Isotopes of tin

Isotopes of tin (₅₀Sn)
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Sn)
	118.710±0.007; 118.71±0.01 (abridged);
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Last updated October 11, 2024

Tin (₅₀Sn) is the element with the greatest number of stable isotopes (ten; three of them are potentially radioactive but have not been observed to decay). This is probably related to the fact that 50 is a "magic number" of protons. In addition, twenty-nine unstable tin isotopes are known, including tin-100 (¹⁰⁰Sn) (discovered in 1994)^[4] and tin-132 (¹³²Sn), which are both "doubly magic". The longest-lived tin radioisotope is tin-126 (¹²⁶Sn), with a half-life of 230,000 years. The other 28 radioisotopes have half-lives of less than a year.

List of isotopes

Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da)^[5] ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life ^[1] ^{[n 4]}	Decay mode ^[1] ^{[n 5]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 6]}	Spin and parity ^[1] ^{[n 7]}^{[n 4]}	Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Excitation energy^{[n 4]}			Half-life ^[1] ^{[n 4]}	Decay mode ^[1] ^{[n 5]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 6]}	Spin and parity ^[1] ^{[n 7]}^{[n 4]}	Normal proportion^[1]	Range of variation
⁹⁹Sn^{[n 8]}	50	49	98.94850(63)#	24(4) ms	β⁺ (95%)	⁹⁹In	9/2+#
⁹⁹Sn^{[n 8]}	50	49	98.94850(63)#	24(4) ms	β⁺ p (5%)	⁹⁸Cd	9/2+#
¹⁰⁰Sn^{[n 9]}	50	50	99.93865(26)	1.18(8) s	β⁺ (>83%)	¹⁰⁰In	0+
¹⁰⁰Sn^{[n 9]}	50	50	99.93865(26)	1.18(8) s	β⁺p (<17%)	⁹⁹Cd	0+
¹⁰¹Sn	50	51	100.93526(32)	2.22(5) s	β⁺	¹⁰¹In	(7/2+)
¹⁰¹Sn	50	51	100.93526(32)	2.22(5) s	β⁺p?	¹⁰⁰Cd	(7/2+)
¹⁰²Sn	50	52	101.93029(11)	3.8(2) s	β⁺	¹⁰²In	0+
^102mSn	2017(2) keV			367(8) ns	IT	¹⁰²Sn	(6+)
¹⁰³Sn	50	53	102.92797(11)#	7.0(2) s	β⁺ (98.8%)	¹⁰³In	5/2+#
¹⁰³Sn	50	53	102.92797(11)#	7.0(2) s	β⁺p (1.2%)	¹⁰²Cd	5/2+#
¹⁰⁴Sn	50	54	103.923105(6)	20.8(5) s	β⁺	¹⁰⁴In	0+
¹⁰⁵Sn	50	55	104.921268(4)	32.7(5) s	β⁺	¹⁰⁵In	(5/2+)
¹⁰⁵Sn	50	55	104.921268(4)	32.7(5) s	β⁺p (0.011%)	¹⁰⁴Cd	(5/2+)
¹⁰⁶Sn	50	56	105.916957(5)	1.92(8) min	β⁺	¹⁰⁶In	0+
¹⁰⁷Sn	50	57	106.915714(6)	2.90(5) min	β⁺	¹⁰⁷In	(5/2+)
¹⁰⁸Sn	50	58	107.911894(6)	10.30(8) min	β⁺	¹⁰⁸In	0+
¹⁰⁹Sn	50	59	108.911293(9)	18.1(2) min	β⁺	¹⁰⁹In	5/2+
¹¹⁰Sn	50	60	109.907845(15)	4.154(4) h	EC	¹¹⁰In	0+
¹¹¹Sn	50	61	110.907741(6)	35.3(6) min	β⁺	¹¹¹In	7/2+
^111mSn	254.71(4) keV			12.5(10) μs	IT	¹¹¹Sn	1/2+
¹¹²Sn	50	62	111.9048249(3)	Observationally Stable ^{[n 10]}			0+	0.0097(1)
