Isotopes of tellurium

Isotopes of tellurium (₅₂Te)
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Te)
	127.60±0.03; 127.60±0.03 (abridged);
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Last updated October 27, 2024

There are 39 known isotopes and 17 nuclear isomers of tellurium (₅₂Te), with atomic masses that range from 104 to 142. These are listed in the table below.

Naturally-occurring tellurium on Earth consists of eight isotopes. Two of these have been found to be radioactive: ¹²⁸Te and ¹³⁰Te undergo double beta decay with half-lives of, respectively, 2.2×10²⁴ (2.2 septillion) years (the longest half-life of all nuclides proven to be radioactive)^[5] and 8.2×10²⁰ (820 quintillion) years. The longest-lived artificial radioisotope of tellurium is ¹²¹Te with a half-life of about 19 days. Several nuclear isomers have longer half-lives, the longest being ^121mTe with a half-life of 154 days.

The very-long-lived radioisotopes ¹²⁸Te and ¹³⁰Te are the two most common isotopes of tellurium. Of elements with at least one stable isotope, only indium and rhenium likewise have a radioisotope in greater abundance than a stable one.

It has been claimed that electron capture of ¹²³Te was observed, but more recent measurements of the same team have disproved this.^[6] The half-life of ¹²³Te is longer than 9.2 × 10¹⁶ years, and probably much longer.^[6]

¹²⁴Te can be used as a starting material in the production of radionuclides by a cyclotron or other particle accelerators. Some common radionuclides that can be produced from tellurium-124 are iodine-123 and iodine-124.

The short-lived isotope ¹³⁵Te (half-life 19 seconds) is produced as a fission product in nuclear reactors. It decays, via two beta decays, to ¹³⁵Xe, the most powerful known neutron absorber, and the cause of the iodine pit phenomenon.

With the exception of beryllium, tellurium is the second lightest element observed to have isotopes capable of undergoing alpha decay, with isotopes ¹⁰⁴Te to ¹⁰⁹Te being seen to undergo this mode of decay. Some lighter elements, namely those in the vicinity of ⁸Be, have isotopes with delayed alpha emission (following proton or beta emission) as a rare branch.

