Isotopes of antimony

Isotopes of antimony (₅₁Sb)
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Sb)
	121.760±0.001; 121.76±0.01 (abridged);
	view ; talk ; edit ;

Last updated November 14, 2024

Antimony (₅₁Sb) occurs in two stable isotopes, ¹²¹Sb and ¹²³Sb. There are 37 artificial radioactive isotopes, the longest-lived of which are ¹²⁵Sb, with a half-life of 2.75856 years; ¹²⁴Sb, with half-life 60.2 days; and ¹²⁶Sb, with half-life 12.35 days. All other isotopes have half-lives less than 4 days, most less than an hour. There are also many isomers, the longest-lived of which is ^120m1Sb with half-life 5.76 days.

Except for beryllium, antimony is the lightest element observed to have isotopes capable of alpha decay; ¹⁰⁴Sb is seen to undergo this mode of decay. Some light elements, namely those near ⁸Be, have isotopes with delayed alpha emission (following proton or beta emission) as a rare branch.

List of isotopes

Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da)^[4] ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life ^[1]	Decay mode ^[1] ^{[n 4]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 5]}^{[n 6]}	Spin and parity ^[1] ^{[n 7]}^{[n 8]}	Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Excitation energy^{[n 8]}			Half-life ^[1]	Decay mode ^[1] ^{[n 4]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 5]}^{[n 6]}	Spin and parity ^[1] ^{[n 7]}^{[n 8]}	Normal proportion^[1]	Range of variation
¹⁰⁴Sb	51	53	103.93634(11)#	470(130) ms	β⁺?	¹⁰⁴Sn
					p (<7%)	¹⁰³Sn
					β⁺, p (<7%)	¹⁰³In
					α?	¹⁰⁰In
¹⁰⁵Sb	51	54	104.931277(23)	1.12(16) s	β⁺ (>99.9%)	¹⁰⁵Sn	(5/2+)
					p (<0.1%)	¹⁰⁴Sn
					β⁺, p?	¹⁰⁴In
¹⁰⁶Sb	51	55	105.9286380(80)	0.6(2) s	β⁺	¹⁰⁶Sn	(2+)
^106mSb	103.5(3) keV			226(14) ns	IT	¹⁰⁶Sb	(4+)
¹⁰⁷Sb	51	56	106.9241506(45)	4.0(2) s	β⁺	¹⁰⁷Sn	5/2+#
¹⁰⁸Sb	51	57	107.9222267(59)	7.4(3) s	β⁺	¹⁰⁸Sn	(4+)
¹⁰⁹Sb	51	58	108.9181412(57)	17.2(5) s	β⁺	¹⁰⁹Sn	5/2+#
¹¹⁰Sb	51	59	109.9168543(64)	23.6(3) s	β⁺	¹¹⁰Sn	(3+)
¹¹¹Sb	51	60	110.9132182(95)	75(1) s	β⁺	¹¹¹Sn	(5/2+)
¹¹²Sb	51	61	111.912400(19)	53.5(6) s	β⁺	¹¹²Sn	(3+)
^112mSb	825.9(4) keV			536(22) ns	IT	¹¹²Sb	(8−)
¹¹³Sb	51	62	112.909375(18)	6.67(7) min	β⁺	¹¹³Sn	5/2+
¹¹⁴Sb	51	63	113.909289(21)	3.49(3) min	β⁺	¹¹⁴Sn	3+
^114mSb	495.5(7) keV			219(12) μs	IT	¹¹⁴Sb	(8−)
¹¹⁵Sb	51	64	114.906598(17)	32.1(3) min	β⁺	¹¹⁵Sn	5/2+
^115mSb	2796.26(9) keV			159(3) ns	IT	¹¹⁵Sb	(19/2)−
