Isotopes of caesium

Last updated
Isotopes of caesium  (55Cs)
Main isotopes [1] Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
131Cs synth 9.7 d ε 131Xe
133Cs100% stable
134Cssynth2.0648 yε 134Xe
β− 134Ba
135Cs trace 1.33×106 yβ− 135Ba
137Cs synth30.17 y [2] β− 137Ba
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Cs)
  • 132.90545196±0.00000006
  • 132.91±0.01 (abridged) [3] [4]

Caesium (55Cs) has 40 known isotopes, making it, along with barium and mercury, one of the elements with the most isotopes. [5] The atomic masses of these isotopes range from 112 to 151. Only one isotope, 133Cs, is stable. The longest-lived radioisotopes are 135Cs with a half-life of 2.3 million years, 137
Cs
 with a half-life of 30.1671 years and 134Cs with a half-life of 2.0652 years. All other isotopes have half-lives less than 2 weeks, most under an hour.

Contents

Beginning in 1945 with the commencement of nuclear testing, caesium radioisotopes were released into the atmosphere where caesium is absorbed readily into solution and is returned to the surface of the Earth as a component of radioactive fallout. Once caesium enters the ground water, it is deposited on soil surfaces and removed from the landscape primarily by particle transport. As a result, the input function of these isotopes can be estimated as a function of time.

