Isotopes of gallium

Isotopes of gallium  (₃₁Ga)

Main isotopes [1] Decay Isotope abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct 66Ga synth 9.304 h β+ 66Zn 67Ga synth 3.2617 d ε 67Zn 68Ga synth 67.84 min β+ 68Zn 69Ga 60.1% stable 70Ga synth 21.14 min β− 70Ge ε 70Zn 71Ga 39.9% stable 72Ga synth 14.025 h β− 72Ge 73Ga synth 4.86 h β− 73Ge
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ga)
	69.723±0.001 [2] 69.723±0.001 (abridged) [3]
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Natural gallium (₃₁Ga) consists of a mixture of two stable isotopes: gallium-69 and gallium-71. Synthetic radioisotopes are known with atomic masses ranging from 60 to 89, along with seven nuclear isomers. Most of the isotopes with atomic mass numbers below 69 decay by electron capture and positron emission to isotopes of zinc, while most of the isotopes with masses above 71 beta decay to isotopes of germanium.

The medically important radioisotopes are gallium-67 and gallium-68, used for imaging, and further described below.

List of isotopes

Nuclide [n 1]	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da) [4] [n 2] [n 3]	Half-life [1]	Decay mode [1] [n 4]	Daughter isotope [n 5]	Spin and parity [1] [n 6] [n 7]	Natural abundance (mole fraction)
	Excitation energy							Normal proportion [1]	Range of variation
59Ga	31	28
60Ga	31	29	59.95750(22)#	72.4(17) ms	β+ (98.4%)	60Zn	(2+)
					β+, p (1.6%)	59Cu
					β+, α? (<0.023%)	56Ni
61Ga	31	30	60.949399(41)	165.9(25) ms	β+	61Zn	3/2−
					β+, p? (<0.25%)	60Cu
62Ga	31	31	61.94418964(68)	116.122(21) ms	β+	62Zn	0+
63Ga	31	32	62.9392942(14)	32.4(5) s	β+	63Zn	3/2−
64Ga	31	33	63.9368404(15)	2.627(12) min	β+	64Zn	0(+#)
64mGa	42.85(8) keV			21.9(7) μs	IT	64Ga	(2+)
65Ga	31	34	64.93273442(85)	15.133(28) min	β+	65Zn	3/2−
66Ga	31	35	65.9315898(12)	9.304(8) h	β+	66Zn	0+
67Ga [n 8]	31	36	66.9282023(13)	3.2617(4) d	EC	67Zn	3/2−
68Ga [n 8]	31	37	67.9279802(15)	67.842(16) min	β+	68Zn	1+
69Ga	31	38	68.9255735(13)	Stable			3/2−	0.60108(50)
70Ga	31	39	69.9260219(13)	21.14(5) min	β− (99.59%)	70Ge	1+
					EC (0.41%)	70Zn
71Ga	31	40	70.92470255(87)	Stable			3/2−	0.39892(50)
72Ga	31	41	71.92636745(88)	14.025(10) h	β−	72Ge	3−
72mGa	119.66(5) keV			39.68(13) ms	IT	72Ga	(0+)
73Ga	31	42	72.9251747(18)	4.86(3) h	β−	73Ge	1/2−
73mGa	0.15(9) keV			<200 ms	IT?	73Ga	3/2−
					β−	73Ge
74Ga	31	43	73.9269457(32)	8.12(12) min	β−	74Ge	(3−)
74mGa	59.571(14) keV			9.5(10) s	IT (>75%)	74Ga	(0)(+#)
					β−? (<25%)	74Ge
75Ga	31	44	74.92650448(72)	126(2) s	β−	75Ge	3/2−
76Ga	31	45	75.9288276(21)	30.6(6) s	β−	76Ge	2−
77Ga	31	46	76.9291543(26)	13.2(2) s	β−	77mGe (88%)	3/2−
						77Ge (12%)
78Ga	31	47	77.9316109(11)	5.09(5) s	β−	78Ge	2−
78mGa	498.9(5) keV			110(3) ns	IT	78Ga
79Ga	31	48	78.9328516(13)	2.848(3) s	β− (99.911%)	79Ge	3/2−
					β−, n (0.089%)	78Ge
80Ga	31	49	79.9364208(31)	1.9(1) s	β− (99.14%)	80Ge	6−
					β−, n (.86%)	79Ge
80mGa [n 9]	22.45(10) keV			1.3(2) s	β−	80Ge	3−
					β−, n?	79Ge
					IT	80Ga
81Ga	31	50	80.9381338(35)	1.217(5) s	β− (87.5%)	81mGe	5/2−
					β−, n (12.5%)	80Ge
82Ga	31	51	81.9431765(26)	600(2) ms	β− (78.8%)	82Ge	2−
					β−, n (21.2%)	81Ge
					β−, 2n?	80Ge
82mGa	140.7(3) keV			93.5(67) ns	IT	82Ga	(4−)
83Ga	31	52	82.9471203(28)	310.0(7) ms	β−, n (85%)	82Ge	5/2−#
					β− (15%)	83Ge
					β−, 2n?	81Ge
84Ga	31	53	83.952663(32)	97.6(12) ms	β− (55%)	84Ge	0−#
					β−, n (43%)	83Ge
					β−, 2n (1.6%)	82Ge
85Ga	31	54	84.957333(40)	95.3(10) ms	β−, n (77%)	84Ge	(5/2−)
					β− (22%)	85Ge
					β−, 2n (1.3%)	83Ge
86Ga	31	55	85.96376(43)#	49(2) ms	β−, n (69%)	85Ge
					β−, 2n (16.2%)	84Ge
					β− (15%)	86Ge
87Ga	31	56	86.96901(54)#	29(4) ms	β−, n (81%)	86Ge	5/2−#
					β−, 2n (10.2%)	85Ge
					β− (9%)	87Ge
88Ga [5]	31	57	87.97596(54)#		β−?	88Ge
					β−, n?	87Ge
89Ga [5]	31	58
This table header & footer: view

