Isotopes of lutetium

Isotopes of lutetium  (₇₁Lu)

Main isotopes [1] Decay abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct 173Lu synth 1.37 y ε 173Yb 174Lu synth 3.31 y β+ 174Yb 175Lu 97.4% stable 176Lu 2.60% 3.701×1010 y β− 176Hf 177Lu synth 6.6443 d β− 177Hf
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Lu)
	174.96669±0.00005 [2] 174.97±0.01 (abridged) [3]
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Naturally occurring lutetium (₇₁Lu) is composed of one stable isotope ¹⁷⁵Lu (97.40% natural abundance) and one long-lived radioisotope, ¹⁷⁶Lu with a half-life of 37 billion years (2.60% natural abundance). Forty radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable, besides ¹⁷⁶Lu, being ¹⁷⁴Lu with a half-life of 3.31 years, and ¹⁷³Lu with a half-life of 1.37 years. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 9 days, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than half an hour. This element also has 18 meta states, with the most stable being ^177m3Lu (t_1/2 160.4 days), ^174mLu (t_1/2 142 days) and ^178mLu (t_1/2 23.1 minutes).

The known isotopes of lutetium range in mass number from 149 to 190. The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, ¹⁷⁵Lu, is electron capture (with some alpha and positron emission), and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay products before ¹⁷⁵Lu are isotopes of ytterbium and the primary products after are isotopes of hafnium. All isotopes of lutetium are either radioactive or, in the case of ¹⁷⁵Lu, observationally stable, meaning that ¹⁷⁵Lu is predicted to be radioactive but no actual decay has been observed. ^[4]