¹¹⁶Sb	51	65	115.9067927(55)	15.8(8) min	β⁺	¹¹⁶Sn	3+
^116m1Sb	93.99(5) keV			194(4) ns	IT	¹¹⁶Sb	1+
^116m2Sb	390(40) keV			60.3(6) min	β⁺	¹¹⁶Sn	8−
¹¹⁷Sb	51	66	116.9048415(91)	2.97(2) h	β⁺	¹¹⁷Sn	5/2+
^117m1Sb	3130.76(19) keV			355(17) μs	IT	¹¹⁷Sb	(25/2)+
^117m2Sb	3230.7(2) keV			290(5) ns	IT	¹¹⁷Sb	(23/2−)
¹¹⁸Sb	51	67	117.9055322(32)	3.6(1) min	β⁺	¹¹⁸Sn	1+
^118m1Sb	50.814(21) keV			20.6(6) μs	IT	¹¹⁸Sb	3+
^118m2Sb	250(6) keV			5.01(3) h	β⁺	¹¹⁸Sn	8−
¹¹⁹Sb	51	68	118.9039441(75)	38.19(22) h	EC	¹¹⁹Sn	5/2+
^119m1Sb	2553.6(3) keV			130(3) ns	IT	¹¹⁹Sb	19/2−
^119m2Sb	2841.7(4) keV			835(81) ms	IT	¹¹⁹Sb	25/2+
¹²⁰Sb	51	69	119.9050803(77)	15.89(4) min	β⁺	¹²⁰Sn	1+
^120m1Sb^{[n 9]}	0(100)# keV			5.76(2) d	β⁺	¹²⁰Sn	8−
^120m2Sb	78.16(5) keV			246(2) ns	IT	¹²⁰Sb	(3+)
^120m3Sb	2328(100)# keV			400(8) ns	IT	¹²⁰Sb	13+
¹²¹Sb^{[n 10]}	51	70	120.9038114(27)	Stable			5/2+	0.5721(5)
^121mSb	2751(17) keV			179(6) μs	IT	¹²¹Sb	(25/2+)
¹²²Sb	51	71	121.9051693(27)	2.7238(2) d	β⁻ (97.59%)	¹²²Te	2−
¹²²Sb	51	71	121.9051693(27)	2.7238(2) d	β⁺ (2.41%)	¹²²Sn	2−
^122m1Sb	61.4131(5) keV			1.86(8) μs	IT	¹²²Sb	3+
^122m2Sb	137.4726(8) keV			0.53(3) ms	IT	¹²²Sb	5+
^122m3Sb	163.5591(17) keV			4.191(3) min	IT	¹²²Sb	8−
¹²³Sb^{[n 10]}	51	72	122.9042153(15)	Stable			7/2+	0.4279(5)
^123m1Sb	2237.8(3) keV			214(3) ns	IT	¹²³Sb	19/2−
^123m2Sb	2613.4(4) keV			65(1) μs	IT	¹²³Sb	23/2+
¹²⁴Sb	51	73	123.9059371(15)	60.20(3) d	β⁻	¹²⁴Te	3−
^124m1Sb	10.8627(8) keV			93(5) s	IT (75%)	¹²⁴Sb	5+
^124m1Sb	10.8627(8) keV			93(5) s	β⁻ (25%)	¹²⁴Te	5+
^124m2Sb	36.8440(14) keV			20.2(2) min	IT	^124m1Sb	(8)−
^124m3Sb	40.8038(7) keV			3.2(3) μs	IT	¹²⁴Sb	(3+)
¹²⁵Sb	51	74	124.9052543(27)	2.7576(11) y	β⁻	¹²⁵Te	7/2+
^125m1Sb	1971.25(20) keV			4.1(2) μs	IT	¹²⁵Sb	15/2−
^125m2Sb	2112.1(3) keV			28.5(5) μs	IT	¹²⁵Sb	19/2−
^125m3Sb	2471.0(4) keV			277.0(64) ns	IT	¹²⁵Sb	(23/2)+
¹²⁶Sb	51	75	125.907253(34)	12.35(6) d	β⁻	¹²⁶Te	8−
^126m1Sb	17.7(3) keV			19.15(8) min	β⁻ (86%)	¹²⁶Te	5+
^126m1Sb	17.7(3) keV			19.15(8) min	IT (14%)	¹²⁶Sb	5+
^126m2Sb	40.4(3) keV			~11 s	IT	^126m1Sb	3−
^126m3Sb	104.6(3) keV			553(5) ns	IT	¹²⁶Sb	3+
^126m4Sb	1810.7(17) keV			90(16) ns	IT	¹²⁶Sb	(13+)
¹²⁷Sb	51	76	126.9069256(55)	3.85(5) d	β⁻	¹²⁷Te	7/2+
^127m1Sb	1920.19(21) keV			11.7(1) μs	IT	¹²⁷Sb	15/2−
^127m2Sb	2324.7(4) keV			269(5) ns	IT	¹²⁷Sb	23/2+
¹²⁸Sb	51	77	127.909146(20)	9.05(4) h	β⁻	¹²⁸Te	8−
^128m1Sb^{[n 9]}	10(6) keV			10.41(18) min	β⁻ (96.4%)	¹²⁸Te	5+