¹¹³Sn	50	63	112.9051759(17)	115.08(4) d	β⁺	¹¹³In	1/2+
^113mSn	77.389(19) keV			21.4(4) min	IT (91.1%)	¹¹³Sn	7/2+
^113mSn	77.389(19) keV			21.4(4) min	β⁺ (8.9%)	¹¹³In	7/2+
¹¹⁴Sn	50	64	113.90278013(3)	Stable			0+	0.0066(1)
^114mSn	3087.37(7) keV			733(14) ns	IT	¹¹⁴Sn	7−
¹¹⁵Sn	50	65	114.903344695(16)	Stable			1/2+	0.0034(1)
^115m1Sn	612.81(4) keV			3.26(8) μs	IT	¹¹⁵Sn	7/2+
^115m2Sn	713.64(12) keV			159(1) μs	IT	¹¹⁵Sn	11/2−
¹¹⁶Sn	50	66	115.90174283(10)	Stable			0+	0.1454(9)
^116m1Sn	2365.975(21) keV			348(19) ns	IT	¹¹⁶Sn	5−
^116m2Sn	3547.16(17) keV			833(30) ns	IT	¹¹⁶Sn	10+
¹¹⁷Sn	50	67	116.90295404(52)	Stable			1/2+	0.0768(7)
^117m1Sn	314.58(4) keV			13.939(24) d	IT	¹¹⁷Sn	11/2−
^117m2Sn	2406.4(4) keV			1.75(7) μs	IT	¹¹⁷Sn	(19/2+)
¹¹⁸Sn	50	68	117.90160663(54)	Stable			0+	0.2422(9)
^118m1Sn	2574.91(4) keV			230(10) ns	IT	¹¹⁸Sn	7−
^118m2Sn	3108.06(22) keV			2.52(6) μs	IT	¹¹⁸Sn	(10+)
¹¹⁹Sn	50	69	118.90331127(78)	Stable			1/2+	0.0859(4)
^119m1Sn	89.531(13) keV			293.1(7) d	IT	¹¹⁹Sn	11/2−
^119m2Sn	2127.0(10) keV			9.6(12) μs	IT	¹¹⁹Sn	(19/2+)
^119m3Sn	2369.0(3) keV			96(9) ns	IT	¹¹⁹Sn	23/2+
¹²⁰Sn	50	70	119.90220256(99)	Stable			0+	0.3258(9)
^120m1Sn	2481.63(6) keV			11.8(5) μs	IT	¹²⁰Sn	7−
^120m2Sn	2902.22(22) keV			6.26(11) μs	IT	¹²⁰Sn	10+
¹²¹Sn^{[n 11]}	50	71	120.9042435(11)	27.03(4) h	β⁻	¹²¹Sb	3/2+
^121m1Sn	6.31(6) keV			43.9(5) y	IT (77.6%)	¹²¹Sn	11/2−
^121m1Sn	6.31(6) keV			43.9(5) y	β⁻ (22.4%)	¹²¹Sb	11/2−
^121m2Sn	1998.68(13) keV			5.3(5) μs	IT	¹²¹Sn	19/2+
^121m3Sn	2222.0(2) keV			520(50) ns	IT	¹²¹Sn	23/2+
^121m4Sn	2833.9(2) keV			167(25) ns	IT	¹²¹Sn	27/2−
¹²²Sn^{[n 11]}	50	72	121.9034455(26)	Observationally Stable^{[n 12]}			0+	0.0463(3)
^122m1Sn	2409.03(4) keV			7.5(9) μs	IT	¹²²Sn	7−
^122m2Sn	2765.5(3) keV			62(3) μs	IT	¹²²Sn	10+
^122m3Sn	4721.2(3) keV			139(9) ns	IT	¹²²Sn	15−
¹²³Sn^{[n 11]}	50	73	122.9057271(27)	129.2(4) d	β⁻	¹²³Sb	11/2−
^123m1Sn	24.6(4) keV			40.06(1) min	β⁻	¹²³Sb	3/2+
^123m2Sn	1944.90(12) keV			7.4(26) μs	IT	¹²³Sn	19/2+
^123m3Sn	2152.66(19) keV			6 μs	IT	¹²³Sn	23/2+
^123m4Sn	2712.47(21) keV			34 μs	IT	¹²³Sn	27/2−
¹²⁴Sn^{[n 11]}	50	74	123.9052796(14)	Observationally Stable^{[n 13]}			0+	0.0579(5)
^124m1Sn	2204.620(23) keV			270(60) ns	IT	¹²⁴Sn	5-
^124m2Sn	2324.96(4) keV			3.1(5) μs	IT	¹²⁴Sn	7−
^124m3Sn	2656.6(3) keV			51(3) μs	IT	¹²⁴Sn	10+
^124m4Sn	4552.4(3) keV			260(25) ns	IT	¹²⁴Sn	15−
¹²⁵Sn^{[n 11]}	50	75	124.9077894(14)	9.634(15) d	β⁻	¹²⁵Sb	11/2−
^125m1Sn	27.50(14) keV			9.77(25) min	β⁻	¹²⁵Sb	3/2+