List of isotopes

Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da)^[7] ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life ^[1] ^{[n 4]}^{[n 5]}	Decay mode ^[1] ^{[n 6]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 7]}	Spin and parity ^[1] ^{[n 8]}^{[n 5]}	Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Excitation energy			Half-life ^[1] ^{[n 4]}^{[n 5]}	Decay mode ^[1] ^{[n 6]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 7]}	Spin and parity ^[1] ^{[n 8]}^{[n 5]}	Normal proportion^[1]	Range of variation
¹⁰⁴Te	52	52	103.94672(34)	<4 ns	α	¹⁰⁰Sn	0+
¹⁰⁵Te	52	53	104.94330(32)	633(66) ns	α	¹⁰¹Sn	(7/2+)
¹⁰⁶Te	52	54	105.93750(11)	78(11) μs	α	¹⁰²Sn	0+
¹⁰⁷Te	52	55	106.93488(11)#	3.22(9) ms	α (70%)	¹⁰³Sn	5/2+#
¹⁰⁷Te	52	55	106.93488(11)#	3.22(9) ms	β⁺ (30%)	¹⁰⁷Sb	5/2+#
¹⁰⁸Te	52	56	107.9293805(58)	2.1(1) s	α (49%)	¹⁰⁴Sn	0+
					β⁺ (48.6%)	¹⁰⁸Sb
					β⁺, p (2.4%)	¹⁰⁷Sn
					β⁺, α (<0.065%)	¹⁰⁴In
¹⁰⁹Te	52	57	108.9273045(47)	4.4(2) s	β⁺ (86.7%)	¹⁰⁹Sb	(5/2+)
					β⁺, p (9.4%)	¹⁰⁸Sn
					α (3.9%)	¹⁰⁵Sn
					β⁺, α (<0.0049%)	¹⁰⁵In
¹¹⁰Te	52	58	109.9224581(71)	18.6(8) s	β⁺	¹¹⁰Sb	0+
¹¹¹Te	52	59	110.9210006(69)	26.2(6) s	β⁺	¹¹¹Sb	(5/2)+
¹¹¹Te	52	59	110.9210006(69)	26.2(6) s	β⁺, p (?%)	¹¹⁰Sn	(5/2)+
¹¹²Te	52	60	111.9167278(90)	2.0(2) min	β⁺	¹¹²Sb	0+
¹¹³Te	52	61	112.915891(30)	1.7(2) min	β⁺	¹¹³Sb	(7/2+)
¹¹⁴Te	52	62	113.912088(26)	15.2(7) min	β⁺	¹¹⁴Sb	0+
¹¹⁵Te	52	63	114.911902(30)	5.8(2) min	β⁺	¹¹⁵Sb	7/2+
^115m1Te^{[n 9]}	10(6) keV			6.7(4) min	β⁺	¹¹⁵Sb	(1/2+)
^115m2Te	280.05(20) keV			7.5(2) μs	IT	¹¹⁵Te	11/2−
¹¹⁶Te	52	64	115.908466(26)	2.49(4) h	β⁺	¹¹⁶Sb	0+
¹¹⁷Te	52	65	116.908646(14)	62(2) min	EC (75%)	¹¹⁷Sb	1/2+
¹¹⁷Te	52	65	116.908646(14)	62(2) min	β⁺	¹¹⁷Sb	1/2+
^117mTe	296.1(5) keV			103(3) ms	IT	¹¹⁷Te	(11/2−)
¹¹⁸Te	52	66	117.905860(20)	6.00(2) d	EC	¹¹⁸Sb	0+
¹¹⁹Te	52	67	118.9064057(78)	16.05(5) h	EC (97.94%)	¹¹⁹Sb	1/2+
¹¹⁹Te	52	67	118.9064057(78)	16.05(5) h	β⁺ (2.06%)	¹¹⁹Sb	1/2+
^119mTe	260.96(5) keV			4.70(4) d	EC (99.59%)	¹¹⁹Sb	11/2−
^119mTe	260.96(5) keV			4.70(4) d	β⁺ (0.41%)	¹¹⁹Sb	11/2−
¹²⁰Te	52	68	119.9040658(19)	Observationally Stable ^{[n 10]}			0+	9(1)×10⁻⁴
¹²¹Te	52	69	120.904945(28)	19.31(7) d	β⁺	¹²¹Sb	1/2+
^121mTe	293.974(22) keV			164.7(5) d	IT (88.6%)	¹²¹Te	11/2−
^121mTe	293.974(22) keV			164.7(5) d	β⁺ (11.4%)	¹²¹Sb	11/2−
¹²²Te	52	70	121.9030447(15)	Stable			0+	0.0255(12)
¹²³Te	52	71	122,9042710(15)	Observationally Stable^{[n 11]}			1/2+	0.0089(3)
^123mTe	247.47(4) keV			119.2(1) d	IT	¹²³Te	11/2−
¹²⁴Te	52	72	123.9028183(15)	Stable			0+	0.0474(14)
¹²⁵Te^{[n 12]}	52	73	124.9044312(15)	Stable			1/2+	0.0707(15)
^125mTe	144.775(8) keV			57.40(15) d	IT	¹²⁵Te	11/2−
¹²⁶Te	52	74	125.9033121(15)	Stable			0+	0.1884(25)
¹²⁷Te^{[n 12]}	52	75	126.9052270(15)	9.35(7) h	β⁻	¹²⁷I	3/2+
^127mTe	88.23(7) keV			106.1(7) d	IT (97.86%)	¹²⁷Te	11/2−
^127mTe	88.23(7) keV			106.1(7) d	β⁻ (2.14%)	¹²⁷I	11/2−
¹²⁸Te^{[n 12]}^{[n 13]}	52	76	127.90446124(76)	2.25(9)×10²⁴ y^{[n 14]}	β⁻β⁻	¹²⁸Xe	0+	0.3174(8)
^128mTe	2790.8(3) keV			363(27) ns	IT	¹²⁸Te	(10+)
¹²⁹Te^{[n 12]}	52	77	128.90659642(76)	69.6(3) min	β⁻	¹²⁹I	3/2+
^129mTe	105.51(3) keV			33.6(1) d	IT (64%)	¹²⁹Te	11/2−
^129mTe	105.51(3) keV			33.6(1) d	β⁻ (36%)	¹²⁹I	11/2−
¹³⁰Te^{[n 12]}^{[n 13]}	52	78	129.906222745(11)	7.91(21)×10²⁰ y	β⁻β⁻	¹³⁰Xe	0+	0.3408(62)
^130m1Te	2146.41(4) keV			186(11) ns	IT	¹³⁰Te	7−
^130m2Te	2667.2(8) keV			1.90(8) μs	IT	¹³⁰Te	(10+)
^130m3Te	4373.9(9) keV			53(8) ns	IT	¹³⁰Te	(15−)
¹³¹Te^{[n 12]}	52	79	130.908522210(65)	25.0(1) min	β⁻	¹³¹I	3/2+
^131m1Te	182.258(18) keV			32.48(11) h	β⁻ (74.1%)	¹³¹I	11/2−
^131m1Te	182.258(18) keV			32.48(11) h	IT (25.9%)	¹³¹Te	11/2−
^131m2Te	1940.0(4) keV			93(12) ms	IT	¹³¹Te	(23/2+)
¹³²Te^{[n 12]}	52	80	131.9085467(37)	3.204(13) d	β⁻	¹³²I	0+
^132m1Te	1774.80(9) keV			145(8) ns	IT	¹³²Te	6+
^132m2Te	1925.47(9) keV			28.5(9) μs	IT	¹³²Te	7−
^132m3Te	2723.3(8) keV			3.62(6) μs	IT	¹³²Te	(10+)
¹³³Te	52	81	132.9109633(22)	12.5(3) min	β⁻	¹³³I	3/2+#
^133m1Te	334.26(4) keV			55.4(4) min	β⁻ (83.5%)	¹³³I	(11/2−)
^133m1Te	334.26(4) keV			55.4(4) min	IT (16.5%)	¹³³Te	(11/2−)
^133m2Te	1610.4(5) keV			100(5) ns	IT	¹³³Te	(19/2−)
¹³⁴Te	52	82	133.9113964(29)	41.8(8) min	β⁻	¹³⁴I	0+
^134mTe	1691.34(16) keV			164.5(7) ns	IT	¹³⁴Te	6+
¹³⁵Te^{[n 15]}	52	83	134.9165547(18)	19.0(2) s	β⁻	¹³⁵I	(7/2−)
^135mTe	1554.89(16) keV			511(20) ns	IT	¹³⁵Te	(19/2−)
¹³⁶Te	52	84	135.9201012(24)	17.63(9) s	β⁻ (98.63%)	¹³⁶I	0+
¹³⁶Te	52	84	135.9201012(24)	17.63(9) s	β⁻, n (1.37%)	¹³⁵I	0+
¹³⁷Te	52	85	136.9255994(23)	2.49(5) s	β⁻ (97.06%)	¹³⁷I	3/2−#
¹³⁷Te	52	85	136.9255994(23)	2.49(5) s	β⁻, n (2.94%)	¹³⁶I	3/2−#
¹³⁸Te	52	86	137.9294725(41)	1.46(25) s	β⁻ (95.20%)	¹³⁸I	0+
¹³⁸Te	52	86	137.9294725(41)	1.46(25) s	β⁻, n (4.80%)	¹³⁷I	0+
¹³⁹Te	52	87	138.9353672(38)	724(81) ms	β⁻	¹³⁹I	5/2−#
¹⁴⁰Te	52	88	139.939487(15)	351(5) ms	β⁻ (?%)	¹⁴⁰I	0+
¹⁴⁰Te	52	88	139.939487(15)	351(5) ms	β⁻, n (?%)	¹³⁹I	0+
¹⁴¹Te	52	89	140.94560(43)#	193(16) ms	β⁻	¹⁴¹I	5/2−#
¹⁴²Te	52	90	141.95003(54)#	147(8) ms	β⁻	¹⁴²I	0+
¹⁴³Te	52	91	142.95649(54)#	120(8) ms	β⁻	¹⁴³I	7/2+#
¹⁴⁴Te	52	92	143.96112(32)#	93(60) ms	β⁻	¹⁴⁴I	0+
¹⁴⁵Te	52	93	144.96778(32)#	75# ms [>550 ns]	β⁻	¹⁴⁵I
This table header & footer: view

