photos by Norwegian Antarctic Expedition, 1956-60. Also mapped by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition in 1961; the name is an adjective derived from Neva, a river in the Soviet Union. [20]
Onezhskiye Nunataks (coordinates: 71°35′S 7°3′E) is a small group of nunataks, situated 9 nautical miles (17 km) north-northeast of Slettefjellet in the Muhlig-Hofmann Mountains, Queen Maud Land. Mapped by Norsk Polarinstitutt from surveys and air photos by Norwegian Antarctic Expedition, 1956-60. Also mapped by Soviet Antarctic Expedition in 1961; the name is an adjective derived from Onega, a river in the Soviet Union. [21]
Perlebandet Nunataks (coordinates: 71°56′S 23°3′E) is a linear group of nunataks 5 nautical miles (9 km) northwest of Tanngarden Peaks in the Sor Rondane Mountains. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers in 1957 from aerial photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–47, and named Perlebandet (the string of beads). [23]
Pingvinane Nunataks (coordinates: 72°0′S 23°17′E) are a group of nunataks standing close north of Tanngarden Peaks in the Sor Rondane Mountains. Mapped by Norwegian cartographers in 1957 from air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–47, and named Pingvinane (the penguins). [24]
Plogskaftet Nunataks (coordinates: 71°48′S 5°12′E) are a row of nunataks about 5 nautical miles (9 km) long lying close northwest of Cumulus Mountain in the Muhlig-Hofmann Mountains of Queen Maud Land. Mapped from surveys and air photos by the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition (1956–60) and named Plogskaftet (the plow handle). [25]
Rimekalvane Nunataks (coordinates: 72°3′S 13°38′E) is a group of nunataks 4 nautical miles (7 km) east of Dekefjellrantane Hills in the Weyprecht Mountains of Queen Maud Land. Photographed from the air by the German Antarctic Expedition (1938–39). Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition (1956–60) and named Rimekalvane (the frost calves). [26]
Ristkalvane Nunataks (coordinates: 71°41′S 10°36′E) is a small group of nunataks forming the north end of Shcherbakov Range, in the Orvin Mountains of Queen Maud Land. Discovered and photographed by the German Antarctic Expedition, 1938-39. Mapped by Norway from air photos and surveys by Norwegian Antarctic Expedition, 1956–60, and named Ristkalvane (the ridge calves). [27]
Rokhlin Nunataks (coordinates: 72°12′S 14°28′E) are four nunataks standing 6 nautical miles (11 km) south of Linnormen Hills at the south extremity of the Payer Mountains, in Queen Maud Land. Discovered and first plotted from air photos by German Antarctic Expedition, 1938-39. Mapped from air photos by Norwegian Antarctic Expedition, 1958–59; remapped by Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 1960–61, and named after M.I. Rokhlin, a wintering over geologist who died in 1958. [28]
Sandhøkalvane Nunataks (coordinates: 71°46′S 9°55′E) are a group of nunataks located 4 nautical miles (7.4 km) northeast of Sandhø Heights, lying between the Conrad Mountains and Mount Dallmann in Queen Maud Land. They were discovered and photographed by the German Antarctic Expedition in 1938-39, and mapped by Norway from air photos and surveys by the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition, 1956–60, and named Sandhøkalvane ("the sand heights calves"). [33]
The following mountains formed as Nunataks during the last Ice Age:
Vesleskarvet is a nunatak on the west side of Ahlmann Ridge in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. Its western side consists of a series of cliffs, approximately 250 m high, while the eastern side slopes more gradually down to the icefields. The accessibility of the relatively level wind-swept snow-free summit made it ideal for the establishment of the permanent South African National Antarctic Programme research base SANAE IV.
Schytt Glacier is a broad glacier about 60 miles (100 km) long, flowing northward between Giaever and Ahlmann Ridge in Queen Maud Land to the Jelbart Ice Shelf. Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) (1949–1952) and named for Stig V. Schytt, second in command and glaciologist of NBSAE.
Raudberg in the Norwegian language means Red Mountain. Three terrain features in East Antarctica bear the name Raudberg:
Vorta Nunatak is an isolated nunatak about 5 nautical miles (9 km) east of Brattskarvet Mountain, in the Sverdrup Mountains, Queen Maud Land. Photographed from the air by the German Antarctic Expedition (1938–39). Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) (1949–52) and air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59) and named Vorta.