^125m2Sn	1892.8(3) keV			6.2(2) μs	IT	¹²⁵Sn	19/2+
^125m3Sn	2059.5(4) keV			650(60) ns	IT	¹²⁵Sn	23/2+
^125m4Sn	2623.5(5) keV			230(17) ns	IT	¹²⁵Sn	27/2−
¹²⁶Sn^{[n 14]}	50	76	125.907658(11)	2.30(14)×10⁵ y	β⁻	¹²⁶Sb	0+	< 10⁻¹⁴^[6]
^126m1Sn	2218.99(8) keV			6.1(7) μs	IT	¹²⁶Sn	7−
^126m2Sn	2564.5(5) keV			7.6(3) μs	IT	¹²⁶Sn	10+
^126m3Sn	4347.4(4) keV			114(2) ns	IT	¹²⁶Sn	15−
¹²⁷Sn	50	77	126.9103917(99)	2.10(4) h	β⁻	¹²⁷Sb	11/2−
^127m1Sn	5.07(6) keV			4.13(3) min	β⁻	¹²⁷Sb	3/2+
^127m2Sn	1826.67(16) keV			4.52(15) μs	IT	¹²⁷Sn	19/2+
^127m3Sn	1930.97(17) keV			1.26(15) μs	IT	¹²⁷Sn	(23/2+)
^127m4Sn	2552.4(10) keV			250 ns (30) ns	IT	¹²⁷Sn	(27/2−)
¹²⁸Sn	50	78	127.910508(19)	59.07(14) min	β⁻	¹²⁸Sb	0+
^128m1Sn	2091.50(11) keV			6.5(5) s	IT	¹²⁸Sn	7−
^128m2Sn	2491.91(17) keV			2.91(14) μs	IT	¹²⁸Sn	10+
^128m3Sn	4099.5(4) keV			220(30) ns	IT	¹²⁸Sn	(15−)
¹²⁹Sn	50	79	128.913482(19)	2.23(4) min	β⁻	¹²⁹Sb	3/2+
^129m1Sn	35.15(5) keV			6.9(1) min	β⁻	¹²⁹Sb	11/2−
^129m2Sn	1761.6(10) keV			3.49(11) μs	IT	¹²⁹Sn	(19/2+)
^129m3Sn	1802.6(10) keV			2.22(13) μs	IT	¹²⁹Sn	23/2+
^129m4Sn	2552.9(11) keV			221(18) ns	IT	¹²⁹Sn	(27/2−)
¹³⁰Sn	50	80	129.9139745(20)	3.72(7) min	β⁻	¹³⁰Sb	0+
^130m1Sn	1946.88(10) keV			1.7(1) min	β⁻	¹³⁰Sb	7−
^130m2Sn	2434.79(12) keV			1.501(17) μs	IT	¹³⁰Sn	(10+)
¹³¹Sn	50	81	130.917053(4)	56.0(5) s	β⁻	¹³¹Sb	3/2+
^131m1Sn	65.1(3) keV			58.4(5) s	β⁻	¹³¹Sb	11/2−
^131m1Sn	65.1(3) keV			58.4(5) s	IT?	¹³¹Sn	11/2−
^131m2Sn	4670.0(4) keV			316(5) ns	IT	¹³¹Sn	(23/2−)
¹³²Sn	50	82	131.9178239(21)	39.7(8) s	β⁻	¹³²Sb	0+
^132mSn	4848.52(20) keV			2.080(16) μs	IT	¹³²Sn	8+
¹³³Sn	50	83	132.9239138(20)	1.37(7) s	β⁻ (99.97%)	¹³³Sb	7/2−
¹³³Sn	50	83	132.9239138(20)	1.37(7) s	β⁻ n (.0294%)	¹³²Sb	7/2−
¹³⁴Sn	50	84	133.928680(3)	0.93(8) s	β⁻ (83%)	¹³⁴Sb	0+
¹³⁴Sn	50	84	133.928680(3)	0.93(8) s	β⁻n (17%)	¹³³Sb	0+
^134mSn	1247.4(5) keV			87(8) ns	IT	¹³²Sn	6+
¹³⁵Sn	50	85	134.934909(3)	515(5) ms	β⁻ (79%)	¹³⁵Sb	7/2−#
					β⁻n (21%)	¹³⁴Sb
					β⁻2n?	¹³³Sb
¹³⁶Sn	50	86	135.93970(22)#	355(18) ms	β⁻ (72%)	¹³⁶Sb	0+
					β⁻n (28%)	¹³⁵Sb
					β⁻2n?	¹³⁴Sb
¹³⁷Sn	50	87	136.94616(32)#	249(15) ms	β⁻ (52%)	¹³⁷Sb	5/2−#
					β⁻n (48%)	¹³⁶Sb
					β⁻2n?	¹³⁵Sb
¹³⁸Sn	50	88	137.95114(43)#	148(9) ms	β⁻ (64%)	¹³⁸Sb	0+
					β⁻n (36%)	¹³⁷Sb
					β⁻2n?	¹³⁶Sb
^138mSn	1344(2) keV			210(45) ns	IT	¹³⁸Sn	(6+)
¹³⁹Sn	50	89	138.95780(43)#	120(38) ms	β⁻	¹³⁹Sb	5/2−#
					β⁻n?	¹³⁸Sb
					β⁻2n?	¹³⁷Sb
¹⁴⁰Sn	50	90	139.96297(32)#	50# ms [>550 ns]	β⁻?	¹⁴⁰Sb	0+
					β⁻n?	¹³⁹Sb
					β⁻2n?	¹³⁸Sb
This table header & footer: view

