Isotopes of bismuth

Isotopes of bismuth (₈₃Bi)
α	206Tl
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Bi)
	208.98040±0.00001; 208.98±0.01 (abridged);
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Last updated November 01, 2024

Bismuth (₈₃Bi) has 41 known isotopes, ranging from ¹⁸⁴Bi to ²²⁴Bi. Bismuth has no stable isotopes, but does have one very long-lived isotope; thus, the standard atomic weight can be given as 208.98040(1). Although bismuth-209 is now known to be radioactive, it has classically been considered to be a stable isotope because it has a half-life of approximately 2.01×10¹⁹ years, which is more than a billion times the age of the universe. Besides ²⁰⁹Bi, the most stable bismuth radioisotopes are ^210mBi with a half-life of 3.04 million years, ²⁰⁸Bi with a half-life of 368,000 years and ²⁰⁷Bi, with a half-life of 32.9 years, none of which occurs in nature. All other isotopes have half-lives under 1 year, most under a day. Of naturally occurring radioisotopes, the most stable is radiogenic ²¹⁰Bi with a half-life of 5.012 days. ^210mBi is unusual for being a nuclear isomer with a half-life multiple orders of magnitude longer than that of the ground state.

List of isotopes

Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Historic name	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da)^[4] ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life ^[1] ^{[n 4]}	Decay mode ^[1] ^{[n 5]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 6]}	Spin and parity ^[1] ^{[n 7]}^{[n 8]}	Isotopic abundance
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Historic name	Excitation energy^{[n 8]}			Half-life ^[1] ^{[n 4]}	Decay mode ^[1] ^{[n 5]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 6]}	Spin and parity ^[1] ^{[n 7]}^{[n 8]}	Isotopic abundance
¹⁸⁴Bi^[5]		83	101	184.00135(13)#	6.6(15) ms	α	¹⁸⁰Tl	3+#
^184mBi^{[n 9]}		150(100)# keV			13(2) ms	α	¹⁸⁰Tl	10−#
¹⁸⁵Bi^[6]		83	102	184.99760(9)#	2.8+2.3 −1.0 μs	p (92%)	¹⁸⁴Pb	(1/2+)
¹⁸⁵Bi^[6]		83	102	184.99760(9)#	2.8+2.3 −1.0 μs	α (8%)	¹⁸¹Tl	(1/2+)
^185mBi		70(50)# keV			58(2) μs	IT	¹⁸⁵Bi	(7/2−, 9/2−)
¹⁸⁶Bi		83	103	185.996623(18)	14.8(7) ms	α (99.99%)	¹⁸²Tl	(3+)
						β⁺ (?%)	¹⁸⁶Pb
						β⁺, SF (0.011%)	(various)
^186mBi^{[n 9]}		170(100)# keV			9.8(4) ms	α (99.99%)	¹⁸²Tl	(10−)
						β⁺ (?%)	¹⁸⁶Pb
						β⁺, SF (0.011%)	(various)
¹⁸⁷Bi		83	104	186.993147(11)	37(2) ms	α	¹⁸³Tl	(9/2−)