^128m1Sb^{[n 9]}	10(6) keV			10.41(18) min	IT (3.6%)	¹²⁸Sb	5+
^128m2Sb	1617.3(7) keV			500(20) ns	IT	¹²⁸Sb	(11+)
^128m3Sb	1769.9(12) keV			217(7) ns	IT	¹²⁸Sb	(13+)
¹²⁹Sb	51	78	128.909147(23)	4.366(26) h	β⁻	¹²⁹Te	7/2+
^129m1Sb	1851.31(6) keV			17.7(1) min	β⁻ (85%)	¹²⁹Te	19/2−
^129m1Sb	1851.31(6) keV			17.7(1) min	IT (15%)	¹²⁹Sb	19/2−
^129m2Sb	1861.06(5) keV			2.23(17) μs	IT	¹²⁹Sb	15/2−
^129m3Sb	2139.4(3) keV			0.89(3) μs	IT	¹²⁹Sb	23/2+
¹³⁰Sb	51	79	129.911663(15)	39.5(8) min	β⁻	¹³⁰Te	8−
^130m1Sb	4.80(20) keV			6.3(2) min	β⁻	¹³⁰Te	4+
^130m2Sb	84.67(4) keV			800(100) ns	IT	¹³⁰Sb	6−
^130m3Sb	1508(1) keV			600(15) ns	IT	¹³⁰Sb	(11+)
^130m4Sb	1544.7(5) keV			1.25(1) μs	IT	¹³⁰Sb	(13+)
¹³¹Sb	51	80	130.9119893(22)	23.03(4) min	β⁻	¹³¹Te	7/2+
^131m1Sb	1676.06(6) keV			64.2(26) μs	IT	¹³¹Sb	15/2−
^131m2Sb	1687.2(9) keV			4.3(8) μs	IT	¹³¹Sb	19/2−
^131m3Sb	2165.6(15) keV			0.97(3) μs	IT	¹³¹Sb	23/2+
¹³²Sb	51	81	131.9145141(29)^[5]	2.79(7) min	β⁻	¹³²Te	(4)+
^132m1Sb	139.3(20) keV^[5]			4.10(5) min	β⁻	¹³²Te	(8−)
^132m2Sb	254.5(3) keV			102(4) ns	IT	¹³²Sb	(6−)
¹³³Sb	51	82	132.9152721(34)	2.34(5) min	β⁻	¹³³Te	(7/2+)
^133mSb	4541(9) keV			16.54(19) μs	IT	¹³³Sb	(21/2+)
¹³⁴Sb	51	83	133.9205373(33)	674(4) ms	β⁻	¹³⁴Te	(0-)
¹³⁴Sb	51	83	133.9205373(33)	674(4) ms	β⁻, n?	¹³³Te	(0-)
^134mSb	279(1) keV			10.01(4) s	β⁻ (99.91%)	¹³⁴Te	(7−)
^134mSb	279(1) keV			10.01(4) s	β⁻, n (0.088%)	¹³³Te	(7−)
¹³⁵Sb	51	84	134.9251844(28)	1.668(9) s	β⁻ (80.9%)	¹³⁵Te	(7/2+)
¹³⁵Sb	51	84	134.9251844(28)	1.668(9) s	β⁻, n (19.1%)	¹³⁴Te	(7/2+)
¹³⁶Sb	51	85	135.9307490(63)	0.923(14) s	β⁻ (75.2%)	¹³⁶Te	(1−)
					β⁻, n (24.7%)	¹³⁵Te
					β⁻, 2n (0.14%)	¹³⁴Te
^136mSb	269.3(5) keV			570(5) ns	IT	¹³⁶Sb	(6−)
¹³⁷Sb	51	86	136.935523(56)	497(21) ms	β⁻ (51%)	¹³⁷Te	7/2+#
					β⁻, n (49%)	¹³⁶Te
					β⁻, 2n?	¹³⁵Te
¹³⁸Sb	51	87	137.94133(32)#	333(7) ms	β⁻, n (72%)	¹³⁷Te	(3−)
					β⁻ (28%)	¹³⁸Te
					β⁻, 2n?	¹³⁶Te
¹³⁹Sb	51	88	138.94627(43)#	182(9) ms	β⁻, n (90%)	¹³⁸Te	7/2+#
					β⁻ (10%)	¹³⁹Te
					β⁻, 2n?	¹³⁷Te
¹⁴⁰Sb	51	89	139.95235(64)#	170(6) ms	β⁻ (69%)	¹⁴⁰Te	(3−)
					β⁻, n (23%)	¹³⁹Te
					β⁻, 2n (7.6%)	¹³⁸Te
^140mSb	330(30)# keV			41(8) μs	IT	¹⁴⁰Sb	(6−,7−)
¹⁴¹Sb	51	90	140.95755(54)#	103(29) ms	β⁻	¹⁴¹Te	7/2+#
					β⁻, n?	¹⁴⁰Te
					β⁻, 2n?	¹³⁹Te
¹⁴²Sb	51	91	141.96392(32)#	80(50) ms	β⁻	¹⁴²Te
					β⁻, n?	¹⁴¹Te
					β⁻, 2n?	¹³⁰Te
This table header & footer: view

