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Standard atomic weight Ar°(Tm) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Naturally occurring thulium (69Tm) is composed of one stable isotope, 169Tm, with 100% natural abundance. Thirty-nine radioisotopes have been characterized from 144Tm to 183Tm; with the most stable are 171Tm with a half-life of 1.92 years, 170Tm with a half-life of 128.6 days, 168Tm with a half-life of 93.1 days, and 167Tm with a half-life of 9.25 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 3 days, with the majority less than 10 minutes. This element also has 26 meta states, with the longest half-lives being 164mTm (5.1 minutes), 160m1Tm (75 seconds) and 155mTm (45 seconds).
The primary decay mode before the stable isotope, 169Tm, is electron capture to erbium isotopes, and the primary mode after is beta emission to ytterbium isotopes. All isotopes of thulium are either radioactive or, in the case of 169Tm, observationally stable, meaning that 169Tm is predicted to be radioactive but decay has not been observed.
Nuclide [n 1] | Z | N | Isotopic mass (Da) [4] [n 2] [n 3] | Half-life [1] [n 4] | Decay mode [1] [n 5] | Daughter isotope [n 6] | Spin and parity [1] [n 7] [n 4] | Isotopic abundance | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Excitation energy [n 4] | |||||||||||||||||||
144Tm | 69 | 75 | 143.97621(43)# | 2.3(9) μs | p | 143Er | (10+) | ||||||||||||
145Tm | 69 | 76 | 144.97039(21)# | 3.17(20) μs | p | 144Er | (11/2−) | ||||||||||||
146Tm | 69 | 77 | 145.96666(22)# | 155(20) ms | p | 145Er | (1+) | ||||||||||||
146m1Tm | 304(6) keV | 73(7) ms | p | 145Er | (5−) | ||||||||||||||
146m2Tm | 437(7) keV | 200(3) ms | p | 145Er | (10+) | ||||||||||||||
147Tm | 69 | 78 | 146.9613799(73) | 0.58(3) s | β+ (85%) | 147Er | 11/2− | ||||||||||||
p (15%) | 146Er | ||||||||||||||||||
147mTm | 62(5) keV | 360(40) μs | p | 146Er | 3/2+ | ||||||||||||||
148Tm | 69 | 79 | 147.958384(11) | 0.7(2) s | β+ | 148Er | (10+) | ||||||||||||
149Tm | 69 | 80 | 148.95283(22)# | 0.9(2) s | β+ (99.74%) | 149Er | 11/2− | ||||||||||||
β+, p (0.26%) | 148Ho | ||||||||||||||||||
150Tm | 69 | 81 | 149.95009(21)# | 3# s | β+ | 150Er | (1+) | ||||||||||||
150m1Tm [n 8] | 140(140)# keV | 2.20(6) s | β+ (98.9%) | 150Er | (6−) | ||||||||||||||
β+, p (1.1%) | 149Ho | ||||||||||||||||||
150m2Tm | 811(140)# keV | 5.2(3) ms | IT | 150m1Tm | 10+# | ||||||||||||||
151Tm | 69 | 82 | 150.945494(21) | 4.17(11) s | β+ | 151Er | (11/2−) | ||||||||||||
151m1Tm | 93(6) keV | 6.6(20) s | β+ | 151Er | (1/2+) | ||||||||||||||
151m2Tm | 2655.67(22) keV | 451(34) ns | IT | 151Tm | (27/2−) | ||||||||||||||
152Tm | 69 | 83 | 151.944476(58) | 8.0(10) s | β+ | 152Er | (2)− | ||||||||||||
152m1Tm [n 8] | −100(250) keV | 5.2(6) s | β+ | 152Er | (9)+ | ||||||||||||||
152m2Tm | 2455(250) keV | 301(7) ns | IT | 152Tm | (17+) | ||||||||||||||