^187m1Bi		108(8) keV			370(20) μs	α	¹⁸³Tl	1/2+
^187m2Bi		252(3) keV			7(5) μs	IT	¹⁸⁷Bi	(13/2+)
¹⁸⁸Bi		83	105	187.992276(12)	60(3) ms	α	¹⁸⁴Tl	(3+)
¹⁸⁸Bi		83	105	187.992276(12)	60(3) ms	β⁺, SF (0.0014%)	(various)	(3+)
^188m1Bi		66(30) keV			>5 μs			7+#
^188m2Bi		153(30) keV			265(15) ms	α	¹⁸⁴Tl	(10−)
^188m2Bi		153(30) keV			265(15) ms	β⁺, SF (0.0046%)	(various)	(10−)
¹⁸⁹Bi		83	106	188.989195(22)	688(5) ms	α	¹⁸⁵Tl	9/2−
^189m1Bi		184(5) keV			5.0(1) ms	α (83%)	¹⁸⁵Tl	1/2+
^189m1Bi		184(5) keV			5.0(1) ms	IT (17%)	¹⁸⁹Bi	1/2+
^189m2Bi		357.6(5) keV			880(50) ns	IT	¹⁸⁹Bi	13/2+
¹⁹⁰Bi		83	107	189.988625(23)	6.3(1) s	α (77%)	¹⁸⁶Tl	(3+)
						β⁺ (23%)	¹⁹⁰Pb
						β⁺, SF (6×10^-6%)	(various)
^190m1Bi		120(40) keV			6.2(1) s	α (70%)	¹⁸⁶Tl	10−
						β⁺ (30%)	¹⁹⁰Pb
						β⁺, SF (4×10^-6%)	(various)
^190m2Bi		121(15) keV			175(8) ns	IT	¹⁹⁰Bi	(5−)
^190m3Bi		394(40) keV			1.3(8) μs	IT	¹⁹⁰Bi	(8−)
¹⁹¹Bi		83	108	190.985787(8)	12.4(3) s	α (51%)	¹⁸⁷Tl	9/2−
¹⁹¹Bi		83	108	190.985787(8)	12.4(3) s	β⁺ (49%)	¹⁹¹Pb	9/2−
^191m1Bi		242(4) keV			125(8) ms	α (68%)	¹⁸⁷Tl	1/2+
						IT (?%)	¹⁹¹Bi
						β⁺ (?%)	¹⁹¹Pb
^191m2Bi		429.7(5) keV			562(10) ns	IT	¹⁹¹Bi	13/2+
^191m3Bi		1875(25)# keV			400(40) ns	IT	¹⁹¹Bi	25/2-#
¹⁹²Bi		83	109	191.98547(3)	34.6(9) s	β⁺ (88%)	¹⁹²Pb	(3+)
¹⁹²Bi		83	109	191.98547(3)	34.6(9) s	α (12%)	¹⁸⁸Tl	(3+)
^192mBi		140(30) keV			39.6(4) s	β⁺ (90%)	¹⁹²Pb	10−
^192mBi		140(30) keV			39.6(4) s	α (10%)	¹⁸⁸Tl	10−
¹⁹³Bi		83	110	192.982947(8)	63.6(30) s	β⁺ (96.5%)	¹⁹³Pb	9/2−
¹⁹³Bi		83	110	192.982947(8)	63.6(30) s	α (3.5%)	¹⁸⁹Tl	9/2−
^193m1Bi		305(6) keV			3.20(14) s	α (84%)	¹⁸⁹Tl	1/2+
^193m1Bi		305(6) keV			3.20(14) s	β⁺ (16%)	¹⁹³Pb	1/2+
^193m2Bi		605.53(18) keV			153(10) ns	IT	¹⁹³Bi	13/2+
^193m3Bi		2349.6(6) keV			85(3) μs	IT	¹⁹³Bi	29/2+
^193m4Bi		2405.1(7) keV			3.02(8) μs	IT	¹⁹³Bi	(29/2−)
¹⁹⁴Bi		83	111	193.982799(6)	95(3) s	β⁺ (99.54%)	¹⁹⁴Pb	3+
¹⁹⁴Bi		83	111	193.982799(6)	95(3) s	α (0.46%)	¹⁹⁰Tl	3+
^194m1Bi		150(50) keV			125(2) s	β⁺	¹⁹⁴Pb	(6+, 7+)
^194m2Bi		163(4) keV			115(4) s	β⁺ (99.80%)	¹⁹⁴Pb	(10−)
^194m2Bi		163(4) keV			115(4) s	α (0.20%)	¹⁹⁰Tl	(10−)
¹⁹⁵Bi		83	112	194.980649(6)	183(4) s	β⁺ (99.97%)	¹⁹⁵Pb	9/2−
¹⁹⁵Bi		83	112	194.980649(6)	183(4) s	α (0.030%)	¹⁹¹Tl	9/2−
^195m1Bi		399(6) keV			87(1) s	β⁺ (67%)	¹⁹⁵Pb	1/2+
^195m1Bi		399(6) keV			87(1) s	α (33%)	¹⁹¹Tl	1/2+
^195m2Bi		2381.0(5) keV			614(5) ns	IT	¹⁹⁵Bi	(29/2−)
