Isotopes of oganesson

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Isotopes of oganesson  (118Og)
Main isotopes [1] Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
294Og synth 0.7 ms [2] [3] α 290Lv
SF –

Oganesson (118Og) is a synthetic element created in particle accelerators, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first and only isotope to be synthesized was 294Og in 2002 and 2005; it has a half-life of 0.58 milliseconds.

Contents

List of isotopes

Nuclide
 Z N Isotopic mass (Da) [4]
[n 1] [n 2] 		Half-life [1]
Decay
mode [1]
Daughter
isotope
Spin and
parity [1]
294Og118176294.21398(59)#0.58+0.44
−0.18 ms
[0.7(3) ms]		α 290Lv 0+
This table header & footer:
  1. ↑ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
  2. ↑ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).

Nucleosynthesis

Target-projectile combinations leading to Z=118 compound nuclei

The below table contains various combinations of targets and projectiles that could be used to form compound nuclei with Z=118.[ citation needed ]

TargetProjectileCNAttempt result
208Pb86Kr294OgFailure to date
238U58Fe296OgReaction yet to be attempted
244Pu54Cr298OgReaction yet to be attempted
248Cm50Ti298OgFailure to date
250Cm50Ti300OgReaction yet to be attempted
249Cf48Ca297OgSuccessful reaction
250Cf48Ca298OgFailure to date
251Cf48Ca299OgFailure to date
252Cf48Ca300OgReaction yet to be attempted

Cold fusion

208Pb(86Kr,xn)294-xOg

In 1999, a team led by Victor Ninov at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory performed this experiment, as a 1998 calculation by Robert Smolańczuk suggested a promising outcome. After eleven days of irradiation, three events of 293Og and its alpha decay products were reported in this reaction; this was the first reported discovery of element 118 and then-unknown element 116. [5]

The following year, they published a retraction after researchers at other laboratories were unable to duplicate the results and the Berkeley lab could not duplicate them either. [6] In June 2002, the director of the lab announced that the original claim of the discovery of these two elements had been based on data fabricated by principal author Victor Ninov. [7] [8] Newer experimental results and theoretical predictions have confirmed the exponential decrease in cross-sections with lead and bismuth targets as the atomic number of the resulting nuclide increases. [9]

Hot fusion

249Cf(48Ca,xn)297-xOg (x=3)

Following successful experiments utilizing calcium-48 projectiles and actinide targets to generate elements 114 and 116, [10] the search for element 118 was first performed at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in 2002. One or two atoms of 294Og were produced in the 2002 experiment, and two more atoms were produced in a 2005 confirmation run. The discovery of element 118 was announced in 2006. [2]

Because of the very small fusion reaction probability (the fusion cross section is roughly 0.3–0.6  pb), the experiment took four months and involved a beam dose of 2.5×1019 calcium ions that had to be shot at the californium target to produce the first recorded event believed to be the synthesis of oganesson. [11] Nevertheless, researchers were highly confident that the results were not a false positive; the chance that they were random events was estimated to be less than one part in 100,000. [12]

In a 2012 experiment aimed at the confirmation of tennessine, one alpha decay chain was attributed to 294Og. This synthesis event resulted from the population of 249Cf in the target as the decay product of the 249Bk target (half-life 330 days); the cross section and decays were consistent with previously reported observations of 294Og. [10]

From 1 October 2015 until 6 April 2016, the team at the JINR conducted a search for new isotopes of oganesson using a 48Ca beam and a target comprising a mixture of 249Cf (50.7%), 250Cf (12.9%), and 251Cf (36.4%). The experiment was performed at 252 MeV and 258 MeV beam energies. One event of 294Og was found at the lower beam energy, while no decays of oganesson isotopes were found at the higher beam energy; a cross section of 0.9 pb for the 249Cf(48Ca,3n) reaction was estimated. [13]

