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Positron emission tomography (PET) is a functional imaging technique that uses radioactive substances known as radiotracers to visualize and measure changes in metabolic processes, and in other physiological activities including blood flow, regional chemical composition, and absorption. Different tracers are used for various imaging purposes, depending on the target process within the body.
A radioligand is a radioactive biochemical substance, in particular, a ligand that is radiolabeled. Radioligands are used for diagnosis or for research-oriented study of the receptor systems of the body, and for anti-cancer radioligand therapy.
Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) is a radioactive analog of thioflavin T, which can be used in positron emission tomography scans to image beta-amyloid plaques in neuronal tissue. Due to this property, Pittsburgh compound B may be used in investigational studies of Alzheimer's disease.
Fluorine-18 (18F) is a fluorine radioisotope which is an important source of positrons. It has a mass of 18.0009380(6) u and its half-life is 109.771(20) minutes. It decays by positron emission 96.7% of the time and electron capture 3.3% of the time. Both modes of decay yield stable oxygen-18.
A gallium scan is a type of nuclear medicine test that uses either a gallium-67 (67Ga) or gallium-68 (68Ga) radiopharmaceutical to obtain images of a specific type of tissue, or disease state of tissue. Gallium salts like gallium citrate and gallium nitrate may be used. The form of salt is not important, since it is the freely dissolved gallium ion Ga3+ which is active. Both 67Ga and 68Ga salts have similar uptake mechanisms. Gallium can also be used in other forms, for example 68Ga-PSMA is used for cancer imaging. The gamma emission of gallium-67 is imaged by a gamma camera, while the positron emission of gallium-68 is imaged by positron emission tomography (PET).
Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII), also known as N-acetyl-L-aspartyl-L-glutamate peptidase I, NAAG peptidase, or prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FOLH1 gene. Human GCPII contains 750 amino acids and weighs approximately 84 kDa.
Copper-64 (64Cu) is a positron and beta emitting isotope of copper, with applications for molecular radiotherapy and positron emission tomography. Its unusually long half-life (12.7-hours) for a positron-emitting isotope makes it increasingly useful when attached to various ligands, for PET and PET-CT scanning.
DOTA-TATE is an eight amino acid long peptide, with a covalently bonded DOTA bifunctional chelator.
Brain positron emission tomography is a form of positron emission tomography (PET) that is used to measure brain metabolism and the distribution of exogenous radiolabeled chemical agents throughout the brain. PET measures emissions from radioactively labeled metabolically active chemicals that have been injected into the bloodstream. The emission data from brain PET are computer-processed to produce multi-dimensional images of the distribution of the chemicals throughout the brain.
Mefway is a serotonin 5-HT1A receptor antagonist used in medical research, usually in the form of mefway (18F) as a positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer.
Radiopharmaceuticals, or medicinal radiocompounds, are a group of pharmaceutical drugs containing radioactive isotopes. Radiopharmaceuticals can be used as diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Radiopharmaceuticals emit radiation themselves, which is different from contrast media which absorb or alter external electromagnetism or ultrasound. Radiopharmacology is the branch of pharmacology that specializes in these agents.
Dihydrotetrabenazine or DTBZ is an organic compound with the chemical formula C19H29NO3. It is a close analog of tetrabenazine. DTBZ and its derivatives, when labeled with positron emitting isotopes such as carbon-11 and fluorine-18, are used as PET radioligands for examining VMAT2.
Jacob M. Hooker is an American chemist and expert in molecular imaging, particularly in the development and application of simultaneous MRI and PET. He has contributed major advances on the entire spectrum of research from fundamental chemistry methodology with radioisotopes to human neuroimaging.
Fluciclovine (18F), also known as anti-1-amino-3-18F-fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid, or as Axumin, is a diagnostic agent indicated for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in men with suspected prostate cancer recurrence based on elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels.
Martinostat is a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) that is potent against recombinant class I HDACs and class IIb HDAC with low nanomolar affinities. In tissue CETSA assays, martinostat exhibits selectivity for class I HDACs. When tagged with the radioisotope carbon-11, martinostat can be used to quantify HDAC in the brain and peripheral organs using positron emission tomography. Martinostat was given a name that adopted the style of other HDAC inhibitors, such as vorinostat, entinostat, and crebinostat, that recognized the academic center in which it was developed, the Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging.
Andreas Kjær is a Danish physician-scientist and European Research Council (ERC) advanced grantee. He is professor at the University of Copenhagen and chief physician at Rigshospitalet, the National University Hospital of Denmark. He is board certified in Nuclear Medicine and his research is focused on molecular imaging with PET and PET/MRI and targeted radionuclide therapies (theranostics) in cancer. His achievements include development of several new PET tracers that have reached first-in-human clinical use. He has published more than 400 peer-review articles, filed 10 patents, supervised more than 40 PhD students and received numerous prestigious scientific awards over the years. He is a member of the Danish Academy of Technical Sciences
A PSMA scan is a nuclear medicine imaging technique used in the diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer. It is carried out by injection of a radiopharmaceutical with a positron or gamma emitting radionuclide and a prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) targeting ligand. After injection, imaging of positron emitters such as gallium-68 (68Ga), copper-64 (64Cu), and fluorine-18 (18F) is carried out with a positron emission tomography (PET) scanner. For gamma emitters such as technetium-99m (99mTc) and indium-111 (111In) single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging is performed with a gamma camera.
Carbon-11 choline is the basis of medical imaging technologies. Because of its involvement in biologic processes, choline is related to diseases, leading to the development of medical imaging techniques to monitor its concentration. When radiolabeled with 11CH3, choline is a useful a tracer in PET imaging. Carbon-11 is radioactive with a half-life of 20.38 minutes. By monitoring the gamma radiation resulting from the decay of carbon-11, the uptake, distribution, and retention of carbon-11 choline can be monitored.
Piflufolastat F-18, sold under the brand name Pylarify among others, is a radioactive diagnostic agent used for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. It is given by intravenous injection.
Gallium (68Ga) gozetotide or Gallium (68Ga) PSMA-11 sold under the brand name Illuccix among others, is a radiopharmaceutical made of 68Ga conjugated to prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) targeting ligand, Glu-Urea-Lys(Ahx)-HBED-CC, used for imaging prostate cancer by positron emission tomography (PET). The PSMA targeting ligand specifically directs the radiolabeled imaging agent towards the prostate cancerous lesions in men.
References
- ↑ "CNS Radiotracer Table".
- ↑ Wey HY, Gilbert TM, Zürcher NR, She A, Bhanot A, Taillon BD, Schroeder FA, Wang C, Haggarty SJ, Hooker JM (10 August 2016). "Insights into neuroepigenetics through human histone deacetylase PET imaging". Science Translational Medicine. 8 (351): 351ra106. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf7551. PMC 5784409 . PMID 27510902.
In neurological disorders, HDACs change expression in regions throughout the brain, but their dynamic contribution to human disease development over time is unknown. Wey et al. therefore developed and applied an HDAC imaging probe, called Martinostat, to visualize HDAC expression in the living brain. Martinostat was previously tested in rodents and nonhuman primates, and here, it is used for the first time in humans
- "Epigenetic Activity Imaged in Human Brain for First Time". Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News. 11 August 2016.
- ↑ "Mayo Clinic Gets FDA Approval for New Imaging Agent for Recurrent Prostate Cancer". Mayo Clinic. November 8, 2012. Archived from the original on July 21, 2013.
- ↑ FDA approves new diagnostic imaging agent to detect recurrent prostate cancer