↑ ^mSb – Excited nuclear isomer.
↑ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
↑ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
↑ Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition
n: Neutron emission
p: Proton emission
↑ Bold italics symbol as daughter – Daughter product is nearly stable.
↑ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
↑ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
1 2 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
1 2 Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain.
1 2 Fission product

Related Research Articles

Naturally occurring platinum (₇₈Pt) consists of five stable isotopes (¹⁹²Pt, ¹⁹⁴Pt, ¹⁹⁵Pt, ¹⁹⁶Pt, ¹⁹⁸Pt) and one very long-lived (half-life 4.83×10¹¹ years) radioisotope (¹⁹⁰Pt). There are also 34 known synthetic radioisotopes, the longest-lived of which is ¹⁹³Pt with a half-life of 50 years. All other isotopes have half-lives under a year, most under a day. All isotopes of platinum are either radioactive or observationally stable, meaning that they are predicted to be radioactive but no actual decay has been observed. Platinum-195 is the most abundant isotope.

Natural hafnium (₇₂Hf) consists of five observationally stable isotopes (¹⁷⁶Hf, ¹⁷⁷Hf, ¹⁷⁸Hf, ¹⁷⁹Hf, and ¹⁸⁰Hf) and one very long-lived radioisotope, ¹⁷⁴Hf, with a half-life of 7.0×10¹⁶ years. In addition, there are 34 known synthetic radioisotopes, the most stable of which is ¹⁸²Hf with a half-life of 8.9×10⁶ years. This extinct radionuclide is used in hafnium–tungsten dating to study the chronology of planetary differentiation.

Naturally occurring ytterbium (₇₀Yb) is composed of seven stable isotopes: ¹⁶⁸Yb, ¹⁷⁰Yb–¹⁷⁴Yb, and ¹⁷⁶Yb, with ¹⁷⁴Yb being the most abundant. 30 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being ¹⁶⁹Yb with a half-life of 32.014 days, ¹⁷⁵Yb with a half-life of 4.185 days, and ¹⁶⁶Yb with a half-life of 56.7 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 2 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 20 minutes. This element also has 18 meta states, with the most stable being ^169mYb.