153Tm | 69 | 84 | 152.942058(13) | 1.48(1) s | α (91%) | 149Ho | (11/2−) | ||||||||||||
β+ (9%) | 153Er | ||||||||||||||||||
153mTm | 43.2(2) keV | 2.5(2) s | α (92%) | 149Ho | (1/2+) | ||||||||||||||
β+ (8%) | 153Er | ||||||||||||||||||
154Tm | 69 | 85 | 153.941570(15) | 8.1(3) s | β+ (54%) | 154Er | (2)− | ||||||||||||
α (46%) | 150Ho | ||||||||||||||||||
154mTm [n 8] | 70(50) keV | 3.30(7) s | α (58%) | 150Ho | (9)+ | ||||||||||||||
β+ (42%) | 154Er | ||||||||||||||||||
155Tm | 69 | 86 | 154.939210(11) | 21.6(2) s | β+ (99.17%) | 155Er | 11/2− | ||||||||||||
α (0.83%) | 151Ho | ||||||||||||||||||
155mTm | 41(6) keV | 45(4) s | β+ | 155Er | 1/2+ | ||||||||||||||
156Tm | 69 | 87 | 155.938986(15) | 83.8(18) s | β+ (99.94%) | 156Er | 2− | ||||||||||||
α (0.064%) | 152Ho | ||||||||||||||||||
156mTm | 400(200)# keV | ~400 ns | IT | 156Tm | (11−) | ||||||||||||||
157Tm | 69 | 88 | 156.936973(30) | 3.63(9) min | β+ | 157Er | 1/2+ | ||||||||||||
α (7.5×10−4%) | 153Ho | ||||||||||||||||||
157mTm [n 8] | 100(50)# keV | 1.6 s | 7/2−# | ||||||||||||||||
158Tm | 69 | 89 | 157.936980(27) | 3.98(6) min | β+ | 158Er | 2− | ||||||||||||
158mTm [n 8] | 100(50)# keV | ~20 s | 5−# | ||||||||||||||||
159Tm | 69 | 90 | 158.934975(30) | 9.13(16) min | β+ | 159Er | 5/2+ | ||||||||||||
160Tm | 69 | 91 | 159.935264(35) | 9.4(3) min | β+ | 160Er | 1− | ||||||||||||
160m1Tm | 67(14) keV | 74.5(15) s | IT (85%) | 160Tm | (5+) | ||||||||||||||
β+ (15%) | 160Er | ||||||||||||||||||
160m2Tm | 215(52)# keV | ~200 ns | IT | 160Tm | (8) | ||||||||||||||
161Tm | 69 | 92 | 160.933549(30) | 30.2(8) min | β+ | 161Er | 7/2+ | ||||||||||||
161m1Tm | 7.51(24) keV | 5# min | (1/2+) | ||||||||||||||||
161m2Tm | 78.20(3) keV | 110(3) ns | IT | 161Tm | 7/2− | ||||||||||||||
162Tm | 69 | 93 | 161.934001(28) | 21.70(19) min | β+ | 162Er | 1− | ||||||||||||
162mTm | 130(40) keV | 24.3(17) s | IT (81%) | 162Tm | 5+ | ||||||||||||||
β+ (19%) | 162Er | ||||||||||||||||||
163Tm | 69 | 94 | 162.9326583(59) | 1.810(5) h | β+ | 163Er | 1/2+ | ||||||||||||
163mTm | 86.92(5) keV | 380(30) ns | IT | 163Tm | (7/2)− | ||||||||||||||
164Tm | 69 | 95 | 163.933538(27) | 2.0(1) min | EC (61%) | 164Er | 1+ | ||||||||||||
β+ (39%) | |||||||||||||||||||
164mTm | 20(12) keV | 5.1(1) min | IT (~80%) | 164Tm | 6− | ||||||||||||||
β+ (~20%) | 164Er | ||||||||||||||||||
165Tm | 69 | 96 | 164.9324418(18) | 30.06(3) h | β+ | 165Er | 1/2+ | ||||||||||||
165m1Tm | 80.37(6) keV | 80(3) μs | IT | 165Tm | 7/2+ | ||||||||||||||
165m2Tm | 160.47(6) keV | 9.0(5) μs | IT | 165Tm | 7/2− | ||||||||||||||
166Tm | 69 | 97 | 165.933562(12) | 7.70(3) h | β+ | 166Er | 2+ | ||||||||||||
166m1Tm | 122(7) keV | 348(21) ms | IT | 166Tm | (6−) | ||||||||||||||
166m2Tm | 244(7) keV | 2(1) μs | IT | 166Tm | (6−) | ||||||||||||||
167Tm | 69 | 98 | 166.9328572(14) | 9.25(2) d | EC | 167Er | 1/2+ | ||||||||||||
167m1Tm | 179.480(19) keV | 1.16(6) μs | IT | 167Tm | 7/2+ | ||||||||||||||
