Isotopes of erbium

Last updated
Isotopes of erbium  (68Er)
Main isotopes [1] Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
160Er synth 28.58 h ε 160Ho
162Er0.139% stable
164Er1.60%stable
165Ersynth10.36 hε 165Ho
166Er33.5%stable
167Er22.9%stable
168Er27.0%stable
169Ersynth9.4 d β− 169Tm
170Er14.9%stable
171Ersynth7.516 hβ− 171Tm
172Ersynth49.3 hβ− 172Tm
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Er)
  • 167.259±0.003
  • 167.26±0.01 (abridged) [2] [3]

Naturally occurring erbium (68Er) is composed of 6 stable isotopes, with 166Er being the most abundant (33.503% natural abundance). 39 radioisotopes have been characterized with between 74 and 112 neutrons, or 142 to 180 nucleons, with the most stable being 169Er with a half-life of 9.4 days, 172Er with a half-life of 49.3 hours, 160Er with a half-life of 28.58 hours, 165Er with a half-life of 10.36 hours, and 171Er with a half-life of 7.516 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 3.5 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 4 minutes. This element also has numerous meta states, with the most stable being 167mEr (t1/2 2.269 seconds).

Contents

The isotopes of erbium range in atomic weight from 141.9723  u (142Er) to 176.9541 u (177Er). The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 166Er, is electron capture, and the primary mode after is beta decay. The primary decay products before 166Er are holmium isotopes, and the primary products after are thulium isotopes. All isotopes of erbium are either radioactive or observationally stable, meaning that they are predicted to be radioactive but no actual decay has been observed.

