Isotopes of mercury

Isotopes of mercury (₈₀Hg)
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Hg)
	200.592±0.003; 200.59±0.01 (abridged);
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Last updated January 29, 2024

There are seven stable isotopes of mercury (₈₀Hg) with ²⁰²Hg being the most abundant (29.86%). The longest-lived radioisotopes are ¹⁹⁴Hg with a half-life of 444 years, and ²⁰³Hg with a half-life of 46.612 days. Most of the remaining 40 radioisotopes have half-lives that are less than a day. ¹⁹⁹Hg and ²⁰¹Hg are the most often studied NMR-active nuclei, having spin quantum numbers of 1/2 and 3/2 respectively. All isotopes of mercury are either radioactive or observationally stable, meaning that they are predicted to be radioactive but no actual decay has been observed. These isotopes are predicted to undergo either alpha decay or double beta decay.

¹⁸⁰Hg, producible from ¹⁸⁰Tl, was found in 2010 to be capable of an unusual form of spontaneous fission.^[4] The fission products are ⁸⁰Kr and ¹⁰⁰Ru.

List of isotopes

Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da) ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life ^{[n 4]}	Decay mode ^{[n 5]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 6]}	Spin and parity ^{[n 7]}^{[n 4]}	Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Excitation energy^{[n 4]}			Half-life ^{[n 4]}	Decay mode ^{[n 5]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 6]}	Spin and parity ^{[n 7]}^{[n 4]}	Normal proportion	Range of variation
¹⁷⁰Hg^[5]	80	90		80(+400-40) μs	α	¹⁶⁶Pt	0+
¹⁷¹Hg	80	91	171.00376(32)#	80(30) μs [59(+36−16) μs]	α	¹⁶⁷Pt	3/2−#
¹⁷²Hg	80	92	171.99883(22)	420(240) μs [0.25(+35−9) ms]	α	¹⁶⁸Pt	0+
¹⁷³Hg	80	93	172.99724(22)#	1.1(4) ms [0.6(+5−2) ms]	α	¹⁶⁹Pt	3/2−#
¹⁷⁴Hg	80	94	173.992864(21)	2.0(4) ms [2.1(+18−7) ms]	α	¹⁷⁰Pt	0+
¹⁷⁵Hg	80	95	174.99142(11)	10.8(4) ms	α	¹⁷¹Pt	5/2−#
¹⁷⁶Hg	80	96	175.987355(15)	20.4(15) ms	α (98.6%)	¹⁷²Pt	0+
¹⁷⁶Hg	80	96	175.987355(15)	20.4(15) ms	β⁺ (1.4%)	¹⁷⁶Au	0+
¹⁷⁷Hg	80	97	176.98628(8)	127.3(18) ms	α (85%)	¹⁷³Pt	5/2−#
¹⁷⁷Hg	80	97	176.98628(8)	127.3(18) ms	β⁺ (15%)	¹⁷⁷Au	5/2−#
¹⁷⁸Hg	80	98	177.982483(14)	0.269(3) s	α (70%)	¹⁷⁴Pt	0+
¹⁷⁸Hg	80	98	177.982483(14)	0.269(3) s	β⁺ (30%)	¹⁷⁸Au	0+
¹⁷⁹Hg	80	99	178.981834(29)	1.09(4) s	α (53%)	¹⁷⁵Pt	5/2−#
					β⁺ (47%)	¹⁷⁹Au
					β⁺, p (.15%)	¹⁷⁸Pt
¹⁸⁰Hg^{[n 8]}	80	100	179.978266(15)	2.58(1) s	β⁺ (52%)	¹⁸⁰Au	0+
					α (48%)	¹⁷⁶Pt
					SF	¹⁰⁰Ru, ⁸⁰Kr
¹⁸¹Hg	80	101	180.977819(17)	3.6(1) s	β⁺ (64%)	¹⁸¹Au	1/2(−)
					α (36%)	¹⁷⁷Pt
					β⁺, p (.014%)	¹⁸⁰Pt
					β⁺, α (9×10⁻⁶%)	¹⁷⁷Ir
^181mHg	210(40)# keV						13/2+
¹⁸²Hg	80	102	181.97469(1)	10.83(6) s	β⁺ (84.8%)	¹⁸²Au	0+
					α (15.2%)	¹⁷⁸Pt
					β⁺, p (10⁻⁵%)	¹⁸¹Pt
¹⁸³Hg	80	103	182.974450(9)	9.4(7) s	β⁺ (74.5%)	¹⁸³Au	1/2−
					α (25.5%)	¹⁷⁹Pt
					β⁺, p (5.6×10⁻⁴%)	¹⁸²Pt
^183m1Hg	198(14) keV						13/2+#
^183m2Hg	240(40)# keV			5# s	β⁺	¹⁸³Au	13/2+#
¹⁸⁴Hg	80	104	183.971713(11)	30.6(3) s	β⁺ (98.89%)	¹⁸⁴Au	0+
¹⁸⁴Hg	80	104	183.971713(11)	30.6(3) s	α (1.11%)	¹⁸⁰Pt	0+
¹⁸⁵Hg	80	105	184.971899(17)	49.1(10) s	β⁺ (94%)	¹⁸⁵Au	1/2−
¹⁸⁵Hg	80	105	184.971899(17)	49.1(10) s	α (6%)	¹⁸¹Pt	1/2−