↑ ^mTe – Excited nuclear isomer.
↑ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
↑ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
↑ Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
1 2 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
↑ Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition
n: Neutron emission
p: Proton emission
↑ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
↑ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
↑ Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain.
↑ Believed to undergo β⁺β⁺ decay to ¹²⁰Sn with a half-life over 1.6×10²¹ years
↑ Believed to undergo electron capture to ¹²³Sb with a half-life over 9.2×10¹⁶ years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Fission product
1 2 Primordial radionuclide
↑ Longest measured half-life of any nuclide
↑ Very short-lived fission product, responsible for the iodine pit as precursor of ¹³⁵Xe via ¹³⁵I

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Isotopes of iodine</span>

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Naturally occurring niobium (₄₁Nb) is composed of one stable isotope (⁹³Nb). The most stable radioisotope is ⁹²Nb with a half-life of 34.7 million years. The next longest-lived niobium isotopes are ⁹⁴Nb and ⁹¹Nb with a half-life of 680 years. There is also a meta state of ⁹³Nb at 31 keV whose half-life is 16.13 years. Twenty-seven other radioisotopes have been characterized. Most of these have half-lives that are less than two hours, except ⁹⁵Nb, ⁹⁶Nb and ⁹⁰Nb. The primary decay mode before stable ⁹³Nb is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta emission with some neutron emission occurring in ^104–110Nb.

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Bromine (₃₅Br) has two stable isotopes, ⁷⁹Br and ⁸¹Br, and 35 known radioisotopes, the most stable of which is ⁷⁷Br, with a half-life of 57.036 hours.