↑ ^mSn – Excited nuclear isomer.
↑ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
↑ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
1 2 3 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
↑ Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition
n: Neutron emission
p: Proton emission
↑ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
↑ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
↑ Heaviest known nuclide with more protons than neutrons
↑ Heaviest nuclide with equal numbers of protons and neutrons with no observed α decay
↑ Believed to decay by β⁺β⁺ to ¹¹²Cd
1 2 3 4 5 Fission product
↑ Believed to undergo β⁻β⁻ decay to ¹²²Te
↑ Believed to undergo β⁻β⁻ decay to ¹²⁴Te with a half-life over 1×10¹⁷ years
↑ Long-lived fission product

Tin-117m

Tin-117m is a radioisotope of tin. One of its uses is in a particulate suspension to treat canine synovitis (radiosynoviorthesis).^[7]

Tin-121m

Tin-121m (^121mSn) is a radioisotope and nuclear isomer of tin with a half-life of 43.9 years.

In a normal thermal reactor, it has a very low fission product yield; thus, this isotope is not a significant contributor to nuclear waste. Fast fission or fission of some heavier actinides will produce tin-121 at higher yields. For example, its yield from uranium-235 is 0.0007% per thermal fission and 0.002% per fast fission.^[8]

Tin-126

Yield, % per fission ^[8]
	Thermal	Fast	14 MeV
²³²Th	not fissile	0.0481 ± 0.0077	0.87 ± 0.20
²³³U	0.224 ± 0.018	0.278 ± 0.022	1.92 ± 0.31
²³⁵U	0.056 ± 0.004	0.0137 ± 0.001	1.70 ± 0.14
²³⁸U	not fissile	0.054 ± 0.004	1.31 ± 0.21
²³⁹Pu	0.199 ± 0.016	0.26 ± 0.02	2.02 ± 0.22
²⁴¹Pu	0.082 ± 0.019	0.22 ± 0.03	?

