Isotopes of lutetium

Isotopes of lutetium (₇₁Lu)
ε0.45%	176Yb
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Lu)
	174.9668±0.0001; 174.97±0.01 (abridged);
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Last updated October 11, 2024

Naturally occurring lutetium (₇₁Lu) is composed of one stable isotope ¹⁷⁵Lu (97.41% natural abundance) and one long-lived radioisotope, ¹⁷⁶Lu with a half-life of 37 billion years (2.59% natural abundance). Forty radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable, besides ¹⁷⁶Lu, being ¹⁷⁴Lu with a half-life of 3.31 years, and ¹⁷³Lu with a half-life of 1.37 years. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 9 days, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than half an hour. This element also has 18 meta states, with the most stable being ^177mLu (t_1/2 160.4 days), ^174mLu (t_1/2 142 days) and ^178mLu (t_1/2 23.1 minutes).

The known isotopes of lutetium range in mass number from 149 to 190. The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, ¹⁷⁵Lu, is electron capture (with some alpha and positron emission), and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay products before ¹⁷⁵Lu are isotopes of ytterbium and the primary products after are isotopes of hafnium. All isotopes of lutetium are either radioactive or, in the case of ¹⁷⁵Lu, observationally stable, meaning that ¹⁷⁵Lu is predicted to be radioactive but no actual decay has been observed.^[4]