167m2Tm | 292.820(20) keV | 0.9(1) μs | IT | 167Tm | 7/2− | ||||||||||||||
168Tm | 69 | 99 | 167.9341785(18) | 93.1(2) d | β+ (99.99%) | 168Er | 3+ | ||||||||||||
β− (0.010%) | 168Yb | ||||||||||||||||||
169Tm | 69 | 100 | 168.93421896(79) | Observationally Stable [n 9] | 1/2+ | 1.0000 | |||||||||||||
169mTm | 316.1463(1) keV | 659.9(23) ns | IT | 169Tm | 7/2+ | ||||||||||||||
170Tm | 69 | 101 | 169.93580709(79) | 128.6(3) d | β− (99.87%) | 170Yb | 1− | ||||||||||||
EC (0.131%) | 170Er | ||||||||||||||||||
170mTm | 183.197(4) keV | 4.12(13) μs | IT | 170Tm | 3+ | ||||||||||||||
171Tm | 69 | 102 | 170.9364352(10) | 1.92(1) y | β− | 171Yb | 1/2+ | ||||||||||||
171m1Tm | 424.9557(15) keV | 2.60(2) μs | IT | 171Tm | 7/2− | ||||||||||||||
171m2Tm | 1674.43(13) keV | 1.7(2) μs | IT | 171Tm | 19/2+ | ||||||||||||||
172Tm | 69 | 103 | 171.9384070(59) | 63.6(3) h | β− | 172Yb | 2− | ||||||||||||
172mTm | 476.2(2) keV | 132(7) μs | IT | 172Tm | (6+) | ||||||||||||||
173Tm | 69 | 104 | 172.9396066(47) | 8.24(8) h | β− | 173Yb | (1/2+) | ||||||||||||
173m1Tm | 317.73(20) keV | 10.7(17) μs | IT | 173Tm | 7/2− | ||||||||||||||
173m2Tm | 1905.7(4) keV | 250(69) ns | IT | 173Tm | 19/2− | ||||||||||||||
173m3Tm | 4047.9(5) keV | 121(28) ns | IT | 173Tm | 35/2− | ||||||||||||||
174Tm | 69 | 105 | 173.942174(48) | 5.4(1) min | β− | 174Yb | 4− | ||||||||||||
174m1Tm | 252.4(7) keV | 2.29(1) s | IT (>98.5%) | 174Tm | 0+ | ||||||||||||||
β− (<1.5%) | 174Yb | ||||||||||||||||||
174m2Tm | 2091.7(3) keV | 106(7) μs | IT | 174Tm | 14− | ||||||||||||||
175Tm | 69 | 106 | 174.943842(54) | 15.2(5) min | β− | 175Yb | (1/2)+ | ||||||||||||
175m1Tm | 440.0(11) keV | 319(35) ns | IT | 175Tm | 7/2− | ||||||||||||||
175m2Tm | 1517.7(12) keV | 21(14) μs | IT | 175Tm | 23/2+ | ||||||||||||||
176Tm | 69 | 107 | 175.94700(11) | 1.85(3) min | β− | 176Yb | (4+) | ||||||||||||
177Tm | 69 | 108 | 176.94893(22)# | 95(7) s | β− | 177Yb | 1/2+# | ||||||||||||
177mTm [n 8] | 100(100)# keV | 77(11) s | β− | 177Yb | 7/2−# | ||||||||||||||
178Tm | 69 | 109 | 177.95251(32)# | 10# s [>300 ns] | 1−# | ||||||||||||||
179Tm | 69 | 110 | 178.95502(43)# | 18# s [>300 ns] | 1/2+# | ||||||||||||||
180Tm | 69 | 111 | 179.95902(43)# | 3# s [>300 ns] | |||||||||||||||
181Tm | 69 | 112 | 180.96195(54)# | 7# s [>300 ns] | 1/2+# | ||||||||||||||
182Tm [5] | 69 | 113 | 181.96619(54)# | ||||||||||||||||
183Tm [5] | 69 | 114 | |||||||||||||||||
This table header & footer: |
EC: | Electron capture |
IT: | Isomeric transition |
p: | Proton emission |
Thulium-170 has a half-life of 128.6 days, decaying by β− decay about 99.87% of the time and electron capture the remaining 0.13% of the time. [1] Due to its low-energy X-ray emissions, it has been proposed for radiotherapy [6] and as a source in a radiothermal generator. [7]
Daughter products other than thulium
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