Natural holmium (₆₇Ho) contains one observationally stable isotope, ¹⁶⁵Ho. The below table lists 36 isotopes spanning ¹⁴⁰Ho through ¹⁷⁵Ho as well as 33 nuclear isomers. Among the known synthetic radioactive isotopes; the most stable one is ¹⁶³Ho, with a half-life of 4,570 years. All other radioisotopes have half-lives not greater than 1.117 days in their ground states, and most have half-lives under 3 hours.

Naturally occurring terbium (₆₅Tb) is composed of one stable isotope, ¹⁵⁹Tb. Thirty-seven radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being ¹⁵⁸Tb with a half-life of 180 years, ¹⁵⁷Tb with a half-life of 71 years, and ¹⁶⁰Tb with a half-life of 72.3 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 6.907 days, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 24 seconds. This element also has 27 meta states, with the most stable being ^156m1Tb, ^154m2Tb and ^154m1Tb.

Naturally occurring praseodymium (₅₉Pr) is composed of one stable isotope, ¹⁴¹Pr. Thirty-eight radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being ¹⁴³Pr, with a half-life of 13.57 days and ¹⁴²Pr, with a half-life of 19.12 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than six hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 33 seconds. This element also has 15 meta states with the most stable being ^138mPr, ^142mPr and ^134mPr.

Naturally occurring cerium (₅₈Ce) is composed of 4 stable isotopes: ¹³⁶Ce, ¹³⁸Ce, ¹⁴⁰Ce, and ¹⁴²Ce, with ¹⁴⁰Ce being the most abundant and the only one theoretically stable; ¹³⁶Ce, ¹³⁸Ce, and ¹⁴²Ce are predicted to undergo double beta decay but this process has never been observed. There are 35 radioisotopes that have been characterized, with the most stable being ¹⁴⁴Ce, with a half-life of 284.893 days; ¹³⁹Ce, with a half-life of 137.640 days and ¹⁴¹Ce, with a half-life of 32.501 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 4 days and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 10 minutes. This element also has 10 meta states.

Naturally occurring lanthanum (₅₇La) is composed of one stable (¹³⁹La) and one radioactive (¹³⁸La) isotope, with the stable isotope, ¹³⁹La, being the most abundant (99.91% natural abundance). There are 39 radioisotopes that have been characterized, with the most stable being ¹³⁸La, with a half-life of 1.02×10¹¹ years; ¹³⁷La, with a half-life of 60,000 years and ¹⁴⁰La, with a half-life of 1.6781 days. The remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than a day and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 1 minute. This element also has 12 nuclear isomers, the longest-lived of which is ^132mLa, with a half-life of 24.3 minutes. Lighter isotopes mostly decay to isotopes of barium and heavy ones mostly decay to isotopes of cerium. ¹³⁸La can decay to both.

Naturally occurring barium (₅₆Ba) is a mix of six stable isotopes and one very long-lived radioactive primordial isotope, barium-130, identified as being unstable by geochemical means (from analysis of the presence of its daughter xenon-130 in rocks) in 2001. This nuclide decays by double electron capture (absorbing two electrons and emitting two neutrinos), with a half-life of (0.5–2.7)×10²¹ years (about 10¹¹ times the age of the universe).

Tin (₅₀Sn) is the element with the greatest number of stable isotopes. This is probably related to the fact that 50 is a "magic number" of protons. In addition, twenty-nine unstable tin isotopes are known, including tin-100 (¹⁰⁰Sn) and tin-132 (¹³²Sn), which are both "doubly magic". The longest-lived tin radioisotope is tin-126 (¹²⁶Sn), with a half-life of 230,000 years. The other 28 radioisotopes have half-lives of less than a year.

Indium (₄₉In) consists of two primordial nuclides, with the most common (~ 95.7%) nuclide (¹¹⁵In) being measurably though weakly radioactive. Its spin-forbidden decay has a half-life of 4.41×10¹⁴ years, much longer than the currently accepted age of the Universe.