List of isotopes

Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da) ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life ^{[n 4]}^{[n 5]}	Decay mode ^{[n 6]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 7]}	Spin and parity ^{[n 8]}^{[n 5]}	Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Excitation energy^{[n 5]}			Half-life ^{[n 4]}^{[n 5]}	Decay mode ^{[n 6]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 7]}	Spin and parity ^{[n 8]}^{[n 5]}	Normal proportion	Range of variation
¹⁴⁹Lu^[5]	71	78		450+170 −100 ns	p	¹⁴⁸Yb	11/2−
¹⁵⁰Lu	71	79	149.97323(54)#	43(5) ms	p (80%)	¹⁴⁹Yb	(2+)
¹⁵⁰Lu	71	79	149.97323(54)#	43(5) ms	β⁺ (20%)	¹⁵⁰Yb	(2+)
^150mLu	34(15) keV			80(60) μs [30(+95−15) μs]	p	¹⁴⁹Yb	(1, 2)
¹⁵¹Lu	71	80	150.96757682	80.6(5) ms	p (63.4%)	¹⁵⁰Yb	(11/2−)
¹⁵¹Lu	71	80	150.96757682	80.6(5) ms	β⁺ (36.6%)	¹⁵¹Yb	(11/2−)
^151mLu	77(5) keV			16(1) μs	p	¹⁵⁰Yb	(3/2+)
¹⁵²Lu	71	81	151.96412(21)#	650(70) ms	β⁺ (85%)	¹⁵²Yb	(5−, 6−)
¹⁵²Lu	71	81	151.96412(21)#	650(70) ms	β⁺, p (15%)	¹⁵¹Tm	(5−, 6−)
¹⁵³Lu	71	82	152.95877(22)	0.9(2) s	α (70%)	¹⁴⁹Tm	11/2−
¹⁵³Lu	71	82	152.95877(22)	0.9(2) s	β⁺ (30%)	¹⁵³Yb	11/2−
^153m1Lu	80(5) keV			1# s	IT	¹⁵³Lu	1/2+
^153m2Lu	2502.5(4) keV			>0.1 μs	IT	¹⁵³Lu	23/2−
^153m3Lu	2632.9(5) keV			15(3) μs	IT	^153m2Lu	27/2−
¹⁵⁴Lu	71	83	153.95752(22)#	1# s	β⁺?	¹⁵⁴Yb	(2−)
¹⁵⁴Lu	71	83	153.95752(22)#	1# s	α?	¹⁵⁰Tm	(2−)
^154m1Lu	58(13) keV			1.12(8) s	β⁺	¹⁵⁴Yb	(9+)
					β⁺p?	¹⁵³Tm
					β⁺α?	¹⁵⁰Er
					α?	¹⁵⁰Tm
^154m2Lu	>2562 keV			35(3) μs	IT	¹⁵⁴Lu	(17+)
¹⁵⁵Lu	71	84	154.954316(22)	68.6(16) ms	α (76%)	¹⁵¹Tm	(11/2−)
¹⁵⁵Lu	71	84	154.954316(22)	68.6(16) ms	β⁺ (24%)	¹⁵⁵Yb	(11/2−)
^155m1Lu	20(6) keV			138(8) ms	α (88%)	¹⁵¹Tm	(1/2+)
^155m1Lu	20(6) keV			138(8) ms	β⁺ (12%)	¹⁵⁵Yb	(1/2+)
^155m2Lu	1781.0(20) keV			2.70(3) ms			(25/2−)
¹⁵⁶Lu	71	85	155.95303(8)	494(12) ms	α (95%)	¹⁵²Tm	(2)−
¹⁵⁶Lu	71	85	155.95303(8)	494(12) ms	β⁺ (5%)	¹⁵⁶Yb	(2)−
^156mLu	220(80)# keV			198(2) ms	α (94%)	¹⁵²Tm	(9)+
^156mLu	220(80)# keV			198(2) ms	β⁺ (6%)	¹⁵⁶Yb	(9)+
¹⁵⁷Lu	71	86	156.950098(20)	6.8(18) s	β⁺	¹⁵⁷Yb	(1/2+, 3/2+)
¹⁵⁷Lu	71	86	156.950098(20)	6.8(18) s	α	¹⁵³Tm	(1/2+, 3/2+)
^157mLu	21.0(20) keV			4.79(12) s	β⁺ (94%)	¹⁵⁷Yb	(11/2−)
^157mLu	21.0(20) keV			4.79(12) s	α (6%)	¹⁵³Tm	(11/2−)
¹⁵⁸Lu	71	87	157.949313(16)	10.6(3) s	β⁺ (99.09%)	¹⁵⁸Yb	2−
¹⁵⁸Lu	71	87	157.949313(16)	10.6(3) s	α (.91%)	¹⁵⁴Tm	2−
¹⁵⁹Lu	71	88	158.94663(4)	12.1(10) s	β⁺ (99.96%)	¹⁵⁹Yb	1/2+#
¹⁵⁹Lu	71	88	158.94663(4)	12.1(10) s	α (.04%)	¹⁵⁵Tm	1/2+#
^159mLu	100(80)# keV			10# s			11/2−#
¹⁶⁰Lu	71	89	159.94603(6)	36.1(3) s	β⁺	¹⁶⁰Yb	2−#
¹⁶⁰Lu	71	89	159.94603(6)	36.1(3) s	α (10⁻⁴%)	¹⁵⁶Tm	2−#
^160mLu	0(100)# keV			40(1) s
¹⁶¹Lu	71	90	160.94357(3)	77(2) s	β⁺	¹⁶¹Yb	1/2+
^161mLu	166(18) keV			7.3(4) ms	IT	¹⁶¹Lu	(9/2−)
¹⁶²Lu	71	91	161.94328(8)	1.37(2) min	β⁺	¹⁶²Yb	(1−)
^162m1Lu	120(200)# keV			1.5 min	β⁺	¹⁶²Yb	4−#
^162m1Lu	120(200)# keV			1.5 min	IT (rare)	¹⁶²Lu	4−#
^162m2Lu	300(200)# keV			1.9 min
¹⁶³Lu	71	92	162.94118(3)	3.97(13) min	β⁺	¹⁶³Yb	1/2(+)
¹⁶⁴Lu	71	93	163.94134(3)	3.14(3) min	β⁺	¹⁶⁴Yb	1(−)
¹⁶⁵Lu	71	94	164.939407(28)	10.74(10) min	β⁺	¹⁶⁵Yb	1/2+
¹⁶⁶Lu	71	95	165.93986(3)	2.65(10) min	β⁺	¹⁶⁶Yb	(6−)
^166m1Lu	34.37(5) keV			1.41(10) min	β⁺ (58%)	¹⁶⁶Yb	3(−)
^166m1Lu	34.37(5) keV			1.41(10) min	IT (42%)	¹⁶⁶Lu	3(−)
^166m2Lu	42.9(5) keV			2.12(10) min			0(−)