^195m3Bi		2615.9(5) keV			1.49(1) μs	IT	¹⁹⁵Bi	29/2+
¹⁹⁶Bi		83	113	195.980667(26)	5.13(20) min	β⁺	¹⁹⁶Pb	(3+)
¹⁹⁶Bi		83	113	195.980667(26)	5.13(20) min	α (0.00115%)	¹⁹²Tl	(3+)
^196m1Bi		166.4(29) keV			0.6(5) s	IT	¹⁹⁶Bi	(7+)
^196m2Bi		272(3) keV			4.00(5) min	β⁺ (74.2%)	¹⁹⁶Pb	(10−)
						IT (25.8%)	¹⁹⁶Bi
						α (3.8×10⁻⁴%)	¹⁹⁶Bi
¹⁹⁷Bi		83	114	196.978865(9)	9.33(50) min	β⁺	¹⁹⁷Pb	9/2−
^197m1Bi		533(12) keV			5.04(16) min	α (55%)	¹⁹³Tl	1/2+
^197m1Bi		533(12) keV			5.04(16) min	β⁺ (45%)	¹⁹⁷Pb	1/2+
^197m2Bi		2403(12) keV			263(13) ns	IT	¹⁹⁷Bi	(29/2−)
^197m3Bi		2929.5(5) keV			209(30) ns	IT	¹⁹⁷Bi	(31/2−)
¹⁹⁸Bi		83	115	197.979201(30)	10.3(3) min	β⁺	¹⁹⁸Pb	3+
^198m1Bi		290(40) keV			11.6(3) min	β⁺	¹⁹⁸Pb	7+
^198m2Bi		540(40) keV			7.7(5) s	IT	¹⁹⁸Bi	10−
¹⁹⁹Bi		83	116	198.977673(11)	27(1) min	β⁺	¹⁹⁹Pb	9/2−
^199m1Bi		667(3) keV			24.70(15) min	β⁺ (>98%)	¹⁹⁹Pb	(1/2+)
						IT (<2%)	¹⁹⁹Bi
						α (0.01%)	¹⁹⁵Tl
^199m2Bi		1962(23) keV			0.10(3) μs	IT	¹⁹⁹Bi	25/2+#
^199m3Bi		2548(23) keV			168(13) ns	IT	¹⁹⁹Bi	29/2−#
²⁰⁰Bi		83	117	199.978131(24)	36.4(5) min	β⁺	²⁰⁰Pb	7+
^200m1Bi^{[n 9]}		100(70)# keV			31(2) min	β⁺ (?%)	²⁰⁰Pb	(2+)
^200m1Bi^{[n 9]}		100(70)# keV			31(2) min	IT (?%)	²⁰⁰Bi	(2+)
^200m2Bi		428.20(10) keV			400(50) ms	IT	²⁰⁰Bi	(10−)
²⁰¹Bi		83	118	200.976995(13)	103(3) min	β⁺	²⁰¹Pb	9/2−
^201m1Bi		846.35(18) keV			57.5(21) min	β⁺	²⁰¹Pb	1/2+
^201m1Bi		846.35(18) keV			57.5(21) min	α (?%)	¹⁹⁷Tl	1/2+
^201m2Bi		1973(23) keV			118(28) ns	IT	²⁰¹Bi	25/2+#
^201m3Bi		2012(23) keV			105(75) ns	IT	²⁰¹Bi	27/2+#
^201m4Bi		2781(23) keV			124(4) ns	IT	²⁰¹Bi	29/2−#
²⁰²Bi		83	119	201.977723(15)	1.72(5) h	β⁺	²⁰²Pb	5+
²⁰²Bi		83	119	201.977723(15)	1.72(5) h	α (<10⁻⁵%)	¹⁹⁸Tl	5+
^202m1Bi		625(12) keV			3.04(6) μs	IT	²⁰²Bi	10−#
^202m2Bi		2617(12) keV			310(50) ns	IT	²⁰²Bi	(17+)
²⁰³Bi		83	120	202.976892(14)	11.76(5) h	β⁺	²⁰³Pb	9/2−
^203m1Bi		1098.21(9) keV			305(5) ms	IT	²⁰³Bi	1/2+
^203m2Bi		2041.5(6) keV			194(30) ns	IT	²⁰³Bi	25/2+
²⁰⁴Bi		83	121	203.977836(10)	11.22(10) h	β⁺	²⁰⁴Pb	6+
^204m1Bi		805.5(3) keV			13.0(1) ms	IT	²⁰⁴Bi	10−
^204m2Bi		2833.4(11) keV			1.07(3) ms	IT	²⁰⁴Bi	17+
²⁰⁵Bi		83	122	204.977385(5)	14.91(7) d	β⁺	²⁰⁵Pb	9/2−
^205m1Bi		1497.17(9) keV			7.9(7) μs	IT	²⁰⁵Bi	1/2+
^205m2Bi		2064.7(4) keV			100(6) ns	IT	²⁰⁵Bi	21/2+
^205m3Bi		2139.0(7) keV			220(25) ns	IT	²⁰⁵Bi	25/2+
²⁰⁶Bi		83	123	205.978499(8)	6.243(3) d	β⁺	²⁰⁶Pb	6+
^206m1Bi		59.897(17) keV			7.7(2) μs	IT	²⁰⁶Bi	4+