250,251Cf(48Ca,xn)298,299-xOg

In the 2015–2016 experiment, these reactions were performed in a search for 295Og and 296Og. No events attributable to a reaction with the 250Cf or 251Cf portions of the target were found. A repeat of this experiment was planned for 2017–2018. [13]

248Cm(50Ti,xn)298-xOg

This reaction was originally planned to be tested at the JINR and RIKEN in 2017–2018, as it uses the same 50Ti projectile as planned experiments leading to elements 119 and 120. [14] A search beginning in summer 2016 at RIKEN for 295Og in the 3n channel of this reaction was unsuccessful, though the study is planned to resume; a detailed analysis and cross section limit were not provided. [15] [16]

Theoretical calculations

Theoretical calculations done on the synthetic pathways for, and the half-life of, other isotopes have shown that some could be slightly more stable than the synthesized isotope 294Og, most likely 293Og, 295Og, 296Og, 297Og, 298Og, 300Og and 302Og. [17] [18] [19] Of these, 297Og might provide the best chances for obtaining longer-lived nuclei, [17] [19] and thus might become the focus of future work with this element. Some isotopes with many more neutrons, such as some located around 313Og, could also provide longer-lived nuclei. [20]

Theoretical calculations on evaporation cross sections

The below table contains various targets-projectile combinations for which calculations have provided estimates for cross section yields from various neutron evaporation channels. The channel with the highest expected yield is given.

DNS = Di-nuclear system; 2S = Two-step; σ = cross section

TargetProjectileCNChannel (product)σ maxModelRef
208Pb86Kr294Og1n (293Og)0.1 pbDNS [21]
208Pb85Kr293Og1n (292Og)0.18 pbDNS [21]
246Cm50Ti296Og3n (293Og)40 fb2S [22]
244Cm50Ti294Og2n (292Og)53 fb2S [22]
252Cf48Ca300Og3n (297Og)1.2 pbDNS [23]
251Cf48Ca299Og3n (296Og)1.2 pbDNS [23]
249Cf48Ca297Og3n (294Og)0.3 pbDNS [23]

Related Research Articles

Livermorium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Lv and atomic number 116. It is an extremely radioactive element that has only been created in a laboratory setting and has not been observed in nature. The element is named after the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the United States, which collaborated with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia, to discover livermorium during experiments conducted between 2000 and 2006. The name of the laboratory refers to the city of Livermore, California, where it is located, which in turn was named after the rancher and landowner Robert Livermore. The name was adopted by IUPAC on May 30, 2012. Five isotopes of livermorium are known, with mass numbers of 288 and 290–293 inclusive; the longest-lived among them is livermorium-293 with a half-life of about 80 milliseconds. A sixth possible isotope with mass number 294 has been reported but not yet confirmed.

Oganesson is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Og and atomic number 118. It was first synthesized in 2002 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, near Moscow, Russia, by a joint team of Russian and American scientists. In December 2015, it was recognized as one of four new elements by the Joint Working Party of the international scientific bodies IUPAC and IUPAP. It was formally named on 28 November 2016. The name honors the nuclear physicist Yuri Oganessian, who played a leading role in the discovery of the heaviest elements in the periodic table. It is one of only two elements named after a person who was alive at the time of naming, the other being seaborgium, and the only element whose eponym is alive as of 2024.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Island of stability</span> Predicted set of isotopes of relatively more stable superheavy elements

In nuclear physics, the island of stability is a predicted set of isotopes of superheavy elements that may have considerably longer half-lives than known isotopes of these elements. It is predicted to appear as an "island" in the chart of nuclides, separated from known stable and long-lived primordial radionuclides. Its theoretical existence is attributed to stabilizing effects of predicted "magic numbers" of protons and neutrons in the superheavy mass region.

Unbinilium, also known as eka-radium or element 120, is a hypothetical chemical element; it has symbol Ubn and atomic number 120. Unbinilium and Ubn are the temporary systematic IUPAC name and symbol, which are used until the element is discovered, confirmed, and a permanent name is decided upon. In the periodic table of the elements, it is expected to be an s-block element, an alkaline earth metal, and the second element in the eighth period. It has attracted attention because of some predictions that it may be in the island of stability.