List of isotopes

Nuclide [n 1]	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da) [5] [n 2] [n 3]	Half-life [1] [n 4] [n 5]	Decay mode [1] [n 6]	Daughter isotope [n 7]	Spin and parity [1] [n 8] [n 5]	Natural abundance (mole fraction)
	Excitation energy [n 5]							Normal proportion [1]	Range of variation
149Lu [6]	71	78		450+170 −100 ns	p	148Yb	11/2−
150Lu	71	79	149.97341(32)#	45(3) ms	p	149Yb	(5−)
150mLu	22(5) keV			40(7) μs	p	149Yb	(8+)
151Lu	71	80	150.96747(32)#	78.4(9) ms	p (?%)	150Yb	11/2−
					β+ (?%)	151Yb
151mLu	57(4) keV			16.0(5) μs	p	150Yb	3/2+
152Lu	71	81	151.96412(21)#	650(70) ms	β+ (85%)	152Yb	(4−, 5−, 6−)
					β+, p (15%)	151Tm
153Lu	71	82	152.95880(16)	0.9(2) s	α (?%)	149Tm	11/2−
					β+ (?%)	153Yb
153m1Lu	80(5) keV			1# s	IT	153Lu	1/2+
153m2Lu	2502.5(4) keV			>0.1 μs	IT	153Lu	23/2−
153m3Lu	2632.9(5) keV			15(3) μs	IT	153Lu	27/2−
154Lu	71	83	153.95742(22)#	1# s			(2−)
154m1Lu	62(12) keV			1.12(8) s	β+ (?%)	154Yb	(9+)
					β+p (?%)	153Tm
					β+α (?%)	150Er
154m2Lu	2724(100)# keV			35(3) μs	IT	154Lu	(17+)
155Lu	71	84	154.954326(21)	68(2) ms	α (90%)	151Tm	11/2−
					β+ (10%)	155Yb
155m1Lu	21(4) keV			138(9) ms	α (76%)	151Tm	1/2+
					β+ (24%)	155Yb
155m2Lu	1780.3(18) keV			2.69(3) ms	α	151Tm	25/2−#
156Lu	71	85	155.953087(58)	494(12) ms	α	152Tm	(2)−
156m1Lu [n 9]	10(250) keV			198(2) ms	α	152Tm	10+
156m2Lu	2611(250) keV			179(4) ns	IT	156Lu	19−
157Lu	71	86	156.950145(13)	7.7(20) s	β+ (?%)	157Yb	(1/2+)
					α (?%)	153Tm
157mLu	20.9(20) keV			4.79(12) s	β+ (92.3%)	157Yb	(11/2−)
					α (7.7%)	153Tm
158Lu	71	87	157.949316(16)	10.6(3) s	β+ (99.09%)	158Yb	(2)−
					α (0.91%)	154Tm
159Lu	71	88	158.946636(40)	12.1(10) s	β+	159Yb	1/2+
					α (rare)	155Tm
160Lu	71	89	159.946033(61)	36.1(3) s	β+	160Yb	2−#
160mLu [n 9]	0(100)# keV			40(1) s	β+	160Yb
161Lu	71	90	160.943572(30)	77(2) s	β+	161Yb	1/2+
161mLu	182(5)# keV			7.3(4) ms	IT	161Lu	(9/2−)
162Lu	71	91	161.943283(81)	1.37(2) min	β+	162Yb	1−
162m1Lu [n 9]	120(200)# keV			1.5 min	β+	162Yb	4−#
162m2Lu [n 10]	300(200)# keV			1.9 min			9−#
163Lu	71	92	162.941179(30)	3.97(13) min	β+	163Yb	1/2+
164Lu	71	93	163.941339(30)	3.14(3) min	β+	164Yb	1−
165Lu	71	94	164.939407(28)	10.74(10) min	β+	165Yb	1/2+
166Lu	71	95	165.939859(32)	2.65(10) min	β+	166Yb	6−
166m1Lu	34.37(22) keV			1.41(10) min	β+ (58%)	166Yb	3−
					IT (42%)	166Lu
166m2Lu	43.0(4) keV			2.12(10) min	β+ (90%)	166Yb	0−
					IT (10%)	166Lu
167Lu	71	96	166.938243(40)	51.5(10) min	β+	167Yb	7/2+
167mLu	50(40)# keV			>1 min			1/2+
168Lu	71	97	167.938730(41)	5.5(1) min	β+	168Yb	6−
168mLu	160(40) keV			6.7(4) min	β+	168Yb	3+
169Lu	71	98	168.9376458(32)	34.06(5) h	β+	169Yb	7/2+
169mLu	29.0(5) keV			160(10) s	IT	169Lu	1/2−
170Lu	71	99	169.938479(18)	2.012(30) d	β+	170Yb	0+
170mLu	92.91(9) keV			670(100) ms	IT	170Lu	4−
171Lu	71	100	170.9379186(20)	8.247(23) d	β+	171Yb	7/2+
171mLu	71.13(8) keV			79(2) s	IT	171Lu	1/2−
172Lu	71	101	171.9390913(25)	6.70(3) d	β+	172Yb	4−
172m1Lu	41.86(4) keV			3.7(5) min	IT	172Lu	1−
172m2Lu	65.79(4) keV			332(20) ns	IT	172Lu	(1)+
172m3Lu	109.41(10) keV			440(12) μs	IT	172Lu	(1)+
172m4Lu	213.57(17) keV			150 ns	IT	172Lu	(6−)
173Lu	71	102	172.9389357(17)	1.37(1) y	EC	173Yb	7/2+
173mLu	123.672(13) keV			74.2(10) μs	IT	173Lu	5/2−
174Lu	71	103	173.9403428(17)	3.31(5) y	β+	174Yb	1−
174m1Lu	170.83(5) keV			142(2) d	IT (99.38%)	174Lu	6−
					EC (0.62%)	174Yb
174m2Lu	240.818(4) keV			395(15) ns	IT	174Lu	3+
174m3Lu	365.183(6) keV			145(3) ns	IT	174Lu	4−
174m4Lu	1855.7(5) keV			194(24) ns	IT	174Lu	13+
174m5Lu	4068.4(9) keV			97(10) ns	IT	174Lu	(21+)
174m6Lu	5849.6(9) keV			242(19) ns	IT	174Lu	(26−)
175Lu	71	104	174.9407772(13)	Observationally stable [n 11]			7/2+	0.97401(13)
175m1Lu	353.48(13) keV			1.49(7) μs	IT	175Lu	5/2−
175m2Lu	1392.4(4) keV			984(30) μs	IT	175Lu	19/2+
176Lu [n 12] [n 13]	71	105	175.9426917(13)	3.701(17)×1010 y	β− [n 14]	176Hf	7−	0.02599(13)
176m1Lu	122.845(4) keV			3.664(19) h	β− (99.90%)	176Hf	1−
					EC (0.095%)	176Yb
176m2Lu	1514.5(5) keV			312(69) ns	IT	176Lu	12+
176m3Lu	1587.8(6) keV			40(3) μs	IT	176Lu	14+
177Lu	71	106	176.9437636(13)	6.6443(9) d	β−	177Hf	7/2+
177m1Lu	150.3984(10) keV			130.1(24) ns	IT	177Lu	9/2−
177m2Lu	569.6721(15) keV			155(7) μs	IT	177Lu	1/2+
177m3Lu	970.1757(24) keV			160.4(3) d	β− (77.30%)	177Hf	23/2−
					IT (22.70%)	177Lu
177m4Lu	2771.7(5) keV			625(62) ns	IT	177Lu	33/2+
177m5Lu	3530.4(6) keV			6(2) μs	IT	177Lu	39/2−
178Lu	71	107	177.9459601(24)	28.4(2) min	β−	178Hf	1+
178mLu	123.8(26) keV			23.1(3) min	β−	178Hf	9−
179Lu	71	108	178.9473330(55)	4.59(6) h	β−	179Hf	7/2+
179mLu	592.4(4) keV			3.1(9) ms	IT	179Lu	1/2+
180Lu	71	109	179.949891(76)	5.7(1) min	β−	180Hf	5+
180m1Lu	13.9(3) keV			~1 s			3−
180m2Lu	624.0(5) keV			>1 ms	IT	180Lu	(9−)
181Lu	71	110	180.95191(14)	3.5(3) min	β−	181Hf	7/2+#
182Lu	71	111	181.95516(22)#	2.0(2) min	β−	182Hf	1−#
183Lu	71	112	182.957363(86)	58(4) s	β−	183Hf	7/2+#
184Lu	71	113	183.96103(22)#	20(3) s	β−	184Hf	(3+)
185Lu	71	114	184.96354(32)#	20# s [>300 ns]			7/2+#
186Lu	71	115	185.96745(43)#	6# s [>300 ns]
187Lu	71	116	186.97019(43)#	7# s [>300 ns]			7/2+#
188Lu	71	117	187.97443(43)#	1# s [>300 ns]
189Lu [8]	71	118
190Lu [9]	71	119
This table header & footer: view