^185mHg	99.3(5) keV			21.6(15) s	IT (54%)	¹⁸⁵Hg	13/2+
					β⁺ (46%)	¹⁸⁵Au
					α (.03%)	¹⁸¹Pt
¹⁸⁶Hg	80	106	185.969362(12)	1.38(6) min	β⁺ (99.92%)	¹⁸⁶Au	0+
¹⁸⁶Hg	80	106	185.969362(12)	1.38(6) min	α (.016%)	¹⁸²Pt	0+
^186mHg	2217.3(4) keV			82(5) μs			(8−)
¹⁸⁷Hg	80	107	186.969814(15)	1.9(3) min	β⁺	¹⁸⁷Au	3/2−
¹⁸⁷Hg	80	107	186.969814(15)	1.9(3) min	α (1.2×10⁻⁴%)	¹⁸³Pt	3/2−
^187mHg	59(16) keV			2.4(3) min	β⁺	¹⁸⁷Au	13/2+
^187mHg	59(16) keV			2.4(3) min	α (2.5×10⁻⁴%)	¹⁸³Pt	13/2+
¹⁸⁸Hg	80	108	187.967577(12)	3.25(15) min	β⁺	¹⁸⁸Au	0+
¹⁸⁸Hg	80	108	187.967577(12)	3.25(15) min	α (3.7×10⁻⁵%)	¹⁸⁴Pt	0+
^188mHg	2724.3(4) keV			134(15) ns			(12+)
¹⁸⁹Hg	80	109	188.96819(4)	7.6(1) min	β⁺	¹⁸⁹Au	3/2−
¹⁸⁹Hg	80	109	188.96819(4)	7.6(1) min	α (3×10⁻⁵%)	¹⁸⁵Pt	3/2−
^189mHg	80(30) keV			8.6(1) min	β⁺	¹⁸⁹Au	13/2+
^189mHg	80(30) keV			8.6(1) min	α (3×10⁻⁵%)	¹⁸⁵Pt	13/2+
¹⁹⁰Hg	80	110	189.966322(17)	20.0(5) min	β⁺^{[n 9]}	¹⁹⁰Au	0+
¹⁹¹Hg	80	111	190.967157(24)	49(10) min	β⁺	¹⁹¹Au	3/2(−)
^191mHg	128(22) keV			50.8(15) min	β⁺	¹⁹¹Au	13/2+
¹⁹²Hg	80	112	191.965634(17)	4.85(20) h	EC ^{[n 10]}	¹⁹²Au	0+
¹⁹³Hg	80	113	192.966665(17)	3.80(15) h	β⁺	¹⁹³Au	3/2−
^193mHg	140.76(5) keV			11.8(2) h	β⁺ (92.9%)	¹⁹³Au	13/2+
^193mHg	140.76(5) keV			11.8(2) h	IT (7.1%)	¹⁹³Hg	13/2+
¹⁹⁴Hg	80	114	193.965439(13)	444(77) y	EC	¹⁹⁴Au	0+
¹⁹⁵Hg	80	115	194.966720(25)	10.53(3) h	β⁺	¹⁹⁵Au	1/2−
^195mHg	176.07(4) keV			41.6(8) h	IT (54.2%)	¹⁹⁵Hg	13/2+
^195mHg	176.07(4) keV			41.6(8) h	β⁺ (45.8%)	¹⁹⁵Au	13/2+
¹⁹⁶Hg	80	116	195.965833(3)	Observationally Stable ^{[n 11]}			0+	0.0015(1)
¹⁹⁷Hg	80	117	196.967213(3)	64.14(5) h	EC	¹⁹⁷Au	1/2−
^197mHg	298.93(8) keV			23.8(1) h	IT (91.4%)	¹⁹⁷Hg	13/2+
^197mHg	298.93(8) keV			23.8(1) h	EC (8.6%)	¹⁹⁷Au	13/2+
¹⁹⁸Hg	80	118	197.9667690(4)	Observationally Stable^{[n 12]}			0+	0.0997(20)
¹⁹⁹Hg	80	119	198.9682799(4)	Observationally Stable^{[n 13]}			1/2−	0.1687(22)
^199mHg	532.48(10) keV			42.66(8) min	IT	¹⁹⁹Hg	13/2+
²⁰⁰Hg	80	120	199.9683260(4)	Observationally Stable^{[n 14]}			0+	0.2310(19)
²⁰¹Hg	80	121	200.9703023(6)	Observationally Stable^{[n 15]}			3/2−	0.1318(9)
^201mHg	766.22(15) keV			94(3) μs			13/2+
²⁰²Hg	80	122	201.9706430(6)	Observationally Stable^{[n 16]}			0+	0.2986(26)
²⁰³Hg	80	123	202.9728725(18)	46.595(6) d	β⁻	²⁰³Tl	5/2−
^203mHg	933.14(23) keV			24(4) μs			(13/2+)
²⁰⁴Hg	80	124	203.9734939(4)	Observationally Stable^{[n 17]}			0+	0.0687(15)
²⁰⁵Hg	80	125	204.976073(4)	5.14(9) min	β⁻	²⁰⁵Tl	1/2−
^205mHg	1556.40(17) keV			1.09(4) ms	IT	²⁰⁵Hg	13/2+
²⁰⁶Hg	80	126	205.977514(22)	8.15(10) min	β⁻	²⁰⁶Tl	0+	Trace^{[n 18]}
²⁰⁷Hg	80	127	206.98259(16)	2.9(2) min	β⁻	²⁰⁷Tl	(9/2+)
²⁰⁸Hg	80	128	207.98594(32)#	42(5) min [41(+5−4) min]	β⁻	²⁰⁸Tl	0+
²⁰⁹Hg	80	129	208.99104(21)#	37(8) s			9/2+#
²¹⁰Hg	80	130	209.99451(32)#	10# min [>300 ns]			0+
²¹¹Hg	80	131	210.99380(200)#	26(8) s			9/2+#
²¹²Hg	80	132	212.02760(300)#	1# min [>300 ns]			0+
²¹³Hg	80	133	213.07670(300)#	1# s [>300 ns]			5/2+#
²¹⁴Hg	80	134	214.11180(400)#	1# s [>300 ns]			0+
²¹⁵Hg	80	135	215.16210(400)#	1# s [>300 ns]			3/2+#
²¹⁶Hg	80	136	216.19860(400)#	100# ms [>300 ns]			0+
This table header & footer: view