List of isotopes

Nuclide
[n 1] 		Z N Isotopic mass (Da)
[n 2] [n 3] 		Half-life
Decay
mode
[n 4] 		Daughter
isotope
[n 5] [n 6] 		Spin and
parity
[n 7] [n 8] 		Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Excitation energy [n 8] Normal proportionRange of variation
112Cs5557111.95030(33)#500(100) μs p 111Xe1+#
α 108I
113Cs5558112.94449(11)16.7(7) μsp (99.97%)112Xe5/2+#
β+ (.03%)113Xe
114Cs5559113.94145(33)#0.57(2) sβ+ (91.09%)114Xe(1+)
β+, p (8.69%)113I
β+, α (.19%)110Te
α (.018%)110I
115Cs5560114.93591(32)#1.4(8) sβ+ (99.93%)115Xe9/2+#
β+, p (.07%)114I
116Cs5561115.93337(11)#0.70(4) sβ+ (99.67%)116Xe(1+)
β+, p (.279%)115I
β+, α (.049%)112Te
116mCs100(60)# keV3.85(13) sβ+ (99.48%)116Xe4+, 5, 6
β+, p (.51%)115I
β+, α (.008%)112Te
117Cs5562116.92867(7)8.4(6) sβ+117Xe(9/2+)#
117mCs150(80)# keV6.5(4) sβ+117Xe3/2+#
118Cs5563117.926559(14)14(2) sβ+ (99.95%)118Xe2
β+, p (.042%)117I
β+, α (.0024%)114Te
118mCs100(60)# keV17(3) sβ+ (99.95%)118Xe(7−)
β+, p (.042%)117I
β+, α (.0024%)114Te
119Cs5564118.922377(15)43.0(2) sβ+119Xe9/2+
β+, α (2×10−6%)115Te
119mCs50(30)# keV30.4(1) sβ+119Xe3/2(+)
120Cs5565119.920677(11)61.2(18) sβ+120Xe2(−#)
β+, α (2×10−5%)116Te
β+, p (7×10−6%)119I
120mCs100(60)# keV57(6) sβ+120Xe(7−)
β+, α (2×10−5%)116Te
β+, p (7×10−6%)119I
121Cs5566120.917229(15)155(4) sβ+121Xe3/2(+)
121mCs68.5(3) keV122(3) sβ+ (83%)121Xe9/2(+)
IT (17%)121Cs
122Cs5567121.91611(3)21.18(19) sβ+122Xe1+
β+, α (2×10−7%)118Te
122m1Cs45.8 keV>1 μs(3)+
122m2Cs140(30) keV3.70(11) minβ+122Xe8−
122m3Cs127.0(5) keV360(20) ms(5)−
123Cs5568122.912996(13)5.88(3) minβ+123Xe1/2+
123m1Cs156.27(5) keV1.64(12) sIT123Cs(11/2)−
123m2Cs231.63+X keV114(5) ns(9/2+)
124Cs5569123.912258(9)30.9(4) sβ+124Xe1+
124mCs462.55(17) keV6.3(2) sIT124Cs(7)+
125Cs5570124.909728(8)46.7(1) minβ+125Xe1/2(+)
125mCs266.6(11) keV900(30) ms(11/2−)
126Cs5571125.909452(13)1.64(2) minβ+126Xe1+
126m1Cs273.0(7) keV>1 μs
126m2Cs596.1(11) keV171(14) μs
127Cs5572126.907418(6)6.25(10) hβ+127Xe1/2+
127mCs452.23(21) keV55(3) μs(11/2)−
128Cs5573127.907749(6)3.640(14) minβ+128Xe1+
129Cs5574128.906064(5)32.06(6) hβ+129Xe1/2+
130Cs5575129.906709(9)29.21(4) minβ+ (98.4%)130Xe1+
β− (1.6%)130Ba
130mCs163.25(11) keV3.46(6) minIT (99.83%)130Cs5−
β+ (.16%)130Xe
131Cs5576130.905464(5)9.689(16) d EC 131Xe5/2+
132Cs5577131.9064343(20)6.480(6) dβ+ (98.13%)132Xe2+
β− (1.87%)132Ba
133Cs [n 9] [n 10] 5578132.905451933(24)Stable [n 11] 7/2+1.0000
134Cs [n 10] 5579133.906718475(28)2.0652(4) yβ−134Ba4+
EC (3×10−4%)134Xe
134mCs138.7441(26) keV2.912(2) hIT134Cs8−
135Cs [n 10] 5580134.9059770(11)2.3 x106 yβ−135Ba7/2+
135mCs1632.9(15) keV53(2) minIT135Cs19/2−
136Cs5581135.9073116(20)13.16(3) dβ−136Ba5+
136mCs518(5) keV19(2) sβ−136Ba8−
IT136Cs
137Cs [n 10] 5582136.9070895(5)30.1671(13) yβ− (95%)137mBa7/2+
β− (5%)137Ba
138Cs5583137.911017(10)33.41(18) minβ−138Ba3−
138mCs79.9(3) keV2.91(8) minIT (81%)138Cs6−
β− (19%)138Ba
139Cs5584138.913364(3)9.27(5) minβ−139Ba7/2+
140Cs5585139.917282(9)63.7(3) sβ−140Ba1−
141Cs5586140.920046(11)24.84(16) sβ− (99.96%)141Ba7/2+
β−, n (.0349%)140Ba
142Cs5587141.924299(11)1.689(11) sβ− (99.9%)142Ba0−
β−, n (.091%)141Ba
143Cs5588142.927352(25)1.791(7) sβ− (98.38%)143Ba3/2+
β−, n (1.62%)142Ba
144Cs5589143.932077(28)994(4) msβ− (96.8%)144Ba1(−#)
β−, n (3.2%)143Ba
144mCs300(200)# keV<1 sβ−144Ba(>3)
IT144Cs
145Cs5590144.935526(12)582(6) msβ− (85.7%)145Ba3/2+
β−, n (14.3%)144Ba
146Cs5591145.94029(8)0.321(2) sβ− (85.8%)146Ba1−
β−, n (14.2%)145Ba
147Cs5592146.94416(6)0.235(3) sβ− (71.5%)147Ba(3/2+)
β−, n (28.49%)146Ba
148Cs5593147.94922(62)146(6) msβ− (74.9%)148Ba
β−, n (25.1%)147Ba
149Cs5594148.95293(21)#150# ms [>50 ms]β−149Ba3/2+#
β−, n148Ba
150Cs5595149.95817(32)#100# ms [>50 ms]β−150Ba
β−, n149Ba
151Cs5596150.96219(54)#60# ms [>50 ms]β−151Ba3/2+#
β−, n150Ba
This table header & footer:
  1. ↑ mCs – Excited nuclear isomer.
  2. ↑ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
  3. ↑ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
  4. ↑ Modes of decay:
    EC: Electron capture
    IT: Isomeric transition
    n: Neutron emission
    p: Proton emission
  5. ↑ Bold italics symbol as daughter – Daughter product is nearly stable.
  6. ↑ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
  7. ↑ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
  8. 1 2 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
  9. ↑ Used to define the second
  10. 1 2 3 4 Fission product
  11. ↑ Theoretically capable of spontaneous fission

Caesium-131

Caesium-131, introduced in 2004 for brachytherapy by Isoray, [6] has a half-life of 9.7 days and 30.4 keV energy.