Naturally occurring rhodium (₄₅Rh) is composed of only one stable isotope, ¹⁰³Rh. The most stable radioisotopes are ¹⁰¹Rh with a half-life of 3.3 years, ¹⁰²Rh with a half-life of 207 days, and ⁹⁹Rh with a half-life of 16.1 days. Thirty other radioisotopes have been characterized with atomic weights ranging from 88.949 u (⁸⁹Rh) to 121.943 u (¹²²Rh). Most of these have half-lives that are less than an hour except ¹⁰⁰Rh and ¹⁰⁵Rh. There are also numerous meta states with the most stable being ^102mRh (0.141 MeV) with a half-life of about 3.7 years and ^101mRh (0.157 MeV) with a half-life of 4.34 days.

Naturally occurring ruthenium (₄₄Ru) is composed of seven stable isotopes. Additionally, 27 radioactive isotopes have been discovered. Of these radioisotopes, the most stable are ¹⁰⁶Ru, with a half-life of 373.59 days; ¹⁰³Ru, with a half-life of 39.26 days and ⁹⁷Ru, with a half-life of 2.9 days.

Natural yttrium (₃₉Y) is composed of a single isotope yttrium-89. The most stable radioisotopes are ⁸⁸Y, which has a half-life of 106.6 days, and ⁹¹Y, with a half-life of 58.51 days. All the other isotopes have half-lives of less than a day, except ⁸⁷Y, which has a half-life of 79.8 hours, and ⁹⁰Y, with 64 hours. The dominant decay mode below the stable ⁸⁹Y is electron capture and the dominant mode after it is beta emission. Thirty-five unstable isotopes have been characterized.

Arsenic (₃₃As) has 32 known isotopes and at least 10 isomers. Only one of these isotopes, ⁷⁵As, is stable; as such, it is considered a monoisotopic element. The longest-lived radioisotope is ⁷³As with a half-life of 80 days.

Naturally occurring zinc (₃₀Zn) is composed of the 5 stable isotopes ⁶⁴Zn, ⁶⁶Zn, ⁶⁷Zn, ⁶⁸Zn, and ⁷⁰Zn with ⁶⁴Zn being the most abundant. Twenty-eight radioisotopes have been characterised with the most stable being ⁶⁵Zn with a half-life of 244.26 days, and then ⁷²Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 14 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 1 second. This element also has 10 meta states.

Naturally occurring manganese (₂₅Mn) is composed of one stable isotope, ⁵⁵Mn. Twenty-seven radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being ⁵³Mn with a half-life of 3.7 million years, ⁵⁴Mn with a half-life of 312.3 days, and ⁵²Mn with a half-life of 5.591 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 3 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than a minute. This element also has seven meta states.

Naturally occurring chromium (₂₄Cr) is composed of four stable isotopes; ⁵⁰Cr, ⁵²Cr, ⁵³Cr, and ⁵⁴Cr with ⁵²Cr being the most abundant (83.789% natural abundance). ⁵⁰Cr is suspected of decaying by β⁺β⁺ to ⁵⁰Ti with a half-life of (more than) 1.8×10¹⁷ years. Twenty-two radioisotopes, all of which are entirely synthetic, have been characterized, the most stable being ⁵¹Cr with a half-life of 27.7 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 24 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 1 minute. This element also has two meta states, ^45mCr, the more stable one, and ^59mCr, the least stable isotope or isomer.

Naturally occurring vanadium (₂₃V) is composed of one stable isotope ⁵¹V and one radioactive isotope ⁵⁰V with a half-life of 2.71×10¹⁷ years. 24 artificial radioisotopes have been characterized (in the range of mass number between 40 and 65) with the most stable being ⁴⁹V with a half-life of 330 days, and ⁴⁸V with a half-life of 15.9735 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives shorter than an hour, the majority of them below 10 seconds, the least stable being ⁴²V with a half-life shorter than 55 nanoseconds, with all of the isotopes lighter than it, and none of the heavier, have unknown half-lives. In 4 isotopes, metastable excited states were found (including 2 metastable states for ⁶⁰V), which adds up to 5 meta states.