^206m2Bi		1044.8(7) keV			890(10) μs	IT	²⁰⁶Bi	10−
^206m3Bi		9233.3(8) keV			155(15) ns	IT	²⁰⁶Bi	(28−)
^206m4Bi		10170.5(8) keV			>2 μs	IT	²⁰⁶Bi	(31+)
²⁰⁷Bi		83	124	206.9784706(26)	31.22(17) y	β⁺	²⁰⁷Pb	9/2−
^207mBi		2101.61(16) keV			182(6) μs	IT	²⁰⁷Bi	21/2+
²⁰⁸Bi		83	125	207.9797421(25)	3.68(4)×10⁵ y	β⁺	²⁰⁸Pb	5+
^208mBi		1571.1(4) keV			2.58(4) ms	IT	²⁰⁸Bi	10−
²⁰⁹Bi ^{[n 10]}^{[n 11]}		83	126	208.9803986(15)	2.01(8)×10¹⁹ y ^{[n 12]}	α	²⁰⁵Tl	9/2−	1.0000
²¹⁰Bi	Radium E	83	127	209.9841202(15)	5.012(5) d	β⁻	²¹⁰Po	1−	Trace^{[n 13]}
²¹⁰Bi	Radium E	83	127	209.9841202(15)	5.012(5) d	α (1.32×10⁻⁴%)	²⁰⁶Tl	1−	Trace^{[n 13]}
^210mBi		271.31(11) keV			3.04(6)×10⁶ y	α	²⁰⁶Tl	9−
²¹¹Bi	Actinium C	83	128	210.987269(6)	2.14(2) min	α (99.72%)	²⁰⁷Tl	9/2−	Trace^{[n 14]}
²¹¹Bi	Actinium C	83	128	210.987269(6)	2.14(2) min	β⁻ (0.276%)	²¹¹Po	9/2−	Trace^{[n 14]}
^211mBi		1257(10) keV			1.4(3) μs	IT	²¹¹Bi	(25/2−)
²¹²Bi	Thorium C	83	129	211.991285(2)	60.55(6) min	β⁻ (64.05%)	²¹²Po	1−	Trace^{[n 15]}
						α (35.94%)	²⁰⁸Tl
						β⁻, α (0.014%)	²⁰⁸Pb
^212m1Bi		250(30) keV			25.0(2) min	α (67%)	²⁰⁸Tl	(8−, 9−)
						β⁻, α (30%)	²⁰⁸Pb
						β⁻ (3%)	²¹²Po
^212m2Bi		1479(30) keV			7.0(3) min	β⁻	²¹²Po	(18−)
²¹³Bi ^{[n 16]}^{[n 17]}		83	130	212.994384(5)	45.60(4) min	β⁻ (97.91%)	²¹³Po	9/2−	Trace^{[n 18]}
²¹³Bi ^{[n 16]}^{[n 17]}		83	130	212.994384(5)	45.60(4) min	α (2.09%)	²⁰⁹Tl	9/2−	Trace^{[n 18]}
^213mBi		1353(21) keV			>168 s			25/2−#
²¹⁴Bi	Radium C	83	131	213.998711(12)	19.9(4) min	β⁻ (99.98%)	²¹⁴Po	1−	Trace^{[n 13]}
						α (0.021%)	²¹⁰Tl
						β⁻, α (0.003%)	²¹⁰Pb
^214mBi		539(30) keV			>93 s			8−#
²¹⁵Bi		83	132	215.001749(6)	7.62(13) min	β⁻	²¹⁵Po	(9/2−)	Trace^{[n 14]}
^215mBi		1367(20)# keV			36.9(6) s	IT (76.9%)	²¹⁵Bi	(25/2−)
^215mBi		1367(20)# keV			36.9(6) s	β⁻ (23.1%)	²¹⁵Po	(25/2−)
²¹⁶Bi		83	133	216.006306(12)	2.21(4) min	β⁻	²¹⁶Po	(6−, 7−)
^216mBi^{[n 9]}		24(19) keV			6.6(21) min	β⁻	²¹⁶Po	3−#
²¹⁷Bi		83	134	217.009372(19)	98.5(13) s	β⁻	²¹⁷Po	9/2−#
^217mBi		1491(20) keV			3.0(2) μs	IT	²¹⁷Bi	25/2−#
²¹⁸Bi		83	135	218.014188(29)	33(1) s	β⁻	²¹⁸Po	8−#
²¹⁹Bi		83	136	219.01752(22)#	8.7(29) s	β⁻	²¹⁹Po	9/2−#
²²⁰Bi		83	137	220.02250(32)#	9.5(57) s	β⁻	²²⁰Po	1−#
²²¹Bi		83	138	221.02598(32)#	2# s [>300 ns]			9/2−#
²²²Bi		83	139	222.03108(32)#	3# s [>300 ns]			1−#
²²³Bi		83	140	223.03461(43)#	1# s [>300 ns]			9/2−#
²²⁴Bi		83	141	224.03980(43)#	1# s [>300 ns]			1−#
This table header & footer: view