Tin-126 is a radioisotope of tin and one of the only seven long-lived fission products of uranium and plutonium. While tin-126's half-life of 230,000 years translates to a low specific activity of gamma radiation, its short-lived decay products, two isomers of antimony-126, emit 17 and 40 keV gamma radiation and a 3.67 MeV beta particle on their way to stable tellurium-126, making external exposure to tin-126 a potential concern.

Tin-126 is in the middle of the mass range for fission products. Thermal reactors, which make up almost all current nuclear power plants, produce it at a very low yield (0.056% for ²³⁵U), since slow neutrons almost always fission ²³⁵U or ²³⁹Pu into unequal halves. Fast fission in a fast reactor or nuclear weapon, or fission of some heavy minor actinides such as californium, will produce it at higher yields.

ANL factsheet

Related Research Articles

Natural hafnium (₇₂Hf) consists of five observationally stable isotopes (¹⁷⁶Hf, ¹⁷⁷Hf, ¹⁷⁸Hf, ¹⁷⁹Hf, and ¹⁸⁰Hf) and one very long-lived radioisotope, ¹⁷⁴Hf, with a half-life of 7.0×10¹⁶ years. In addition, there are 34 known synthetic radioisotopes, the most stable of which is ¹⁸²Hf with a half-life of 8.9×10⁶ years. This extinct radionuclide is used in hafnium–tungsten dating to study the chronology of planetary differentiation.

Naturally occurring terbium (₆₅Tb) is composed of one stable isotope, ¹⁵⁹Tb. Thirty-seven radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being ¹⁵⁸Tb with a half-life of 180 years, ¹⁵⁷Tb with a half-life of 71 years, and ¹⁶⁰Tb with a half-life of 72.3 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 6.907 days, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 24 seconds. This element also has 27 meta states, with the most stable being ^156m1Tb, ^154m2Tb and ^154m1Tb.

Naturally occurring gadolinium (₆₄Gd) is composed of 6 stable isotopes, ¹⁵⁴Gd, ¹⁵⁵Gd, ¹⁵⁶Gd, ¹⁵⁷Gd, ¹⁵⁸Gd and ¹⁶⁰Gd, and 1 radioisotope, ¹⁵²Gd, with ¹⁵⁸Gd being the most abundant (24.84% natural abundance). The predicted double beta decay of ¹⁶⁰Gd has never been observed; only a lower limit on its half-life of more than 1.3×10²¹ years has been set experimentally.

Naturally occurring europium (₆₃Eu) is composed of two isotopes, ¹⁵¹Eu and ¹⁵³Eu, with ¹⁵³Eu being the most abundant (52.2% natural abundance). While ¹⁵³Eu is observationally stable (theoretically can undergo alpha decay with half-life over 5.5×10¹⁷ years), ¹⁵¹Eu was found in 2007 to be unstable and undergo alpha decay. The half-life is measured to be (4.62 ± 0.95(stat.) ± 0.68(syst.)) × 10¹⁸ years which corresponds to 1 alpha decay per two minutes in every kilogram of natural europium. Besides the natural radioisotope ¹⁵¹Eu, 36 artificial radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being ¹⁵⁰Eu with a half-life of 36.9 years, ¹⁵²Eu with a half-life of 13.516 years, ¹⁵⁴Eu with a half-life of 8.593 years, and ¹⁵⁵Eu with a half-life of 4.7612 years. The majority of the remaining radioactive isotopes, which range from ¹³⁰Eu to ¹⁷⁰Eu, have half-lives that are less than 12.2 seconds. This element also has 18 metastable isomers, with the most stable being ^150mEu (t_1/2 12.8 hours), ^152m1Eu (t_1/2 9.3116 hours) and ^152m5Eu (t_1/2 96 minutes).

Naturally occurring samarium (₆₂Sm) is composed of five stable isotopes, ¹⁴⁴Sm, ¹⁴⁹Sm, ¹⁵⁰Sm, ¹⁵²Sm and ¹⁵⁴Sm, and two extremely long-lived radioisotopes, ¹⁴⁷Sm and ¹⁴⁸Sm, with ¹⁵²Sm being the most abundant. ¹⁴⁶Sm is also fairly long-lived, but is not long-lived enough to have survived in significant quantities from the formation of the Solar System on Earth, although it remains useful in radiometric dating in the Solar System as an extinct radionuclide. It is the longest-lived nuclide that has not yet been confirmed to be primordial.

