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Promethium (61Pm) is an artificial element, except in trace quantities as a product of spontaneous fission of 238U and 235U and alpha decay of 151Eu, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. It was first synthesized in 1945.
The known isotopes run from 128Pm to 166Pm, 39 in all; the most stable are 145Pm with a half-life of 17.7 years, 146Pm with a half-life of 5.53 years, and 147Pm (the common isotope) with a half-life of 2.6234 years. 143Pm and 144Pm also have lengthy if poorly-known lives on the order of a year, but all the others have half-lives that are less than six days, with the majority less than a few minutes. There are also 24 known meta states with the most stable being 148mPm at a half-life of 41.29 days.
The primary decay mode for isotopes lighter than 146Pm is electron capture resulting in isotopes of neodymium, and the primary decay mode heavier than 146Pm is beta decay giving isotopes of samarium; promethium-146 itself decays both ways.
Nuclide [n 1] | Z | N | Isotopic mass (Da) [2] [n 2] [n 3] | Half-life [1] [n 4] | Decay mode [1] [n 5] | Daughter isotope [n 6] [n 7] | Spin and parity [1] [n 8] [n 4] | Isotopic abundance | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Excitation energy [n 4] | |||||||||||||||||||
128Pm | 61 | 67 | 127.94823(32)# | 1.0(3) s | β+ (?%) | 128Nd | 4+# | ||||||||||||
β+, p (?%) | 127Pr | ||||||||||||||||||
129Pm | 61 | 68 | 128.94291(32)# | 2.4(9) s | β+ | 129Nd | 5/2+# | ||||||||||||
130Pm | 61 | 69 | 129.94045(22)# | 2.6(2) s | β+ (?%) | 130Nd | (5+, 6+, 4+) | ||||||||||||
β+, p (?%) | 129Pr | ||||||||||||||||||
131Pm | 61 | 70 | 130.93583(22)# | 6.3(8) s | β+ | 131Nd | (11/2−) | ||||||||||||
132Pm | 61 | 71 | 131.93384(16)# | 6.2(6) s | β+ | 132Nd | (3+) | ||||||||||||
β+, p (5×10−5%) | 131Pr | ||||||||||||||||||
133Pm | 61 | 72 | 132.929782(54) | 13.5(21) s | β+ | 133Nd | (3/2+) | ||||||||||||
133mPm | 129.7(7) keV | 8# s | (11/2−) | ||||||||||||||||
134Pm | 61 | 73 | 133.928326(45) | 22(1) s | β+ | 134Nd | (5+) | ||||||||||||
134m1Pm | 50(50)# keV [n 9] | ~5 s | β+ | 134Nd | (2+) | ||||||||||||||
134m2Pm | 120(50)# keV | 20(1) μs | IT | 134Pm | (7−) | ||||||||||||||
135Pm | 61 | 74 | 134.924785(89) | 49(3) s | β+ | 135Nd | (3/2+, 5/2+) | ||||||||||||
135mPm | 240(100)# keV | 40(3) s | β+ | 135Nd | (11/2−) | ||||||||||||||
136Pm | 61 | 75 | 135.923596(74) | 107(6) s | β+ | 136Nd | 7+# | ||||||||||||
136m1Pm [n 9] | 100(120) keV | 90(35) s | β+ | 136Nd | 2+# | ||||||||||||||
136m2Pm | 42.7(2) keV | 1.5(1) μs | IT | 136Pm | 7−# | ||||||||||||||
137Pm | 61 | 76 | 136.920480(14) | 2# min | 5/2−# | ||||||||||||||
137mPm | 160(50) keV | 2.4(1) min | β+ | 137Nd | 11/2− | ||||||||||||||
138Pm | 61 | 77 | 137.919576(12) | 3.24(5) min | β+ | 138Nd | 3−# | ||||||||||||
139Pm | 61 | 78 | 138.916799(15) | 4.15(5) min | β+ | 139Nd | (5/2)+ | ||||||||||||
139mPm | 188.7(3) keV | 180(20) ms | IT | 139Pm | (11/2)− | ||||||||||||||