↑ ^mHg – Excited nuclear isomer.
↑ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
↑ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
1 2 3 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
↑ Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition
SF: Spontaneous fission
↑ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
↑ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
↑ When produced from ¹⁸⁰Tl can also undergo fission to ¹⁰⁰Ru and ⁸⁰Kr
↑ Theoretically capable of α decay to ¹⁸⁶Pt^[1]
↑ Theoretically capable of α decay to ¹⁸⁸Pt^[1]
↑ Believed to undergo β⁺β⁺ decay to ¹⁹⁶Pt with a half-life over 2.5×10¹⁸ years; also theorized to undergo α decay to ¹⁹²Pt
↑ Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁹⁴Pt
↑ Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁹⁵Pt
↑ Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁹⁶Pt
↑ Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁹⁷Pt
↑ Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁹⁸Pt
↑ Believed to undergo β⁻β⁻ decay to ²⁰⁴Pb
↑ Intermediate decay product of ²³⁸U

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Thallium (₈₁Tl) has 41 isotopes with atomic masses that range from 176 to 216. ²⁰³Tl and ²⁰⁵Tl are the only stable isotopes and ²⁰⁴Tl is the most stable radioisotope with a half-life of 3.78 years. ²⁰⁷Tl, with a half-life of 4.77 minutes, has the longest half-life of naturally occurring Tl radioisotopes. All isotopes of thallium are either radioactive or observationally stable, meaning that they are predicted to be radioactive but no actual decay has been observed.