List of isotopes

Nuclide
[n 1] 		Z N Isotopic mass (Da)
[n 2] [n 3] 		Half-life
[n 4] 		Decay
mode
[n 5] 		Daughter
isotope
[n 6] 		Spin and
parity
[n 7] [n 4] 		Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Excitation energy [n 4] Normal proportionRange of variation
142Er6874141.97002(54)#10# μs p 141Ho0+
143Er6875142.96655(43)#200# ms β+ 143Ho9/2−#
β+, p142Dy
144Er6876143.96070(21)#400# ms [>200 ns]β+144Ho0+
145Er6877144.95787(22)#900(200) msβ+145Ho1/2+#
β+, p (rare)144Dy
145mEr205(4)# keV1.0(3) sβ+145Ho(11/2-)
IT (rare)145Er
β+, p (rare)144Dy
146Er6878145.952418(7)1.7(6) sβ+146Ho0+
β+, p (rare)145Dy
147Er6879146.94996(4)#3.2(1.2) sβ+147Ho(1/2+)
β+, p (rare)146Dy
147mEr100(50)# keV1.6(2) sβ+147Ho(11/2−)
β+, p (rare)146Dy
148Er6880147.944735(11)#4.6(2) sβ+ (99.85%)148Ho0+
β+, p (.15%)147Dy
148mEr2.9132(4) MeV13(3) μsIT148Er(10+)
149Er6881148.94231(3)4(2) sβ+ (92.8%)149Ho(1/2+)
β+, p (7.2%)148Dy
149m1Er741.8(2) keV8.9(2) sβ+ (96.5%)149Ho(11/2−)
IT (3.5%)149Er
β+, p (.18%)148Dy
149m2Er2.6111(3) MeV0.61(8) μsIT149Er(19/2+)
149m3Er3.302(7) MeV4.8(1) μsIT149Er(27/2−)
150Er6882149.937916(18)18.5(7) sβ+150Ho0+
150mEr2.7965(5) MeV2.55(10) μsIT150Er10+
151Er6883150.937449(18)23.5(20) sβ+151Ho(7/2−)
151m1Er2.5860(5) MeV580(20) msIT (95.3%)151Er(27/2−)
β+ (4.7%)151Ho
151m2Er10.2866(10) MeV0.42(5) μsIT151Er(65/2-, 61/2+)
152Er6884151.935050(9)10.3(1) s α (90%)148Dy0+
β+ (10%)152Ho
153Er6885152.935086(10)37.1(2) sα (53%)149Dy7/2(−)
β+ (47%)153Ho
153m1Er2.7982(10) MeV373(9) nsIT153Er(27/2-)
153m2Er5.2481(10) MeV248(32) nsIT153Er(41/2-)
154Er6886153.932791(5)3.73(9) minβ+ (99.53%)154Ho0+
α (.47%)150Dy
155Er6887154.933216(7)5.3(3) minβ+ (99.978%)155Ho7/2−
α (.022%)151Dy
156Er6888155.931066(26)19.5(10) minβ+156Ho0+
α (1.2×10−5%)152Dy
157Er6889156.931923(28)18.65(10) minβ+157Ho3/2−
157mEr155.4(3) keV76(6) msIT157Er(9/2+)
158Er6890157.929893(27)2.29(6) h EC 158Ho0+
159Er6891158.930691(4)36(1) minβ+159Ho3/2−
159m1Er182.602(24) keV337(14) nsIT159Er9/2+
159m2Er429.05(3) keV590(60) nsIT159Er11/2−
160Er6892159.929077(26)28.58(9) hEC160Ho0+
161Er6893160.930004(9)3.21(3) hβ+161Ho3/2−
161mEr396.44(4) keV7.5(7) μsIT161Er11/2−
162Er6894161. 9287873(8) Observationally Stable [n 8] 0+0.00139(5)
162mEr2.02601(13) MeV88(16) nsIT162Er(7-)
163Er6895162.930040(5)75.0(4) minβ+163Ho5/2−
163mEr445.5(6) keV580(100) nsIT163Er(11/2−)
164Er6896163.9292077(8)Observationally Stable [n 9] 0+0.01601(3)
165Er6897164.9307335(10)10.36(4) hEC165Ho5/2−
165m1Er551.3(6) keV250(30)nsIT165Er11/2-
165m2Er1.8230(6) MeV370(40)nsIT165Er(19/2)
166Er6898165.9303011(4)Observationally Stable [n 10] 0+0.33503(36)
167Er6899166.9320562(3)Observationally Stable [n 11] 7/2+0.22869(9)
167mEr207.801(5) keV2.269(6) sIT167Er1/2−
168Er68100167.93237828(28)Observationally Stable [n 12] 0+0.26978(18)
168mEr1.0940383(16) MeV109.0(7) nsIT168Er4-
169Er68101168.9345984(3)9.392(18) dβ−169Tm1/2−
169m1Er92.05(10) keV285(20) nsIT169Er(5/2-)
169m2Er243.69(17) keV200(10) nsIT169Er7/2+
170Er68102169.9354719(15)Observationally Stable [n 13] 0+0.14910(36)
171Er68103170.93803746(15)7.516(2) hβ−171Tm5/2−
171mEr198.61(9) keV|210(10) nsIT171Er1/2−
172Er68104171.939363(4)49.3(5) hβ−172Tm0+
172mEr1.5009(3) MeV579(62) nsIT172Er(6+)
173Er68105172.94240(21)#1.434(17) minβ−173Tm(7/2−)
174Er68106173.94423(32)#3.2(2) minβ−174Tm0+
174mEr1.1115(7) MeV3.9(3) sIT174Er8-
175Er68107174.94777(43)#1.2(3) minβ−175Tm9/2+#
176Er68108175.94994(43)#12# s (>300 ns)β−176Tm0+
177Er68109176.95399(54)#8# s (>300 ns)β−177Tm1/2−#
178Er68110177.95678(64)#4# s (>300 ns)β−178Tm0+
179Er68111178.96127(54)#3# s (>550 ns)β−179Tm3/2−#
β−, n 178Tm
180Er68112179.96438(54)#2# s (>550 ns)β−180Tm0+
β−, n 179Tm
This table header & footer:
  1. ↑ mEr – Excited nuclear isomer.
  2. ↑ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
  3. ↑ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
  4. 1 2 3 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
  5. ↑ Modes of decay:
    EC: Electron capture
    IT: Isomeric transition
    p: Proton emission
  6. ↑ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
  7. ↑ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
  8. ↑ Believed to undergo α decay to 158Dy or β+β+ to 162Dy with a half-life over 140×1012 years
  9. ↑ Believed to undergo α decay to 160Dy or β+β+ to 164Dy
  10. ↑ Believed to undergo α decay to 162Dy
  11. ↑ Believed to undergo α decay to 163Dy
  12. ↑ Believed to undergo α decay to 164Dy
  13. ↑ Believed to undergo α decay to 166Dy or β−β− to 170Yb with a half-life over 410×1015 years

Erbium-169

The radioactive isotope erbium-169 is sometimes used in radiopharmaceuticals.

Related Research Articles

There are 42 isotopes of polonium (84Po). They range in size from 186 to 227 nucleons. They are all radioactive. 210Po with a half-life of 138.376 days has the longest half-life of any naturally-occurring isotope of polonium and is the most common isotope of polonium. It is also the most easily synthesized polonium isotope. 209Po, which does not occur naturally, has the longest half-life of all isotopes of polonium at 125.2 years. 209Po can be made by using a cyclotron to bombard bismuth with protons, as can 208Po.