↑ ^mBi – Excited nuclear isomer.
↑ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
↑ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
↑ Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
↑ Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition
p: Proton emission
↑ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
↑ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
1 2 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
1 2 3 4 Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain.
↑ Formerly believed to be final decay product of 4n+1 decay chain
↑ Primordial radioisotope, also some is radiogenic from the extinct nuclide ²³⁷Np
↑ Formerly believed to be the heaviest stable nuclide
1 2 Intermediate decay product of ²³⁸U
1 2 Intermediate decay product of ²³⁵U
↑ Intermediate decay product of ²³²Th
↑ Used in medicine such as for cancer treatment.
↑ A byproduct of thorium reactors via ²³³U.
↑ Intermediate decay product of ²³⁷Np

Bismuth-213

Bismuth-213 (²¹³Bi) has a half-life of 45 minutes and decays via alpha emission. Commercially, bismuth-213 can be produced by bombarding radium with bremsstrahlung photons from a linear particle accelerator, which populates its progenitor actinium-225. In 1997, an antibody conjugate with ²¹³Bi was used to treat patients with leukemia. This isotope has also been tried in targeted alpha therapy (TAT) program to treat a variety of cancers.^[7] Bismuth-213 is also found in the decay chain of uranium-233, which is the fuel bred by thorium reactors.

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Thallium (₈₁Tl) has 41 isotopes with atomic masses that range from 176 to 216. ²⁰³Tl and ²⁰⁵Tl are the only stable isotopes and ²⁰⁴Tl is the most stable radioisotope with a half-life of 3.78 years. ²⁰⁷Tl, with a half-life of 4.77 minutes, has the longest half-life of naturally occurring Tl radioisotopes. All isotopes of thallium are either radioactive or observationally stable, meaning that they are predicted to be radioactive but no actual decay has been observed.