Nupskammen Ridge is a ridge of jagged peaks 8 nautical miles (15 km) long, standing north of Von Essen Mountain in the Gjelsvik Mountains, Queen Maud Land. Photographed from the air by the German Antarctic Expedition (1938–39). Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) (1949–52) and air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59) and named Nupskammen.
Nils Plain is an ice plain of about 25 nautical miles (46 km) extent, lying northward of Mount Roer in the Sverdrup Mountains, Queen Maud Land. Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) (1949–52) and air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59). Named for Nils Roer, surveyor of the NBSAE.
Kvitsvodene Valley is an ice-filled valley about 5 nautical miles (10 km) long between Kvitkjølen Ridge and the Robin Heights in the Sverdrup Mountains of Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. It was photographed from the air by the Third German Antarctic Expedition (1938–39). The valley was mapped and named by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) (1949–52) and air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59).
Knerten Rock is a small isolated rock 7 nautical miles (13 km) north of Vesleskarvet Cliff, in the northwest part of Ahlmann Ridge in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) (1949–52) and air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59) and named Knerten.
Stig Nunatak is a nunatak about 3 nautical miles (6 km) northeast of Mount Hallgren in the Kirwan Escarpment, Queen Maud Land. Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) (1949–52) and additional air photos (1958–59). Named for Stig E. Hallgren, photographer with NBSAE.
Storkletten Peak is an ice-free mountain 1 nautical mile (1.9 km) south of Flarjuven Bluff on the Ahlmann Ridge in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) (1949–52) and named Storkletten, meaning the big, steep mountain.
Friis-Baastad Peak is one of the ice-free peaks at the south side of Frostlendet Valley, situated 1 nautical mile (2 km) southeast of the Mana Mountain in the Borg Massif of Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) (1949–52) and named for Captain Kare Friis-Baastad, a member of the Norwegian air unit with the NBSAE.
Trollkjelen Crevasse Field is a crevasse field about 12 nautical miles (22 km) long in the Fimbul Ice Shelf, lying immediately off the northeast side of Trollkjelneset Headland in Queen Maud Land. Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) (1949–52) and air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59) and named Trollkjelen.
Gårekneet Ridge is a rock ridge 3 nautical miles (6 km) south of Garenevkalven Nunatak in the Payer Mountains of Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. It was photographed from the air by the Third German Antarctic Expedition (1938–39), mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition (1956–60) and named Gårekneet.
Lorentzen Peak is a peak 5 nautical miles (9 km) south of Vesleskarvet Cliff and 6 nautical miles west of Tommeliten Rock, on the west side of Ahlmann Ridge in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) (1949–52) and air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59), and was named for Bjarne Lorentzen, a cook with the NBSAE.
Snarby Peak is an isolated peak 6 nautical miles (11 km) northeast of Brattskarvet Mountain, at the northeast end of the Sverdrup Mountains, in Queen Maud Land. Photographed from the air by the German Antarctic Expedition (1938–39). Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) (1949–52) and air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59). Named for John Snarby, cook with the NBSAE.
Sorhausane Peaks is a small cluster of peaks 2 nautical miles (3.7 km) south of Nupskapa Peak, at the south end of the Sverdrup Mountains in Queen Maud Land. Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) (1949–52) and air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59) and named Sorhausane.
Valken Hill is a hill 6 nautical miles (11 km) southwest of Marsteinen Nunatak in the north part of Ahlmann Ridge in Queen Maud Land. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) (1949–52) and air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59) and named Valken.
Mount Roer is an isolated mountain, 2,085 m, standing 7 nautical miles (13 km) west of Fuglefjellet in the Sverdrup Mountains, Queen Maud Land. Photographed from the air by the German Antarctic Expedition (1938–39). Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) (1949–52) and air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59). Named for Nils Roer, surveyor with the NBSAE.
Rogstad Glacier is a glacier flowing northwest along the north side of Isingen Mountain, in the Sverdrup Mountains, Queen Maud Land. Photographed from the air by the German Antarctic Expedition (1938–39). Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) (1949–52) and air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59). Named for Egil Rogstad, chief radio operator with the NBSAE.
The Liljequist Heights are the heights about 2 nautical miles (4 km) south of the Grunehogna Peaks, in the Ahlmann Ridge of Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. They were mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) (1949–52) and air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59). The heights are named for Gösta Hjalmar Liljequist, a Swedish meteorologist with the NBSAE.