Caesium-133

Caesium-133 is the only stable isotope of caesium. The SI base unit of time, the second, is defined by a specific caesium-133 transition. Since 1967, the official definition of a second is:

The second, symbol s, is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the caesium frequency, ΔνCs, the unperturbed ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium-133 atom, [7] to be 9192631770 when expressed in the unit Hz, which is equal to s−1.

Caesium-134

Caesium-134 has a half-life of 2.0652 years. It is produced both directly (at a very small yield because 134Xe is stable) as a fission product and via neutron capture from nonradioactive 133Cs (neutron capture cross section 29 barns), which is a common fission product. Caesium-134 is not produced via beta decay of other fission product nuclides of mass 134 since beta decay stops at stable 134Xe. It is also not produced by nuclear weapons because 133Cs is created by beta decay of original fission products only long after the nuclear explosion is over.

The combined yield of 133Cs and 134Cs is given as 6.7896%. The proportion between the two will change with continued neutron irradiation. 134Cs also captures neutrons with a cross section of 140 barns, becoming long-lived radioactive 135Cs.

Caesium-134 undergoes beta decay (β−), producing 134Ba directly and emitting on average 2.23 gamma ray photons (mean energy 0.698 MeV). [8]

Caesium-135

Long-lived fission products
Nuclide t1⁄2 Yield Q [a 1] βγ
(Ma)(%) [a 2] (keV)
99Tc 0.2116.1385294β
126Sn 0.2300.10844050 [a 3] βγ
79Se 0.3270.0447151β
93Zr 1.53 5.457591βγ
135Cs 2.3  6.9110 [a 4] 269β
107Pd 6.5  1.249933β
129I 15.7  0.8410194βγ
  1. ↑ Decay energy is split among β, neutrino, and γ if any.
  2. ↑ Per 65 thermal neutron fissions of 235U and 35 of 239Pu.
  3. ↑ Has decay energy 380 keV, but its decay product 126Sb has decay energy 3.67 MeV.
  4. ↑ Lower in thermal reactors because 135Xe, its predecessor, readily absorbs neutrons.

Caesium-135 is a mildly radioactive isotope of caesium with a half-life of 2.3 million years. It decays via emission of a low-energy beta particle into the stable isotope barium-135. Caesium-135 is one of the seven long-lived fission products and the only alkaline one. In most types of nuclear reprocessing, it stays with the medium-lived fission products (including 137
Cs which can only be separated from Cs-135 via isotope separation) rather than with other long-lived fission products. Except in the Molten salt reactor, where Cs-135 is created as a completely separate stream outside the fuel (after the decay of bubble-separated Xe-135). The low decay energy, lack of gamma radiation, and long half-life of 135Cs make this isotope much less hazardous than 137Cs or 134Cs.

Its precursor 135Xe has a high fission product yield (e.g. 6.3333% for 235U and thermal neutrons) but also has the highest known thermal neutron capture cross section of any nuclide. Because of this, much of the 135Xe produced in current thermal reactors (as much as >90% at steady-state full power) [9] will be converted to extremely long-lived (half-life on the order of 1021 years) 136
Xe before it can decay to 135
Cs despite the relatively short half life of 135
Xe. Little or no 135
Xe will be destroyed by neutron capture after a reactor shutdown, or in a molten salt reactor that continuously removes xenon from its fuel, a fast neutron reactor, or a nuclear weapon. The xenon pit is a phenomenon of excess neutron absorption through 135
Xe buildup in the reactor after a reduction in power or a shutdown and is often managed by letting the 135
Xe decay away to a level at which neutron flux can be safely controlled via control rods again.

A nuclear reactor will also produce much smaller amounts of 135Cs from the nonradioactive fission product 133Cs by successive neutron capture to 134Cs and then 135Cs.