Moscovium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Mc and atomic number 115. It was first synthesized in 2003 by a joint team of Russian and American scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia. In December 2015, it was recognized as one of four new elements by the Joint Working Party of international scientific bodies IUPAC and IUPAP. On 28 November 2016, it was officially named after the Moscow Oblast, in which the JINR is situated.

Tennessine is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Ts and atomic number 117. It has the second-highest atomic number and joint-highest atomic mass of all known elements and is the penultimate element of the 7th period of the periodic table. It is named after the region of Tennessee, where key research institutions involved in its discovery are located.

Flerovium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Fl and atomic number 114. It is an extremely radioactive, superheavy element, named after the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, where the element was discovered in 1999. The lab's name, in turn, honours Russian physicist Georgy Flyorov. IUPAC adopted the name on 30 May 2012. The name and symbol had previously been proposed for element 102 (nobelium), but was not accepted by IUPAC at that time.

Nihonium is a synthetic chemical element; it has the symbol Nh and atomic number 113. It is extremely radioactive: its most stable known isotope, nihonium-286, has a half-life of about 10 seconds. In the periodic table, nihonium is a transactinide element in the p-block. It is a member of period 7 and group 13.

Unbibium, also known as element 122 or eka-thorium, is a hypothetical chemical element; it has placeholder symbol Ubb and atomic number 122. Unbibium and Ubb are the temporary systematic IUPAC name and symbol respectively, which are used until the element is discovered, confirmed, and a permanent name is decided upon. In the periodic table of the elements, it is expected to follow unbiunium as the second element of the superactinides and the fourth element of the 8th period. Similarly to unbiunium, it is expected to fall within the range of the island of stability, potentially conferring additional stability on some isotopes, especially 306Ubb which is expected to have a magic number of neutrons (184).

Hassium (108Hs) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 265Hs in 1984. There are 13 known isotopes from 263Hs to 277Hs and up to six isomers. The most stable known isotope is 271Hs, with a half-life of about 46 seconds, though this assignment is not definite due to uncertainty arising from a low number of measurements. The isotopes 269Hs and 270Hs respectively have half-lives of about 12 seconds and 7.6 seconds. It is also possible that the isomer 277mHs is more stable than these, with a reported half-life 130±100 seconds, but only one event of decay of this isotope has been registered as of 2016.

Darmstadtium (110Ds) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 269Ds in 1994. There are 11 known radioisotopes from 267Ds to 281Ds and 2 or 3 known isomers. The longest-lived isotope is 281Ds with a half-life of 14 seconds. However, the unconfirmed 282Ds might have an even longer half-life of 67 seconds.

Roentgenium (111Rg) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 272Rg in 1994, which is also the only directly synthesized isotope; all others are decay products of heavier elements. There are seven known radioisotopes, having mass numbers of 272, 274, and 278–282. The longest-lived isotope is 282Rg with a half-life of about 2 minutes, although the unconfirmed 283Rg and 286Rg may have longer half-lives of about 5.1 minutes and 10.7 minutes respectively.

Copernicium (112Cn) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 277Cn in 1996. There are 6 known radioisotopes ; the longest-lived isotope is 285Cn with a half-life of 30 seconds.

Nihonium (113Nh) is a synthetic element. Being synthetic, a standard atomic weight cannot be given and like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 284Nh as a decay product of 288Mc in 2003. The first isotope to be directly synthesized was 278Nh in 2004. There are 6 known radioisotopes from 278Nh to 286Nh, along with the unconfirmed 287Nh and 290Nh. The longest-lived isotope is 286Nh with a half-life of 9.5 seconds.

Flerovium (114Fl) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 289Fl in 1999. Flerovium has six known isotopes, along with the unconfirmed 290Fl, and possibly two nuclear isomers. The longest-lived isotope is 289Fl with a half-life of 1.9 seconds, but 290Fl may have a longer half-life of 19 seconds.