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Natural hafnium (₇₂Hf) consists of five observationally stable isotopes (¹⁷⁶Hf, ¹⁷⁷Hf, ¹⁷⁸Hf, ¹⁷⁹Hf, and ¹⁸⁰Hf) and one very long-lived radioisotope, ¹⁷⁴Hf, with a half-life of 7.0×10¹⁶ years. In addition, there are 34 known synthetic radioisotopes, the most stable of which is ¹⁸²Hf with a half-life of 8.9×10⁶ years. This extinct radionuclide is used in hafnium–tungsten dating to study the chronology of planetary differentiation.

Naturally occurring ytterbium (₇₀Yb) is composed of seven stable isotopes: ¹⁶⁸Yb, ¹⁷⁰Yb–¹⁷⁴Yb, and ¹⁷⁶Yb, with ¹⁷⁴Yb being the most abundant. 30 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being ¹⁶⁹Yb with a half-life of 32.014 days, ¹⁷⁵Yb with a half-life of 4.185 days, and ¹⁶⁶Yb with a half-life of 56.7 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 2 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 20 minutes. This element also has 18 meta states, with the most stable being ^169mYb.

Naturally occurring erbium (₆₈Er) is composed of 6 stable isotopes, with ¹⁶⁶Er being the most abundant. 39 radioisotopes have been characterized with between 74 and 112 neutrons, or 142 to 180 nucleons, with the most stable being ¹⁶⁹Er with a half-life of 9.4 days, ¹⁷²Er with a half-life of 49.3 hours, ¹⁶⁰Er with a half-life of 28.58 hours, ¹⁶⁵Er with a half-life of 10.36 hours, and ¹⁷¹Er with a half-life of 7.516 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 3.5 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 4 minutes. This element also has numerous meta states, with the most stable being ^167mEr.

Naturally occurring dysprosium (₆₆Dy) is composed of 7 stable isotopes, ¹⁵⁶Dy, ¹⁵⁸Dy, ¹⁶⁰Dy, ¹⁶¹Dy, ¹⁶²Dy, ¹⁶³Dy and ¹⁶⁴Dy, with ¹⁶⁴Dy being the most abundant. Twenty-nine radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being ¹⁵⁴Dy with a half-life of 1.4 million years, ¹⁵⁹Dy with a half-life of 144.4 days, and ¹⁶⁶Dy with a half-life of 81.6 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 10 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 30 seconds. This element also has 12 meta states, with the most stable being ^165mDy, ^147mDy and ^145mDy.

Naturally occurring neodymium (₆₀Nd) is composed of 5 stable isotopes, ¹⁴²Nd, ¹⁴³Nd, ¹⁴⁵Nd, ¹⁴⁶Nd and ¹⁴⁸Nd, with ¹⁴²Nd being the most abundant (27.2% natural abundance), and 2 long-lived radioisotopes, ¹⁴⁴Nd and ¹⁵⁰Nd. In all, 33 radioisotopes of neodymium have been characterized up to now, with the most stable being naturally occurring isotopes ¹⁴⁴Nd (alpha decay, a half-life (t_1/2) of 2.29×10¹⁵ years) and ¹⁵⁰Nd (double beta decay, t_1/2 of 7×10¹⁸ years). All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 12 days, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 70 seconds; the most stable artificial isotope is ¹⁴⁷Nd with a half-life of 10.98 days. This element also has 13 known meta states with the most stable being ^139mNd (t_1/2 5.5 hours), ^135mNd (t_1/2 5.5 minutes) and ^133m1Nd (t_1/2 ~70 seconds).