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Naturally occurring platinum (₇₈Pt) consists of five stable isotopes (¹⁹²Pt, ¹⁹⁴Pt, ¹⁹⁵Pt, ¹⁹⁶Pt, ¹⁹⁸Pt) and one very long-lived (half-life 4.83×10¹¹ years) radioisotope (¹⁹⁰Pt). There are also 34 known synthetic radioisotopes, the longest-lived of which is ¹⁹³Pt with a half-life of 50 years. All other isotopes have half-lives under a year, most under a day. All isotopes of platinum are either radioactive or observationally stable, meaning that they are predicted to be radioactive but no actual decay has been observed. Platinum-195 is the most abundant isotope.

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Natural tantalum (₇₃Ta) consists of two stable isotopes: ¹⁸¹Ta (99.988%) and ^180m
Ta (0.012%).

Natural hafnium (₇₂Hf) consists of five observationally stable isotopes (¹⁷⁶Hf, ¹⁷⁷Hf, ¹⁷⁸Hf, ¹⁷⁹Hf, and ¹⁸⁰Hf) and one very long-lived radioisotope, ¹⁷⁴Hf, with a half-life of 7.0×10¹⁶ years. In addition, there are 34 known synthetic radioisotopes, the most stable of which is ¹⁸²Hf with a half-life of 8.9×10⁶ years. This extinct radionuclide is used in hafnium–tungsten dating to study the chronology of planetary differentiation.

Naturally occurring erbium (₆₈Er) is composed of six stable isotopes, with ¹⁶⁶Er being the most abundant. Thirty-nine radioisotopes have been characterized with between 74 and 112 neutrons, or 142 to 180 nucleons, with the most stable being ¹⁶⁹Er with a half-life of 9.4 days, ¹⁷²Er with a half-life of 49.3 hours, ¹⁶⁰Er with a half-life of 28.58 hours, ¹⁶⁵Er with a half-life of 10.36 hours, and ¹⁷¹Er with a half-life of 7.516 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 3.5 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 4 minutes. This element also has numerous meta states, with the most stable being ^167mEr.

Natural holmium (₆₇Ho) contains one observationally stable isotope, ¹⁶⁵Ho. The below table lists 36 isotopes spanning ¹⁴⁰Ho through ¹⁷⁵Ho as well as 33 nuclear isomers. Among the known synthetic radioactive isotopes; the most stable one is ¹⁶³Ho, with a half-life of 4,570 years. All other radioisotopes have half-lives not greater than 1.117 days in their ground states, and most have half-lives under 3 hours.

Naturally occurring terbium (₆₅Tb) is composed of one stable isotope, ¹⁵⁹Tb. Thirty-seven radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being ¹⁵⁸Tb with a half-life of 180 years, ¹⁵⁷Tb with a half-life of 71 years, and ¹⁶⁰Tb with a half-life of 72.3 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 6.907 days, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 24 seconds. This element also has 27 meta states, with the most stable being ^156m1Tb, ^154m2Tb and ^154m1Tb.

Naturally occurring gadolinium (₆₄Gd) is composed of 6 stable isotopes, ¹⁵⁴Gd, ¹⁵⁵Gd, ¹⁵⁶Gd, ¹⁵⁷Gd, ¹⁵⁸Gd and ¹⁶⁰Gd, and 1 radioisotope, ¹⁵²Gd, with ¹⁵⁸Gd being the most abundant (24.84% natural abundance). The predicted double beta decay of ¹⁶⁰Gd has never been observed; only a lower limit on its half-life of more than 1.3×10²¹ years has been set experimentally.

Naturally occurring cerium (₅₈Ce) is composed of 4 stable isotopes: ¹³⁶Ce, ¹³⁸Ce, ¹⁴⁰Ce, and ¹⁴²Ce, with ¹⁴⁰Ce being the most abundant and the only one theoretically stable; ¹³⁶Ce, ¹³⁸Ce, and ¹⁴²Ce are predicted to undergo double beta decay but this process has never been observed. There are 35 radioisotopes that have been characterized, with the most stable being ¹⁴⁴Ce, with a half-life of 284.893 days; ¹³⁹Ce, with a half-life of 137.640 days and ¹⁴¹Ce, with a half-life of 32.501 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 4 days and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 10 minutes. This element also has 10 meta states.