Bismuth (83Bi) has 41 known isotopes, ranging from 184Bi to 224Bi. Bismuth has no stable isotopes, but does have one very long-lived isotope; thus, the standard atomic weight can be given as 208.98040(1). Although bismuth-209 is now known to be radioactive, it has classically been considered to be a stable isotope because it has a half-life of approximately 2.01×1019 years, which is more than a billion times the age of the universe. Besides 209Bi, the most stable bismuth radioisotopes are 210mBi with a half-life of 3.04 million years, 208Bi with a half-life of 368,000 years and 207Bi, with a half-life of 32.9 years, none of which occurs in nature. All other isotopes have half-lives under 1 year, most under a day. Of naturally occurring radioisotopes, the most stable is radiogenic 210Bi with a half-life of 5.012 days. 210mBi is unusual for being a nuclear isomer with a half-life multiple orders of magnitude longer than that of the ground state.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Isotopes of thallium</span> Nuclides with atomic number of 81 but with different mass numbers

Thallium (81Tl) has 41 isotopes with atomic masses that range from 176 to 216. 203Tl and 205Tl are the only stable isotopes and 204Tl is the most stable radioisotope with a half-life of 3.78 years. 207Tl, with a half-life of 4.77 minutes, has the longest half-life of naturally occurring Tl radioisotopes. All isotopes of thallium are either radioactive or observationally stable, meaning that they are predicted to be radioactive but no actual decay has been observed.

There are seven stable isotopes of mercury (80Hg) with 202Hg being the most abundant (29.86%). The longest-lived radioisotopes are 194Hg with a half-life of 444 years, and 203Hg with a half-life of 46.612 days. Most of the remaining 40 radioisotopes have half-lives that are less than a day. 199Hg and 201Hg are the most often studied NMR-active nuclei, having spin quantum numbers of 1/2 and 3/2 respectively. All isotopes of mercury are either radioactive or observationally stable, meaning that they are predicted to be radioactive but no actual decay has been observed. These isotopes are predicted to undergo either alpha decay or double beta decay.

Naturally occurring platinum (78Pt) consists of five stable isotopes (192Pt, 194Pt, 195Pt, 196Pt, 198Pt) and one very long-lived (half-life 4.83×1011 years) radioisotope (190Pt). There are also 34 known synthetic radioisotopes, the longest-lived of which is 193Pt with a half-life of 50 years. All other isotopes have half-lives under a year, most under a day. All isotopes of platinum are either radioactive or observationally stable, meaning that they are predicted to be radioactive but no actual decay has been observed. Platinum-195 is the most abundant isotope.

There are two natural isotopes of iridium (77Ir), and 37 radioisotopes, the most stable radioisotope being 192Ir with a half-life of 73.83 days, and many nuclear isomers, the most stable of which is 192m2Ir with a half-life of 241 years. All other isomers have half-lives under a year, most under a day. All isotopes of iridium are either radioactive or observationally stable, meaning that they are predicted to be radioactive but no actual decay has been observed.

Natural hafnium (72Hf) consists of five observationally stable isotopes (176Hf, 177Hf, 178Hf, 179Hf, and 180Hf) and one very long-lived radioisotope, 174Hf, with a half-life of 7.0×1016 years. In addition, there are 34 known synthetic radioisotopes, the most stable of which is 182Hf with a half-life of 8.9×106 years. This extinct radionuclide is used in hafnium–tungsten dating to study the chronology of planetary differentiation.

Naturally occurring ytterbium (70Yb) is composed of seven stable isotopes: 168Yb, 170Yb–174Yb, and 176Yb, with 174Yb being the most abundant. 30 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 169Yb with a half-life of 32.014 days, 175Yb with a half-life of 4.185 days, and 166Yb with a half-life of 56.7 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 2 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 20 minutes. This element also has 18 meta states, with the most stable being 169mYb.

Natural holmium (67Ho) contains one observationally stable isotope, 165Ho. The below table lists 36 isotopes spanning 140Ho through 175Ho as well as 33 nuclear isomers. Among the known synthetic radioactive isotopes; the most stable one is 163Ho, with a half-life of 4,570 years. All other radioisotopes have half-lives not greater than 1.117 days in their ground states, and most have half-lives under 3 hours.

Naturally occurring dysprosium (66Dy) is composed of 7 stable isotopes, 156Dy, 158Dy, 160Dy, 161Dy, 162Dy, 163Dy and 164Dy, with 164Dy being the most abundant. Twenty-nine radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 154Dy with a half-life of 1.4 million years, 159Dy with a half-life of 144.4 days, and 166Dy with a half-life of 81.6 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 10 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 30 seconds. This element also has 12 meta states, with the most stable being 165mDy, 147mDy and 145mDy.