Naturally occurring vanadium (₂₃V) is composed of one stable isotope ⁵¹V and one radioactive isotope ⁵⁰V with a half-life of 2.71×10¹⁷ years. 24 artificial radioisotopes have been characterized (in the range of mass number between 40 and 65) with the most stable being ⁴⁹V with a half-life of 330 days, and ⁴⁸V with a half-life of 15.9735 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives shorter than an hour, the majority of them below 10 seconds, the least stable being ⁴²V with a half-life shorter than 55 nanoseconds, with all of the isotopes lighter than it, and none of the heavier, have unknown half-lives. In 4 isotopes, metastable excited states were found (including 2 metastable states for ⁶⁰V), which adds up to 5 meta states.

References

1 2 3 4 5 Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
↑ Alessandrello, A.; Arnaboldi, C.; Brofferio, C.; Capelli, S.; Cremonesi, O.; Fiorini, E.; Nucciotti, A.; Pavan, M.; Pessina, G.; Pirro, S.; Previtali, E.; Sisti, M.; Vanzini, M.; Zanotti, L.; Giuliani, A.; Pedretti, M.; Bucci, C.; Pobes, C. (2003). "New limits on naturally occurring electron capture of ¹²³Te". Physical Review C. 67: 014323. arXiv: hep-ex/0211015 . Bibcode:2003PhRvC..67a4323A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.67.014323.
↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Tellurium". CIAAW. 1969.
↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
↑ Many isotopes are expected to have longer half-lives, but decay has not yet been observed in these, allowing only a lower limit to be placed on their half-lives
1 2 A. Alessandrello; et al. (January 2003). "New Limits on Naturally Occurring Electron Capture of ¹²³Te". Physical Review C. 67 (1): 014323. arXiv: hep-ex/0211015 . Bibcode:2003PhRvC..67a4323A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.67.014323. S2CID 119523039.
↑ Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.

Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry . 75 (6): 683–800. doi: 10.1351/pac200375060683 .
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry . 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi: 10.1351/pac200678112051 .

"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
- Alduino, C.; Alfonso, K.; Artusa, D. R.; Avignone, F. T.; Azzolini, O.; Banks, T. I.; Bari, G.; Beeman, J. W.; Bellini, F. (2017-01-01). "Measurement of the two-neutrino double-beta decay half-life of ¹³⁰Te with the CUORE-0 experiment". The European Physical Journal C. 77 (1): 13. arXiv: 1609.01666 . Bibcode:2017EPJC...77...13A. doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-016-4498-6. ISSN 1434-6044. S2CID 254105128.

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[7] Te – Excited nuclear isomer.

[9] ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.

[TMS-10] # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).

[11] Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.

[TNN-12] 1 2 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).

[13] Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition
n: Neutron emission
p: Proton emission

[14] Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.

[15] ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.

[order-16] Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain.

[17] Believed to undergo β⁺β⁺ decay to ¹²⁰Sn with a half-life over 1.6×10²¹ years

[18] Believed to undergo electron capture to ¹²³Sb with a half-life over 9.2×10¹⁶ years

[FP-19] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Fission product

[PN-20] 1 2 Primordial radionuclide

[21] Longest measured half-life of any nuclide

[22] Very short-lived fission product, responsible for the iodine pit as precursor of ¹³⁵Xe via ¹³⁵I

[NUBASE2020-1] 1 2 3 4 5 Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[2] Alessandrello, A.; Arnaboldi, C.; Brofferio, C.; Capelli, S.; Cremonesi, O.; Fiorini, E.; Nucciotti, A.; Pavan, M.; Pessina, G.; Pirro, S.; Previtali, E.; Sisti, M.; Vanzini, M.; Zanotti, L.; Giuliani, A.; Pedretti, M.; Bucci, C.; Pobes, C. (2003). "New limits on naturally occurring electron capture of ¹²³Te". Physical Review C. 67: 014323. arXiv: hep-ex/0211015 . Bibcode:2003PhRvC..67a4323A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.67.014323.

[3] "Standard Atomic Weights: Tellurium". CIAAW. 1969.

[CIAAW2021-4] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[5] Many isotopes are expected to have longer half-lives, but decay has not yet been observed in these, allowing only a lower limit to be placed on their half-lives

[new_limits-6] 1 2 A. Alessandrello; et al. (January 2003). "New Limits on Naturally Occurring Electron Capture of ¹²³Te". Physical Review C. 67 (1): 014323. arXiv: hep-ex/0211015 . Bibcode:2003PhRvC..67a4323A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.67.014323. S2CID 119523039.

[AME2020_II-8] Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.

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EC:	Electron capture
IT:	Isomeric transition
n:	Neutron emission
p:	Proton emission