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Naturally occurring praseodymium (₅₉Pr) is composed of one stable isotope, ¹⁴¹Pr. Thirty-eight radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being ¹⁴³Pr, with a half-life of 13.57 days and ¹⁴²Pr, with a half-life of 19.12 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 5.985 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 33 seconds. This element also has 15 meta states with the most stable being ^138mPr, ^142mPr and ^134mPr.

Naturally occurring cerium (₅₈Ce) is composed of 4 stable isotopes: ¹³⁶Ce, ¹³⁸Ce, ¹⁴⁰Ce, and ¹⁴²Ce, with ¹⁴⁰Ce being the most abundant and the only one theoretically stable; ¹³⁶Ce, ¹³⁸Ce, and ¹⁴²Ce are predicted to undergo double beta decay but this process has never been observed. There are 35 radioisotopes that have been characterized, with the most stable being ¹⁴⁴Ce, with a half-life of 284.893 days; ¹³⁹Ce, with a half-life of 137.640 days and ¹⁴¹Ce, with a half-life of 32.501 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 4 days and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 10 minutes. This element also has 10 meta states.

Naturally occurring barium (₅₆Ba) is a mix of six stable isotopes and one very long-lived radioactive primordial isotope, barium-130, identified as being unstable by geochemical means (from analysis of the presence of its daughter xenon-130 in rocks) in 2001. This nuclide decays by double electron capture (absorbing two electrons and emitting two neutrinos), with a half-life of (0.5–2.7)×10²¹ years (about 10¹¹ times the age of the universe).

Caesium (₅₅Cs) has 41 known isotopes, the atomic masses of these isotopes range from 112 to 152. Only one isotope, ¹³³Cs, is stable. The longest-lived radioisotopes are ¹³⁵Cs with a half-life of 1.33 million years, ¹³⁷
Cs with a half-life of 30.1671 years and ¹³⁴Cs with a half-life of 2.0652 years. All other isotopes have half-lives less than 2 weeks, most under an hour.

There are 39 known isotopes and 17 nuclear isomers of tellurium (₅₂Te), with atomic masses that range from 104 to 142. These are listed in the table below.

Indium (₄₉In) consists of two primordial nuclides, with the most common (~ 95.7%) nuclide (¹¹⁵In) being measurably though weakly radioactive. Its spin-forbidden decay has a half-life of 4.41×10¹⁴ years, much longer than the currently accepted age of the Universe.

Naturally occurring cadmium (₄₈Cd) is composed of 8 isotopes. For two of them, natural radioactivity was observed, and three others are predicted to be radioactive but their decays have not been observed, due to extremely long half-lives. The two natural radioactive isotopes are ¹¹³Cd (beta decay, half-life is 8.04 × 10¹⁵ years) and ¹¹⁶Cd (two-neutrino double beta decay, half-life is 2.8 × 10¹⁹ years). The other three are ¹⁰⁶Cd, ¹⁰⁸Cd (double electron capture), and ¹¹⁴Cd (double beta decay); only lower limits on their half-life times have been set. Three isotopes—¹¹⁰Cd, ¹¹¹Cd, and ¹¹²Cd—are theoretically stable. Among the isotopes absent in natural cadmium, the most long-lived are ¹⁰⁹Cd with a half-life of 462.6 days, and ¹¹⁵Cd with a half-life of 53.46 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 2.5 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 5 minutes. This element also has 12 known meta states, with the most stable being ^113mCd (t_1/2 14.1 years), ^115mCd (t_1/2 44.6 days) and ^117mCd (t_1/2 3.36 hours).