Naturally occurring barium (₅₆Ba) is a mix of six stable isotopes and one very long-lived radioactive primordial isotope, barium-130, identified as being unstable by geochemical means (from analysis of the presence of its daughter xenon-130 in rocks) in 2001. This nuclide decays by double electron capture (absorbing two electrons and emitting two neutrinos), with a half-life of (0.5–2.7)×10²¹ years (about 10¹¹ times the age of the universe).

There are 39 known isotopes and 17 nuclear isomers of tellurium (₅₂Te), with atomic masses that range from 104 to 142. These are listed in the table below.

Tin (₅₀Sn) is the element with the greatest number of stable isotopes. This is probably related to the fact that 50 is a "magic number" of protons. In addition, twenty-nine unstable tin isotopes are known, including tin-100 (¹⁰⁰Sn) and tin-132 (¹³²Sn), which are both "doubly magic". The longest-lived tin radioisotope is tin-126 (¹²⁶Sn), with a half-life of 230,000 years. The other 28 radioisotopes have half-lives of less than a year.

Indium (₄₉In) consists of two primordial nuclides, with the most common (~ 95.7%) nuclide (¹¹⁵In) being measurably though weakly radioactive. Its spin-forbidden decay has a half-life of 4.41×10¹⁴ years, much longer than the currently accepted age of the Universe.

Naturally occurring rhodium (₄₅Rh) is composed of only one stable isotope, ¹⁰³Rh. The most stable radioisotopes are ¹⁰¹Rh with a half-life of 3.3 years, ¹⁰²Rh with a half-life of 207 days, and ⁹⁹Rh with a half-life of 16.1 days. Thirty other radioisotopes have been characterized with atomic weights ranging from 88.949 u (⁸⁹Rh) to 121.943 u (¹²²Rh). Most of these have half-lives that are less than an hour except ¹⁰⁰Rh and ¹⁰⁵Rh. There are also numerous meta states with the most stable being ^102mRh (0.141 MeV) with a half-life of about 3.7 years and ^101mRh (0.157 MeV) with a half-life of 4.34 days.

Naturally occurring vanadium (₂₃V) is composed of one stable isotope ⁵¹V and one radioactive isotope ⁵⁰V with a half-life of 2.71×10¹⁷ years. 24 artificial radioisotopes have been characterized (in the range of mass number between 40 and 65) with the most stable being ⁴⁹V with a half-life of 330 days, and ⁴⁸V with a half-life of 15.9735 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives shorter than an hour, the majority of them below 10 seconds, the least stable being ⁴²V with a half-life shorter than 55 nanoseconds, with all of the isotopes lighter than it, and none of the heavier, have unknown half-lives. In 4 isotopes, metastable excited states were found (including 2 metastable states for ⁶⁰V), which adds up to 5 meta states.

References

1 2 3 4 Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Bismuth". CIAAW. 2005.
↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
↑ Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
↑ Andreyev, A. N.; Ackermann, D.; Heßberger, F. P.; Hofmann, S.; Huyse, M.; Kojouharov, I.; Kindler, B.; Lommel, B.; Münzenberg, G.; Page, R. D.; Vel, K. Van de; Duppen, P. Van; Heyde, K. (1 October 2003). "α-decay spectroscopy of light odd-odd Bi isotopes - II: ¹⁸⁶Bi and the new nuclide ¹⁸⁴Bi" (PDF). The European Physical Journal A. 18 (1): 55–64. Bibcode:2003EPJA...18...55A. doi:10.1140/epja/i2003-10051-1. ISSN 1434-601X. S2CID 122369569 . Retrieved 20 June 2023.
↑ Doherty, D. T.; Andreyev, A. N.; Seweryniak, D.; Woods, P. J.; Carpenter, M. P.; Auranen, K.; Ayangeakaa, A. D.; Back, B. B.; Bottoni, S.; Canete, L.; Cubiss, J. G.; Harker, J.; Haylett, T.; Huang, T.; Janssens, R. V. F.; Jenkins, D. G.; Kondev, F. G.; Lauritsen, T.; Lederer-Woods, C.; Li, J.; Müller-Gatermann, C.; Potterveld, D.; Reviol, W.; Savard, G.; Stolze, S.; Zhu, S. (12 November 2021). "Solving the Puzzles of the Decay of the Heaviest Known Proton-Emitting Nucleus ¹⁸⁵Bi". Physical Review Letters. 127 (20): 202501. Bibcode:2021PhRvL.127t2501D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.202501. hdl: 20.500.11820/ac1e5604-7bba-4a25-a538-795ca4bdc875 . ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 34860042. S2CID 244089059 . Retrieved 20 June 2023.
↑ Imam, S (2001). "Advancements in cancer therapy with alpha-emitters: a review". International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 51 (1): 271–278. doi:10.1016/S0360-3016(01)01585-1. PMID 11516878.

Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry . 75 (6): 683–800. doi: 10.1351/pac200375060683 .
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry . 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi: 10.1351/pac200678112051 .

"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

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[4] Bi – Excited nuclear isomer.

[6] ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.

[TMS-7] # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).

[8] Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.

[9] Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition
p: Proton emission

[10] Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.

[11] ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.

[TNN-12] 1 2 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).

[order-14] 1 2 3 4 Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain.

[16] Formerly believed to be final decay product of 4n+1 decay chain

[17] Primordial radioisotope, also some is radiogenic from the extinct nuclide ²³⁷Np

[18] Formerly believed to be the heaviest stable nuclide

[us-19] 1 2 Intermediate decay product of ²³⁸U

[as-20] 1 2 Intermediate decay product of ²³⁵U

[21] Intermediate decay product of ²³²Th

[22] Used in medicine such as for cancer treatment.

[23] A byproduct of thorium reactors via ²³³U.

[24] Intermediate decay product of ²³⁷Np

[NUBASE2020-1] 1 2 3 4 Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[2] "Standard Atomic Weights: Bismuth". CIAAW. 2005.

[CIAAW2021-3] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[AME2020_II-5] Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.

[13] Andreyev, A. N.; Ackermann, D.; Heßberger, F. P.; Hofmann, S.; Huyse, M.; Kojouharov, I.; Kindler, B.; Lommel, B.; Münzenberg, G.; Page, R. D.; Vel, K. Van de; Duppen, P. Van; Heyde, K. (1 October 2003). "α-decay spectroscopy of light odd-odd Bi isotopes - II: ¹⁸⁶Bi and the new nuclide ¹⁸⁴Bi" (PDF). The European Physical Journal A. 18 (1): 55–64. Bibcode:2003EPJA...18...55A. doi:10.1140/epja/i2003-10051-1. ISSN 1434-601X. S2CID 122369569 . Retrieved 20 June 2023.

[15] Doherty, D. T.; Andreyev, A. N.; Seweryniak, D.; Woods, P. J.; Carpenter, M. P.; Auranen, K.; Ayangeakaa, A. D.; Back, B. B.; Bottoni, S.; Canete, L.; Cubiss, J. G.; Harker, J.; Haylett, T.; Huang, T.; Janssens, R. V. F.; Jenkins, D. G.; Kondev, F. G.; Lauritsen, T.; Lederer-Woods, C.; Li, J.; Müller-Gatermann, C.; Potterveld, D.; Reviol, W.; Savard, G.; Stolze, S.; Zhu, S. (12 November 2021). "Solving the Puzzles of the Decay of the Heaviest Known Proton-Emitting Nucleus ¹⁸⁵Bi". Physical Review Letters. 127 (20): 202501. Bibcode:2021PhRvL.127t2501D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.202501. hdl: 20.500.11820/ac1e5604-7bba-4a25-a538-795ca4bdc875 . ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 34860042. S2CID 244089059 . Retrieved 20 June 2023.

[213Bi-Imam-25] Imam, S (2001). "Advancements in cancer therapy with alpha-emitters: a review". International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 51 (1): 271–278. doi:10.1016/S0360-3016(01)01585-1. PMID 11516878.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[n 1]

[4]

[n 2]

[n 3]

[n 4]

[n 5]

[n 6]

[n 7]

[n 8]

[5]

[n 9]

[6]

[n 10]

[n 11]

[n 12]

[n 13]

[n 14]

[n 15]

[n 16]

[n 17]

[n 18]

[7]

Isotopes of bismuth

Contents

List of isotopes

Bismuth-213

Related Research Articles

References