The thermal neutron capture cross section and resonance integral of 135Cs are 8.3 ± 0.3 and 38.1 ± 2.6 barns respectively. [10] Disposal of 135Cs by nuclear transmutation is difficult, because of the low cross section as well as because neutron irradiation of mixed-isotope fission caesium produces more 135Cs from stable 133Cs. In addition, the intense medium-term radioactivity of 137Cs makes handling of nuclear waste difficult. [11]

Caesium-136

Caesium-136 has a half-life of 13.16 days. It is produced both directly (at a very small yield because 136Xe is beta-stable) as a fission product and via neutron capture from long-lived 135Cs (neutron capture cross section 8.702 barns), which is a common fission product. Caesium-136 is not produced via beta decay of other fission product nuclides of mass 136 since beta decay stops at almost-stable 136Xe. It is also not produced by nuclear weapons because 135Cs is created by beta decay of original fission products only long after the nuclear explosion is over. 136Cs also captures neutrons with a cross section of 13.00 barns, becoming medium-lived radioactive 137Cs. Caesium-136 undergoes beta decay (β−), producing 136Ba directly.

Caesium-137

Caesium-137, with a half-life of 30.17 years, is one of the two principal medium-lived fission products, along with 90Sr, which are responsible for most of the radioactivity of spent nuclear fuel after several years of cooling, up to several hundred years after use. It constitutes most of the radioactivity still left from the Chernobyl accident and is a major health concern for decontaminating land near the Fukushima nuclear power plant. [12] 137Cs beta decays to barium-137m (a short-lived nuclear isomer) then to nonradioactive barium-137. Caesium-137 does not emit gamma radiation directly, all observed radiation is due to the daughter isotope barium-137m.

137Cs has a very low rate of neutron capture and cannot yet be feasibly disposed of in this way unless advances in neutron beam collimation (not otherwise achievable by magnetic fields), uniquely available only from within muon catalyzed fusion experiments (not in the other forms of Accelerator Transmutation of Nuclear Waste) enables production of neutrons at high enough intensity to offset and overcome these low capture rates; until then, therefore, 137Cs must simply be allowed to decay.

137Cs has been used as a tracer in hydrologic studies, analogous to the use of 3H.

Other isotopes of caesium

The other isotopes have half-lives from a few days to fractions of a second. Almost all caesium produced from nuclear fission comes from beta decay of originally more neutron-rich fission products, passing through isotopes of iodine then isotopes of xenon. Because these elements are volatile and can diffuse through nuclear fuel or air, caesium is often created far from the original site of fission.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nuclear fission product</span> Atoms or particles produced by nuclear fission

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neutron activation</span> Induction of radioactivity by neutron radiation

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References

  1. ↑ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
  2. ↑ "NIST Radionuclide Half-Life Measurements". NIST . Retrieved 2011-03-13.
  3. ↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Caesium". CIAAW. 2013.
  4. ↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN   1365-3075.
  5. ↑ "Isotopes". Ptable.
  6. ↑ Isoray. "Why Cesium-131".
  7. ↑ Although the phase used here is more terse than in the previous definition, it still has the same meaning. This is made clear in the 9th SI Brochure, which almost immediately after the definition on p. 130 states: "The effect of this definition is that the second is equal to the duration of 9192631770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the unperturbed ground state of the 133Cs atom."
  8. ↑ "Characteristics of Caesium-134 and Caesium-137". Japan Atomic Energy Agency. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-10-23.
  9. ↑ John L. Groh (2004). "Supplement to Chapter 11 of Reactor Physics Fundamentals" (PDF). CANTEACH project. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  10. ↑ Hatsukawa, Y.; Shinohara, N; Hata, K.; et al. (1999). "Thermal neutron cross section and resonance integral of the reaction of135Cs(n,γ)136Cs: Fundamental data for the transmutation of nuclear waste". Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. 239 (3): 455–458. doi:10.1007/BF02349050. S2CID   97425651.
  11. ↑ Ohki, Shigeo; Takaki, Naoyuki (2002). "Transmutation of Cesium-135 With Fast Reactors" (PDF). Proceedings of the Seventh Information Exchange Meeting on Actinide and Fission Product Partitioning & Transmutation, Cheju, Korea.
  12. ↑ Dennis (1 March 2013). "Cooling a Hot Zone". Science. 339 (6123): 1028–1029. doi:10.1126/science.339.6123.1028. PMID   23449572.
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