Natural palladium (₄₆Pd) is composed of six stable isotopes, ¹⁰²Pd, ¹⁰⁴Pd, ¹⁰⁵Pd, ¹⁰⁶Pd, ¹⁰⁸Pd, and ¹¹⁰Pd, although ¹⁰²Pd and ¹¹⁰Pd are theoretically unstable. The most stable radioisotopes are ¹⁰⁷Pd with a half-life of 6.5 million years, ¹⁰³Pd with a half-life of 17 days, and ¹⁰⁰Pd with a half-life of 3.63 days. Twenty-three other radioisotopes have been characterized with atomic weights ranging from 90.949 u (⁹¹Pd) to 128.96 u (¹²⁹Pd). Most of these have half-lives that are less than 30 minutes except ¹⁰¹Pd, ¹⁰⁹Pd, and ¹¹²Pd.

Naturally occurring rhodium (₄₅Rh) is composed of only one stable isotope, ¹⁰³Rh. The most stable radioisotopes are ¹⁰¹Rh with a half-life of 3.3 years, ¹⁰²Rh with a half-life of 207 days, and ⁹⁹Rh with a half-life of 16.1 days. Thirty other radioisotopes have been characterized with atomic weights ranging from 88.949 u (⁸⁹Rh) to 121.943 u (¹²²Rh). Most of these have half-lives that are less than an hour except ¹⁰⁰Rh and ¹⁰⁵Rh. There are also numerous meta states with the most stable being ^102mRh (0.141 MeV) with a half-life of about 3.7 years and ^101mRh (0.157 MeV) with a half-life of 4.34 days.

Naturally occurring ruthenium (₄₄Ru) is composed of seven stable isotopes. Additionally, 27 radioactive isotopes have been discovered. Of these radioisotopes, the most stable are ¹⁰⁶Ru, with a half-life of 373.59 days; ¹⁰³Ru, with a half-life of 39.26 days and ⁹⁷Ru, with a half-life of 2.9 days.

Naturally occurring niobium (₄₁Nb) is composed of one stable isotope (⁹³Nb). The most stable radioisotope is ⁹²Nb with a half-life of 34.7 million years. The next longest-lived niobium isotopes are ⁹⁴Nb and ⁹¹Nb with a half-life of 680 years. There is also a meta state of ⁹³Nb at 31 keV whose half-life is 16.13 years. Twenty-seven other radioisotopes have been characterized. Most of these have half-lives that are less than two hours, except ⁹⁵Nb, ⁹⁶Nb and ⁹⁰Nb. The primary decay mode before stable ⁹³Nb is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta emission with some neutron emission occurring in ^104–110Nb.

Naturally occurring zirconium (₄₀Zr) is composed of four stable isotopes (of which one may in the future be found radioactive), and one very long-lived radioisotope (⁹⁶Zr), a primordial nuclide that decays via double beta decay with an observed half-life of 2.0×10¹⁹ years; it can also undergo single beta decay, which is not yet observed, but the theoretically predicted value of t_1/2 is 2.4×10²⁰ years. The second most stable radioisotope is ⁹³Zr, which has a half-life of 1.53 million years. Thirty other radioisotopes have been observed. All have half-lives less than a day except for ⁹⁵Zr (64.02 days), ⁸⁸Zr (83.4 days), and ⁸⁹Zr (78.41 hours). The primary decay mode is electron capture for isotopes lighter than ⁹²Zr, and the primary mode for heavier isotopes is beta decay.

Bromine (₃₅Br) has two stable isotopes, ⁷⁹Br and ⁸¹Br, and 35 known radioisotopes, the most stable of which is ⁷⁷Br, with a half-life of 57.036 hours.

Copper (₂₉Cu) has two stable isotopes, ⁶³Cu and ⁶⁵Cu, along with 28 radioisotopes. The most stable radioisotope is ⁶⁷Cu with a half-life of 61.83 hours. Most of the others have half-lives under a minute. Unstable copper isotopes with atomic masses below 63 tend to undergo β⁺ decay, while isotopes with atomic masses above 65 tend to undergo β⁻ decay. ⁶⁴Cu decays by both β⁺ and β⁻.