Naturally occurring neodymium (60Nd) is composed of 5 stable isotopes, 142Nd, 143Nd, 145Nd, 146Nd and 148Nd, with 142Nd being the most abundant (27.2% natural abundance), and 2 long-lived radioisotopes, 144Nd and 150Nd. In all, 33 radioisotopes of neodymium have been characterized up to now, with the most stable being naturally occurring isotopes 144Nd (alpha decay, a half-life (t1/2) of 2.29×1015 years) and 150Nd (double beta decay, t1/2 of 7×1018 years). All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 12 days, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 70 seconds; the most stable artificial isotope is 147Nd with a half-life of 10.98 days. This element also has 13 known meta states with the most stable being 139mNd (t1/2 5.5 hours), 135mNd (t1/2 5.5 minutes) and 133m1Nd (t1/2 ~70 seconds).

Naturally occurring cerium (58Ce) is composed of 4 stable isotopes: 136Ce, 138Ce, 140Ce, and 142Ce, with 140Ce being the most abundant and the only one theoretically stable; 136Ce, 138Ce, and 142Ce are predicted to undergo double beta decay but this process has never been observed. There are 35 radioisotopes that have been characterized, with the most stable being 144Ce, with a half-life of 284.893 days; 139Ce, with a half-life of 137.640 days and 141Ce, with a half-life of 32.501 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 4 days and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 10 minutes. This element also has 10 meta states.

Naturally occurring barium (56Ba) is a mix of six stable isotopes and one very long-lived radioactive primordial isotope, barium-130, identified as being unstable by geochemical means (from analysis of the presence of its daughter xenon-130 in rocks) in 2001. This nuclide decays by double electron capture (absorbing two electrons and emitting two neutrinos), with a half-life of (0.5–2.7)×1021 years (about 1011 times the age of the universe).

Antimony (51Sb) occurs in two stable isotopes, 121Sb and 123Sb. There are 35 artificial radioactive isotopes, the longest-lived of which are 125Sb, with a half-life of 2.75856 years; 124Sb, with a half-life of 60.2 days; and 126Sb, with a half-life of 12.35 days. All other isotopes have half-lives less than 4 days, most less than an hour.

Tin (50Sn) is the element with the greatest number of stable isotopes. This is probably related to the fact that 50 is a "magic number" of protons. In addition, twenty-nine unstable tin isotopes are known, including tin-100 (100Sn) and tin-132 (132Sn), which are both "doubly magic". The longest-lived tin radioisotope is tin-126 (126Sn), with a half-life of 230,000 years. The other 28 radioisotopes have half-lives of less than a year.

Naturally occurring silver (47Ag) is composed of the two stable isotopes 107Ag and 109Ag in almost equal proportions, with 107Ag being slightly more abundant. Notably, silver is the only element with all stable istopes having nuclear spins of 1/2. Thus both 107Ag and 109Ag nuclei produce narrow lines in nuclear magnetic resonance spectra.

Bromine (35Br) has two stable isotopes, 79Br and 81Br, and 32 known radioisotopes, the most stable of which is 77Br, with a half-life of 57.036 hours.

Naturally occurring zinc (30Zn) is composed of the 5 stable isotopes 64Zn, 66Zn, 67Zn, 68Zn, and 70Zn with 64Zn being the most abundant. Twenty-five radioisotopes have been characterised with the most abundant and stable being 65Zn with a half-life of 244.26 days, and 72Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 14 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 1 second. This element also has 10 meta states.

Calcium (20Ca) has 26 known isotopes, ranging from 35Ca to 60Ca. There are five stable isotopes, plus one isotope (48Ca) with such a long half-life that for all practical purposes it can be considered stable. The most abundant isotope, 40Ca, as well as the rare 46Ca, are theoretically unstable on energetic grounds, but their decay has not been observed. Calcium also has a cosmogenic isotope, radioactive 41Ca, which has a half-life of 99,400 years. Unlike cosmogenic isotopes that are produced in the atmosphere, 41Ca is produced by neutron activation of 40Ca. Most of its production is in the upper metre of the soil column, where the cosmogenic neutron flux is still sufficiently strong. 41Ca has received much attention in stellar studies because it decays to 41K, a critical indicator of solar system anomalies. The most stable artificial radioisotopes are 45Ca with a half-life of 163 days and 47Ca with a half-life of 4.5 days. All other calcium isotopes have half-lives measured in minutes or less.

Californium (98Cf) is an artificial element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 245Cf in 1950. There are 20 known radioisotopes ranging from 237Cf to 256Cf and one nuclear isomer, 249mCf. The longest-lived isotope is 251Cf with a half-life of 898 years.

References

  1. ↑ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
  2. ↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Erbium". CIAAW. 1999.
  3. ↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN   1365-3075.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.