1. ^mGa – Excited nuclear isomer.
2. ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
3. # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
4. Modes of decay:

   EC:	Electron capture
   IT:	Isomeric transition
   n:	Neutron emission
   p:	Proton emission

5. Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
6. ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
7. # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
8. Medical radioisotope used in imaging
9. Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain.

Gallium-67

Gallium-67 (⁶⁷
Ga), the longest-lived radioactive isotope of gallium with a half-life of 3.2617 days, decays by electron capture with gamma emission to stable zinc-67. It is a radiopharmaceutical used in gallium scans (as is gallium-68). This isotope is imaged by a gamma camera.

It is usually used as the free ion, Ga³⁺.

Gallium-68

Gallium-68 (⁶⁸
Ga) is a positron emitter with a half-life of 67.84 minutes, decaying to stable zinc-68. It is used as a radiopharmaceutical, generated in situ from the electron capture of germanium-68 (half-life 271.05 days) owing to its short half-life. The isotope, where a cyclotron is available, can be made in greater quantities by proton bombardment of ⁶⁸Zn. ^{[6] [7]} This positron-emitting isotope can be imaged efficiently by PET scan: see gallium scan. Gallium-68 is normally used as a radioactive label for a ligand which binds to certain tissues, such as DOTATOC and DOTATATE, ^[8] which are somatostatin analogues useful for imaging neuroendocrine tumors, which gives it a different tissue uptake specificity from the free ion gallium-67 is usually used as. Such scans are useful in locating neuroendocrine tumors and pancreatic cancer. ^[9] Thus, octreotide scanning for NET tumors (using indium-111) is being increasingly replaced by gallium-68 DOTATOC scan. ^[10]

See also

Daughter products other than gallium

• Isotopes of germanium
• Isotopes of zinc
• Isotopes of copper
• Isotopes of nickel

References

1. Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3) 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
2. "Standard Atomic Weights: Gallium". CIAAW. 1987.
3. Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN   1365-3075.
4. Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3) 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
5. Shimizu, Y.; Kubo, T.; Sumikama, T.; Fukuda, N.; Takeda, H.; Suzuki, H.; Ahn, D. S.; Inabe, N.; Kusaka, K.; Ohtake, M.; Yanagisawa, Y.; Yoshida, K.; Ichikawa, Y.; Isobe, T.; Otsu, H.; Sato, H.; Sonoda, T.; Murai, D.; Iwasa, N.; Imai, N.; Hirayama, Y.; Jeong, S. C.; Kimura, S.; Miyatake, H.; Mukai, M.; Kim, D. G.; Kim, E.; Yagi, A. (8 April 2024). "Production of new neutron-rich isotopes near the N = 60 isotones Ge 92 and As 93 by in-flight fission of a 345 MeV/nucleon U 238 beam". Physical Review C. 109 (4) 044313. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.109.044313.
6. Kumlin, J; Dam, J; Langkjaer, N; Chua, C.J.; Borjian, S.; Kassaian, A; Hook, B; Zeisler, S; Schaffer, P; Helge, Thisgaard (October 2019). "Multi-Curie Production of Ga-68 on a Biomedical Cyclotron". Conference: EANM'19. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
7. Thisgaard, Helge; Kumlin, Joel; Langkjær, Niels; Chua, Jansen; Hook, Brian; Jensen, Mikael; Kassaian, Amir; Zeisler, Stefan; Borjian, Sogol; Cross, Michael; Schaffer, Paul (2021-01-07). "Multi-curie production of gallium-68 on a biomedical cyclotron and automated radiolabelling of PSMA-11 and DOTATATE". EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry. 6 (1): 1. doi: 10.1186/s41181-020-00114-9 . ISSN   2365-421X. PMC   7790954 . PMID   33411034.
8. Chauhan, Aman; El-Khouli, Riham; Waits, Timothy; Agrawal, Rohitashva; Siddiqui, Fariha; Tarter, Zachary; Horn, Millicent; Weiss, Heidi; Oates, Elizabeth; Evers, B. Mark; Anthony, Lowell (2020-08-11). "Post FDA approval analysis of 200 gallium-68 DOTATATE imaging: A retrospective analysis in neuroendocrine tumor patients". Oncotarget. 11 (32): 3061–3068. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.27695. ISSN   1949-2553. PMC   7429177 . PMID   32850010.
9. Hofman, M.S.; Kong, G.; Neels, O.C.; Eu, P.; Hong, E.; Hicks, R.J. (2012). "High management impact of Ga-68 DOTATATE (GaTate) PET/CT for imaging neuroendocrine and other somatostatin expressing tumours". Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology. 56 (1): 40–47. doi: 10.1111/j.1754-9485.2011.02327.x . PMID   22339744. S2CID   21843609.
10. Scott, A, et al. (2018). "Management of Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumors". Journal of Oncology Practice. 14 (8): 471–482. doi:10.1200/JOP.18.00135. PMC   6091496 . PMID   30096273.