140Pm | 61 | 79 | 139.916036(26) | 9.2(2) s | β+ | 140Nd | 1+ | ||||||||||||
140mPm | 429(28) keV | 5.95(5) min | β+ | 140Nd | 8− | ||||||||||||||
141Pm | 61 | 80 | 140.913555(15) | 20.90(5) min | β+ | 141Nd | 5/2+ | ||||||||||||
141m1Pm | 628.62(7) keV | 630(20) ns | IT | 141Pm | 11/2− | ||||||||||||||
141m2Pm | 2530.75(17) keV | >2 μs | IT | 141Pm | (23/2+) | ||||||||||||||
142Pm | 61 | 81 | 141.912891(25) | 40.5(5) s | β+ (77.1%) | 142Nd | 1+ | ||||||||||||
EC (22.9%) | |||||||||||||||||||
142m1Pm | 883.17(16) keV | 2.0(2) ms | IT | 142Pm | (8)− | ||||||||||||||
142m2Pm | 2828.7(6) keV | 67(5) μs | IT | 142Pm | (13−) | ||||||||||||||
143Pm | 61 | 82 | 142.9109381(32) | 265(7) d | EC | 143Nd | 5/2+ | ||||||||||||
β+ (<5.7×10−6%) | |||||||||||||||||||
144Pm | 61 | 83 | 143.9125962(31) | 363(14) d | EC | 144Nd | 5− | ||||||||||||
β+ (<8×10−5%) | |||||||||||||||||||
144m1Pm | 840.90(5) keV | 780(200) ns | IT | 144Pm | (9)+ | ||||||||||||||
144m2Pm | 8595.8(22) keV | ~2.7 μs | IT | 144Pm | (27+) | ||||||||||||||
145Pm | 61 | 84 | 144.9127557(30) | 17.7(4) y | EC | 145Nd | 5/2+ | ||||||||||||
α (2.8×10−7%) | 141Pr | ||||||||||||||||||
146Pm | 61 | 85 | 145.9147022(46) | 5.53(5) y | EC (66.0%) | 146Nd | 3− | ||||||||||||
β− (34.0%) | 146Sm | ||||||||||||||||||
147Pm [n 10] | 61 | 86 | 146.9151449(14) | 2.6234(2) y | β− | 147Sm | 7/2+ | Trace [n 11] | |||||||||||
148Pm | 61 | 87 | 147.9174811(61) | 5.368(7) d | β− | 148Sm | 1− | ||||||||||||
148mPm | 137.9(3) keV | 41.29(11) d | β− (95.8%) | 148Sm | 5−, 6− | ||||||||||||||
IT (4.2%) | 148Pm | ||||||||||||||||||
149Pm [n 10] | 61 | 88 | 148.9183415(23) | 53.08(5) h | β− | 149Sm | 7/2+ | ||||||||||||
149mPm | 240.214(7) keV | 35(3) μs | IT | 149Pm | 11/2− | ||||||||||||||
150Pm | 61 | 89 | 149.920990(22) | 2.698(15) h | β− | 150Sm | (1−) | ||||||||||||
151Pm [n 10] | 61 | 90 | 150.9212166(49) | 28.40(4) h | β− | 151Sm | 5/2+ | ||||||||||||
152Pm | 61 | 91 | 151.923505(28) | 4.12(8) min | β− | 152Sm | 1+ | ||||||||||||
152mPm | 140(90) keV [n 9] | 7.52(8) min | β− | 152Sm | 4(−) | ||||||||||||||
153Pm | 61 | 92 | 152.9241563(97) | 5.25(2) min | β− | 153Sm | 5/2− | ||||||||||||
154Pm | 61 | 93 | 153.926713(27) | 2.68(7) min | β− | 154Sm | (4+) | ||||||||||||
154mPm [n 9] | −230(50) keV | 1.73(10) min | β− | 154Sm | (1−) | ||||||||||||||
155Pm | 61 | 94 | 154.9281370(51) | 41.5(2) s | β− | 155Sm | (5/2−) | ||||||||||||
156Pm | 61 | 95 | 155.9311141(13) | 27.4(5) s | β− | 156Sm | 4+ | ||||||||||||
156mPm | 150.30(10) keV | 2.3(20) s | IT (98%) | 156Pm | 1+# | ||||||||||||||
β− (2%) | 156Sm | ||||||||||||||||||
157Pm | 61 | 96 | 156.9331213(75) | 10.56(10) s | β− | 157Sm | (5/2−) | ||||||||||||
158Pm | 61 | 97 | 157.93654695(95) | 4.8(5) s | β− | 158Sm | (0+,1+)# | ||||||||||||
158mPm | 150(50)# keV | >16 μs | IT | 158Pm | 5+# | ||||||||||||||
159Pm | 61 | 98 | 158.939286(11) | 1.648+0.043 −0.042 s [3] | β− | 159Sm | (5/2−) | ||||||||||||