Livermorium (116Lv) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 293Lv in 2000. There are five known radioisotopes, with mass numbers 288 and 290–293, as well as a few suggestive indications of a possible heavier isotope 294Lv. The longest-lived known isotope is 293Lv with a half-life of 53 ms.

Tennessine (117Ts) is the most-recently synthesized synthetic element, and much of the data is hypothetical. As for any synthetic element, a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotopes to be synthesized were 293Ts and 294Ts in 2009. The longer-lived isotope is 294Ts with a half-life of 51 ms.

Ununennium (119Uue) has not yet been synthesised, so there is no experimental data and a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it would have no stable isotopes.

Unbinilium (120Ubn) has not yet been synthesised, so there is no experimental data and a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it would have no stable isotopes.

Unbiunium, also known as eka-actinium or element 121, is a hypothetical chemical element; it has symbol Ubu and atomic number 121. Unbiunium and Ubu are the temporary systematic IUPAC name and symbol respectively, which are used until the element is discovered, confirmed, and a permanent name is decided upon. In the periodic table of the elements, it is expected to be the first of the superactinides, and the third element in the eighth period. It has attracted attention because of some predictions that it may be in the island of stability. It is also likely to be the first of a new g-block of elements.

References

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  2. 1 2 Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Lobanov, Yu. V.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Polyakov, A. N.; Sagaidak, R. N.; Shirokovsky, I. V.; Tsyganov, Yu. S.; et al. (2006-10-09). "Synthesis of the isotopes of elements 118 and 116 in the 249Cf and 245Cm+48Ca fusion reactions". Physical Review C. 74 (4): 044602. Bibcode:2006PhRvC..74d4602O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.74.044602 . Retrieved 2008-01-18.
  3. ↑ Oganessian, Yuri Ts.; Rykaczewski, Krzysztof P. (August 2015). "A beachhead on the island of stability". Physics Today. 68 (8): 32–38. Bibcode:2015PhT....68h..32O. doi:10.1063/PT.3.2880. OSTI   1337838.
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  6. ↑ Public Affairs Department (21 July 2001). "Results of element 118 experiment retracted". Berkeley Lab. Archived from the original on 29 January 2008. Retrieved 18 January 2008.
  7. ↑ Dalton, R. (2002). "Misconduct: The stars who fell to Earth". Nature . 420 (6917): 728–729. Bibcode:2002Natur.420..728D. doi:10.1038/420728a. PMID   12490902. S2CID   4398009.
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  9. ↑ Zagrebaev, Valeriy; Karpov, Alexander; Greiner, Walter (2013). "Future of superheavy element research: Which nuclei could be synthesized within the next few years?" (PDF). Journal of Physics. 420 (1): 012001. arXiv: 1207.5700 . Bibcode:2013JPhCS.420a2001Z. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012001. S2CID   55434734.
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  11. ↑ "Ununoctium". WebElements Periodic Table. Retrieved 2007-12-09.
  12. ↑ Jacoby, Mitch (17 October 2006). "Element 118 Detected, With Confidence". Chemical & Engineering News. 84 (43): 11. doi:10.1021/cen-v084n043.p011 . Retrieved 18 January 2008. I would say we're very confident.
  13. 1 2 Voinov, A.A.; et al. (2018). "Study of the 249-251Cf + 48Ca reactions: recent results and outlook". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 966 (1): 012057. Bibcode:2018JPhCS.966a2057V. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/966/1/012057 .
  14. ↑ Roberto, J. B. (31 March 2015). "Actinide Targets for Super-Heavy Element Research" (PDF). cyclotron.tamu.edu. Texas A & M University. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  15. ↑ Hauschild, K. (26 June 2019). Superheavy nuclei at RIKEN, Dubna, and JYFL (PDF). Conseil Scientifique de l'IN2P3. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
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