Naturally occurring scandium (₂₁Sc) is composed of one stable isotope, ⁴⁵Sc. Twenty-seven radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being ⁴⁶Sc with a half-life of 83.8 days, ⁴⁷Sc with a half-life of 3.35 days, and ⁴⁸Sc with a half-life of 43.7 hours and ⁴⁴Sc with a half-life of 3.97 hours. All the remaining isotopes have half-lives that are less than four hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than two minutes, the least stable being proton unbound ³⁹Sc with a half-life shorter than 300 nanoseconds. This element also has 13 meta states with the most stable being ^44m2Sc.

References

1 2 3 4 5 Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Antimony". CIAAW. 1993.
↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
↑ Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
1 2 Jaries, A.; Stryjczyk, M.; Kankainen, A.; Ayoubi, L. Al; Beliuskina, O.; Canete, L.; de Groote, R. P.; Delafosse, C.; Delahaye, P.; Eronen, T.; Flayol, M.; Ge, Z.; Geldhof, S.; Gins, W.; Hukkanen, M.; Imgram, P.; Kahl, D.; Kostensalo, J.; Kujanpää, S.; Kumar, D.; Moore, I. D.; Mougeot, M.; Nesterenko, D. A.; Nikas, S.; Patel, D.; Penttilä, H.; Pitman-Weymouth, D.; Pohjalainen, I.; Raggio, A.; Ramalho, M.; Reponen, M.; Rinta-Antila, S.; de Roubin, A.; Ruotsalainen, J.; Srivastava, P. C.; Suhonen, J.; Vilen, M.; Virtanen, V.; Zadvornaya, A. "Physical Review C - Accepted Paper: Isomeric states of fission fragments explored via Penning trap mass spectrometry at IGISOL". journals.aps.org. arXiv: 2403.04710 .

Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry . 75 (6): 683–800. doi: 10.1351/pac200375060683 .
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry . 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi: 10.1351/pac200678112051 .

"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

[4] Sb – Excited nuclear isomer.

[6] ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.

[TMS-7] # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).

[8] Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition
n: Neutron emission
p: Proton emission

[9] Bold italics symbol as daughter – Daughter product is nearly stable.

[10] Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.

[11] ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.

[TNN-12] 1 2 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).

[order-13] 1 2 Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain.

[FP-14] 1 2 Fission product

[NUBASE2020-1] 1 2 3 4 5 Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[2] "Standard Atomic Weights: Antimony". CIAAW. 1993.

[CIAAW2021-3] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[AME2020_II-5] Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.

[jaries2024-15] 1 2 Jaries, A.; Stryjczyk, M.; Kankainen, A.; Ayoubi, L. Al; Beliuskina, O.; Canete, L.; de Groote, R. P.; Delafosse, C.; Delahaye, P.; Eronen, T.; Flayol, M.; Ge, Z.; Geldhof, S.; Gins, W.; Hukkanen, M.; Imgram, P.; Kahl, D.; Kostensalo, J.; Kujanpää, S.; Kumar, D.; Moore, I. D.; Mougeot, M.; Nesterenko, D. A.; Nikas, S.; Patel, D.; Penttilä, H.; Pitman-Weymouth, D.; Pohjalainen, I.; Raggio, A.; Ramalho, M.; Reponen, M.; Rinta-Antila, S.; de Roubin, A.; Ruotsalainen, J.; Srivastava, P. C.; Suhonen, J.; Vilen, M.; Virtanen, V.; Zadvornaya, A. "Physical Review C - Accepted Paper: Isomeric states of fission fragments explored via Penning trap mass spectrometry at IGISOL". journals.aps.org. arXiv: 2403.04710 .

[1]

[2]

[3]

[n 1]

[4]

[n 2]

[n 3]

[n 4]

[n 5]

[n 6]

[n 7]

[n 8]

[n 9]

[n 10]

[5]

EC:	Electron capture
IT:	Isomeric transition
n:	Neutron emission
p:	Proton emission