159mPm | 1465.0(5) keV | 4.42(17) μs | IT | 159Pm | 17/2+# | ||||||||||||||
β−, n (<0.6%) [3] | 158Sm | ||||||||||||||||||
160Pm | 61 | 99 | 159.9432153(22) | 874+16 −12 ms [3] | β− | 160Sm | 6−# | ||||||||||||
β−, n (<0.1%) [3] | 159Sm | ||||||||||||||||||
160mPm | 191(11) keV | >700 ms | 1−# | ||||||||||||||||
161Pm | 61 | 100 | 160.9462298(97) | 724+20 −12 ms [3] | β− (98.91%) | 161Sm | (5/2−) | ||||||||||||
β−, n (1.09%) [3] | 160Sm | ||||||||||||||||||
161mPm | 965.9(9) keV | 890(90) ns | IT | 161Pm | (13/2+) | ||||||||||||||
162Pm | 61 | 101 | 161.95057(32)# | 467+38 −18 ms [3] | β− (98.21%) | 162Sm | 2+# | ||||||||||||
β−, n (1.79%) [3] | 161Sm | ||||||||||||||||||
163Pm | 61 | 102 | 162.95388(43)# | 362+42 −30 ms [3] | β− (95%) | 163Sm | 5/2−# | ||||||||||||
β−, n (5.00%) [3] | 162Sm | ||||||||||||||||||
164Pm | 61 | 103 | 163.95882(43)# | 280+38 −33 ms [3] | β− (93.82%) | 164Sm | 5−# | ||||||||||||
β−, n (6.18%) [3] | 163Sm | ||||||||||||||||||
165Pm | 61 | 104 | 164.96278(54)# | 297+111 −101 ms [3] | β− (86.74%) | 165Sm | 5/2−# | ||||||||||||
β−, n (13.26%) [3] | 164Sm | ||||||||||||||||||
166Pm | 61 | 105 | 228+131 −112 ms [3] | β− | 166Sm | ||||||||||||||
β−, n (<52%) [3] | 165Sm | ||||||||||||||||||
This table header & footer: |
EC: | Electron capture |
IT: | Isomeric transition |
n: | Neutron emission |
p: | Proton emission |
Promethium is one of the two elements of the first 82 elements that has no stable isotopes. This is a rarely occurring effect of the liquid drop model. Namely, promethium does not have any beta-stable isotopes, as for any mass number, it is energetically favorable for a promethium isotope to undergo positron emission or beta decay, respectively forming a neodymium or samarium isotope which has a higher binding energy per nucleon. The other element for which this happens is technetium (Z = 43).
Promethium-147 has a half-life of 2.62 years, and is a fission product produced in nuclear reactors via beta decay from neodymium-147. The isotopes 142Nd, 143Nd, 144Nd, 145Nd, 146Nd, 148Nd, and 150Nd are all stable with respect to beta decay, so the isotopes of promethium with those masses cannot be produced by beta decay and therefore are not fission products in significant quantities (they could only be produced directly, rather than along a beta-decay chain). 149Pm and 151Pm have half-lives of only 53.08 and 28.40 hours, so are not found in spent nuclear fuel that has been cooled for months or years. It is found naturally mostly from the spontaneous fission of uranium-238 and less often from the alpha decay of europium-151. [4]
Promethium-147 is used as a beta particle source and a radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) fuel; its power density is about 2 watts per gram. Mixed with a phosphor, it was used to illuminate Apollo Lunar Module electrical switch tips and painted on control panels of the Lunar Roving Vehicle. [5]
Daughter products other than promethium