1. ^mLu – Excited nuclear isomer.
2. ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
3. # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
4. Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
5. # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
6. Modes of decay:

   EC:	Electron capture
   IT:	Isomeric transition
   p:	Proton emission

7. Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
8. ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
9. Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain.
10. Discovery of this isotope is disputed.
11. Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁷¹Tm
12. primordial radionuclide
13. Used in lutetium-hafnium dating
14. Theoretically capable of electron capture to ¹⁷⁶Yb ^[7] or α decay to ¹⁷²Tm

Lutetium-177

Main article: Lutetium (¹⁷⁷Lu) chloride

Lutetium (¹⁷⁷Lu) chloride, sold under the brand name Lumark among others, is used for radiolabeling other medicines, either as an anti-cancer therapy or for scintigraphy (medical radio-imaging). Its most common side effects are anaemia (low red blood cell counts), thrombocytopenia (low blood platelet counts), leucopenia (low white blood cell counts), lymphopenia (low levels of lymphocytes, a particular type of white blood cell), nausea (feeling sick), vomiting and mild and temporary hair loss. ^{[10] [11]}

See also

Daughter products other than lutetium

• Isotopes of hafnium
• Isotopes of ytterbium
• Isotopes of thulium
• Isotopes of erbium

References

1. Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
2. "Standard Atomic Weights: Lutetium". CIAAW. 2024.
3. Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN   1365-3075.
4. Belli, P.; Bernabei, R.; Danevich, F. A.; et al. (2019). "Experimental searches for rare alpha and beta decays". European Physical Journal A. 55 (8): 140–1–140–7. arXiv: 1908.11458 . Bibcode:2019EPJA...55..140B. doi:10.1140/epja/i2019-12823-2. ISSN   1434-601X. S2CID   201664098.
5. Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
6. Auranen, K. (16 March 2022). "Nanosecond-Scale Proton Emission from Strongly Oblate-Deformed 149Lu". Physical Review Letters. 128 (11): 2501. Bibcode:2022PhRvL.128k2501A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.112501. PMID   35363028. S2CID   247855967.
7. Nozzoli, Francesco; Ghezzer, Luigi Ernesto; Nicolaidis, Riccardo; Iuppa, Roberto; Zuccon, Paolo; et al. (European Nuclear Physics Conference (EuNPC 2022)) (8 December 2023). "Investigation of Electron Capture in ¹⁷⁶Lu with a LYSO crystal scintillator". EPJ Web of Conf. 290 (01002). arXiv: 2211.15203 . doi:10.1051/epjconf/202329001002.
8. Haak, K.; Tarasov, O. B.; Chowdhury, P.; et al. (2023). "Production and discovery of neutron-rich isotopes by fragmentation of ¹⁹⁸Pt". Physical Review C. 108 (34608): 034608. Bibcode:2023PhRvC.108c4608H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.108.034608. S2CID   261649436.
9. Tarasov, O. B.; Gade, A.; Fukushima, K.; et al. (2024). "Observation of New Isotopes in the Fragmentation of ¹⁹⁸Pt at FRIB". Physical Review Letters. 132 (072501). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.072501.
10. "Lumark EPAR". European Medicines Agency. 17 September 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2020. Text was copied from this source for which copyright belongs to the European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
11. "EndolucinBeta EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 17 September 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2020. Text was copied from this source for which copyright belongs to the European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.

• Isotope masses from:
  • Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
• Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
  • de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry . 75 (6): 683–800. doi: 10.1351/pac200375060683 .
  • Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry . 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi: 10.1351/pac200678112051 .
• "News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
• Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
  • Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
  • National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 3.0 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.

• • Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN   978-0-8493-0485-9.