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Bromine (₃₅Br) has two stable isotopes, ⁷⁹Br and ⁸¹Br, and 32 known radioisotopes, the most stable of which is ⁷⁷Br, with a half-life of 57.036 hours.

Aluminium or aluminum (₁₃Al) has 22 known isotopes from ²²Al to ⁴³Al and 4 known isomers. Only ²⁷Al (stable isotope) and ²⁶Al (radioactive isotope, t_1/2 = 7.2×10⁵ y) occur naturally, however ²⁷Al comprises nearly all natural aluminium. Other than ²⁶Al, all radioisotopes have half-lives under 7 minutes, most under a second. The standard atomic weight is 26.9815385(7). ²⁶Al is produced from argon in the atmosphere by spallation caused by cosmic-ray protons. Aluminium isotopes have found practical application in dating marine sediments, manganese nodules, glacial ice, quartz in rock exposures, and meteorites. The ratio of ²⁶Al to ¹⁰Be has been used to study the role of sediment transport, deposition, and storage, as well as burial times, and erosion, on 10⁵ to 10⁶ year time scales. ²⁶Al has also played a significant role in the study of meteorites.

Californium (₉₈Cf) is an artificial element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was ²⁴⁵Cf in 1950. There are 20 known radioisotopes ranging from ²³⁷Cf to ²⁵⁶Cf and one nuclear isomer, ^249mCf. The longest-lived isotope is ²⁵¹Cf with a half-life of 898 years.

Einsteinium (₉₉Es) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be discovered was ²⁵³Es in 1952. There are 18 known radioisotopes from ²⁴⁰Es to ²⁵⁷Es, and 3 nuclear isomers. The longest-lived isotope is ²⁵²Es with a half-life of 471.7 days, or around 1.293 years.

References

1 2 3 Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Mercury". CIAAW. 2011.
↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
↑ Eugenie Samuel Reich (December 1, 2010). "Mercury serves up a nuclear surprise: a new type of fission". Scientific American.
↑ Hilton, J.; et al. (2019). "α-spectroscopy studies of the new nuclides ¹⁶⁵Pt and ¹⁷⁰Hg". Physical Review C. 100 (1): 014305. Bibcode:2019PhRvC.100a4305H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.100.014305. S2CID 199118719.

Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S. (2017). "The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 41 (3): 030001. Bibcode:2017ChPhC..41c0001A. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001.
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry . 75 (6): 683–800. doi: 10.1351/pac200375060683 .
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry . 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi: 10.1351/pac200678112051 .

"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S. (2017). "The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 41 (3): 030001. Bibcode:2017ChPhC..41c0001A. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001.
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

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[5] Hg – Excited nuclear isomer.

[6] ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.

[TMS-7] # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).

[TNN-8] 1 2 3 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).

[9] Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition
SF: Spontaneous fission

[10] Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.

[11] ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.

[13] When produced from ¹⁸⁰Tl can also undergo fission to ¹⁰⁰Ru and ⁸⁰Kr

[14] Theoretically capable of α decay to ¹⁸⁶Pt^[1]

[15] Theoretically capable of α decay to ¹⁸⁸Pt^[1]

[16] Believed to undergo β⁺β⁺ decay to ¹⁹⁶Pt with a half-life over 2.5×10¹⁸ years; also theorized to undergo α decay to ¹⁹²Pt

[17] Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁹⁴Pt

[18] Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁹⁵Pt

[19] Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁹⁶Pt

[20] Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁹⁷Pt

[21] Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁹⁸Pt

[22] Believed to undergo β⁻β⁻ decay to ²⁰⁴Pb

[Th-23] Intermediate decay product of ²³⁸U

[NUBASE2020-1] 1 2 3 Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[2] "Standard Atomic Weights: Mercury". CIAAW. 2011.

[CIAAW2021-3] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[4] Eugenie Samuel Reich (December 1, 2010). "Mercury serves up a nuclear surprise: a new type of fission". Scientific American.

[Pt165Hg170-Hilton-12] Hilton, J.; et al. (2019). "α-spectroscopy studies of the new nuclides ¹⁶⁵Pt and ¹⁷⁰Hg". Physical Review C. 100 (1): 014305. Bibcode:2019PhRvC.100a4305H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.100.014305. S2CID 199118719.

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EC:	Electron capture
IT:	Isomeric transition
SF:	Spontaneous fission