References

1 2 3 4 5 Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Tin". CIAAW. 1983.
↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
↑ K. Sümmerer; R. Schneider; T Faestermann; J. Friese; H. Geissel; R. Gernhäuser; H. Gilg; F. Heine; J. Homolka; P. Kienle; H. J. Körner; G. Münzenberg; J. Reinhold; K. Zeitelhack (April 1997). "Identification and decay spectroscopy of ¹⁰⁰Sn at the GSI projectile fragment separator FRS". Nuclear Physics A. 616 (1–2): 341–345. Bibcode:1997NuPhA.616..341S. doi:10.1016/S0375-9474(97)00106-1.
↑ Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
↑ Shen, Hongtao; Jiang, Shan; He, Ming; Dong, Kejun; Li, Chaoli; He, Guozhu; Wu, Shaolei; Gong, Jie; Lu, Liyan; Li, Shizhuo; Zhang, Dawei; Shi, Guozhu; Huang, Chuntang; Wu, Shaoyong (February 2011). "Study on measurement of fission product nuclide 126Sn by AMS" (PDF). Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 269 (3): 392–395. doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2010.11.059.
↑ "https://www.nrc.gov/site-help/search.html?site=AllSites&searchtext=synovetin" (PDF).{{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
1 2 M. B. Chadwick et al, "Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF) : ENDF/B-VII.1: Nuclear Data for Science and Technology: Cross Sections, Covariances, Fission Product Yields, and Decay Data", Nucl. Data Sheets 112(2011)2887. (accessed at https://www-nds.iaea.org/exfor/endf.htm)

Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry . 75 (6): 683–800. doi: 10.1351/pac200375060683 .
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry . 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi: 10.1351/pac200678112051 .

"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

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[5] Sn – Excited nuclear isomer.

[7] ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.

[TMS-8] # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).

[TNN-9] 1 2 3 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).

[10] Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition
n: Neutron emission
p: Proton emission

[11] Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.

[12] ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.

[13] Heaviest known nuclide with more protons than neutrons

[14] Heaviest nuclide with equal numbers of protons and neutrons with no observed α decay

[15] Believed to decay by β⁺β⁺ to ¹¹²Cd

[FP-16] 1 2 3 4 5 Fission product

[17] Believed to undergo β⁻β⁻ decay to ¹²²Te

[18] Believed to undergo β⁻β⁻ decay to ¹²⁴Te with a half-life over 1×10¹⁷ years

[19] Long-lived fission product

[NUBASE2020-1] 1 2 3 4 5 Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[2] "Standard Atomic Weights: Tin". CIAAW. 1983.

[CIAAW2021-3] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[4] K. Sümmerer; R. Schneider; T Faestermann; J. Friese; H. Geissel; R. Gernhäuser; H. Gilg; F. Heine; J. Homolka; P. Kienle; H. J. Körner; G. Münzenberg; J. Reinhold; K. Zeitelhack (April 1997). "Identification and decay spectroscopy of ¹⁰⁰Sn at the GSI projectile fragment separator FRS". Nuclear Physics A. 616 (1–2): 341–345. Bibcode:1997NuPhA.616..341S. doi:10.1016/S0375-9474(97)00106-1.

[AME2020_II-6] Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.

[20] Shen, Hongtao; Jiang, Shan; He, Ming; Dong, Kejun; Li, Chaoli; He, Guozhu; Wu, Shaolei; Gong, Jie; Lu, Liyan; Li, Shizhuo; Zhang, Dawei; Shi, Guozhu; Huang, Chuntang; Wu, Shaoyong (February 2011). "Study on measurement of fission product nuclide 126Sn by AMS" (PDF). Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 269 (3): 392–395. doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2010.11.059.

[21] "https://www.nrc.gov/site-help/search.html?site=AllSites&searchtext=synovetin" (PDF).{{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)

[Chadwick-22] 1 2 M. B. Chadwick et al, "Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF) : ENDF/B-VII.1: Nuclear Data for Science and Technology: Cross Sections, Covariances, Fission Product Yields, and Decay Data", Nucl. Data Sheets 112(2011)2887. (accessed at https://www-nds.iaea.org/exfor/endf.htm)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[n 1]

[5]

[n 2]

[n 3]

[n 4]

[n 5]

[n 6]

[n 7]

[n 8]

[n 9]

[n 10]

[n 11]

[n 12]

[n 13]

[n 14]

[6]

[7]

[8]

EC:	Electron capture
IT:	Isomeric transition
n:	Neutron emission
p:	Proton emission