¹⁶⁷Lu	71	96	166.93827(3)	51.5(10) min	β⁺	¹⁶⁷Yb	7/2+
^167mLu	0(30)# keV			>1 min			1/2(−#)
¹⁶⁸Lu	71	97	167.93874(5)	5.5(1) min	β⁺	¹⁶⁸Yb	(6−)
^168mLu	180(110) keV			6.7(4) min	β⁺ (95%)	¹⁶⁸Yb	3+
^168mLu	180(110) keV			6.7(4) min	IT (5%)	¹⁶⁸Lu	3+
¹⁶⁹Lu	71	98	168.937651(6)	34.06(5) h	β⁺	¹⁶⁹Yb	7/2+
^169mLu	29.0(5) keV			160(10) s	IT	¹⁶⁹Lu	1/2−
¹⁷⁰Lu	71	99	169.938475(18)	2.012(20) d	β⁺	¹⁷⁰Yb	0+
^170mLu	92.91(9) keV			670(100) ms	IT	¹⁷⁰Lu	(4)−
¹⁷¹Lu	71	100	170.9379131(30)	8.24(3) d	β⁺	¹⁷¹Yb	7/2+
^171mLu	71.13(8) keV			79(2) s	IT	¹⁷¹Lu	1/2−
¹⁷²Lu	71	101	171.939086(3)	6.70(3) d	β⁺	¹⁷²Yb	4−
^172m1Lu	41.86(4) keV			3.7(5) min	IT	¹⁷²Lu	1−
^172m2Lu	65.79(4) keV			0.332(20) μs			(1)+
^172m3Lu	109.41(10) keV			440(12) μs			(1)+
^172m4Lu	213.57(17) keV			150 ns			(6−)
¹⁷³Lu	71	102	172.9389306(26)	1.37(1) y	EC	¹⁷³Yb	7/2+
^173mLu	123.672(13) keV			74.2(10) μs			5/2−
¹⁷⁴Lu	71	103	173.9403375(26)	3.31(5) y	β⁺	¹⁷⁴Yb	(1)−
^174m1Lu	170.83(5) keV			142(2) d	IT (99.38%)	¹⁷⁴Lu	6−
^174m1Lu	170.83(5) keV			142(2) d	EC (.62%)	¹⁷⁴Yb	6−
^174m2Lu	240.818(4) keV			395(15) ns			(3+)
^174m3Lu	365.183(6) keV			145(3) ns			(4−)
¹⁷⁵Lu	71	104	174.9407718(23)	Observationally stable ^{[n 9]}			7/2+	0.9741(2)
^175m1Lu	1392.2(6) keV			984(30) μs			(19/2+)
^175m2Lu	353.48(13) keV			1.49(7) μs			5/2−
¹⁷⁶Lu^{[n 10]}^{[n 11]}	71	105	175.9426863(23)	3.701(17)×10¹⁰ y	β⁻	¹⁷⁶Hf	7−	0.0259(2)
¹⁷⁶Lu^{[n 10]}^{[n 11]}	71	105	175.9426863(23)	3.701(17)×10¹⁰ y	EC (0.45(26)%)^[1]	¹⁷⁶Yb	7−	0.0259(2)
^176mLu	122.855(6) keV			3.664(19) h	β⁻ (99.9%)	¹⁷⁶Hf	1−
^176mLu	122.855(6) keV			3.664(19) h	EC (.095%)	¹⁷⁶Yb	1−
¹⁷⁷Lu	71	106	176.9437581(23)	6.6475(20) d	β⁻	¹⁷⁷Hf	7/2+
^177m1Lu	150.3967(10) keV			130(3) ns			9/2−
^177m2Lu	569.7068(16) keV			155(7) μs			1/2+
^177m3Lu	970.1750(24) keV			160.44(6) d	β⁻ (78.3%)	¹⁷⁷Hf	23/2−
^177m3Lu	970.1750(24) keV			160.44(6) d	IT (21.7%)	¹⁷⁷Lu	23/2−
^177m4Lu	3900(10) keV			7(2) min [6(+3−2) min]			39/2−
¹⁷⁸Lu	71	107	177.945955(3)	28.4(2) min	β⁻	¹⁷⁸Hf	1(+)
^178mLu	123.8(26) keV			23.1(3) min	β⁻	¹⁷⁸Hf	9(−)
¹⁷⁹Lu	71	108	178.947327(6)	4.59(6) h	β⁻	¹⁷⁹Hf	7/2(+)
^179mLu	592.4(4) keV			3.1(9) ms	IT	¹⁷⁹Lu	1/2(+)
¹⁸⁰Lu	71	109	179.94988(8)	5.7(1) min	β⁻	¹⁸⁰Hf	5+
^180m1Lu	13.9(3) keV			~1 s	IT	¹⁸⁰Lu	3−
^180m2Lu	624.0(5) keV			≥1 ms			(9−)
¹⁸¹Lu	71	110	180.95197(32)#	3.5(3) min	β⁻	¹⁸¹Hf	(7/2+)
¹⁸²Lu	71	111	181.95504(21)#	2.0(2) min	β⁻	¹⁸²Hf	(0,1,2)
¹⁸³Lu	71	112	182.95736(9)	58(4) s	β⁻	¹⁸³Hf	(7/2+)
¹⁸⁴Lu	71	113	183.96103(22)#	20(3) s	β⁻	¹⁸⁴Hf	(3+)
¹⁸⁵Lu	71	114	184.96354(32)#	20# s			7/2+#
¹⁸⁶Lu	71	115	185.96745(43)#	6# s
¹⁸⁷Lu	71	116	186.97019(43)#	7# s			7/2+#
¹⁸⁸Lu	71	117	187.97443(43)#	1# s
¹⁸⁹Lu^[6]	71	118
¹⁹⁰Lu^[7]	71	119
This table header & footer: view

↑ ^mLu – Excited nuclear isomer.
↑ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
↑ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
↑ Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
1 2 3 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
↑ Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition
p: Proton emission
↑ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
↑ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
↑ Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁷¹Tm
↑ primordial radionuclide
↑ Used in lutetium-hafnium dating

Lutetium-177

Lutetium (¹⁷⁷Lu) chloride, sold under the brand name Lumark among others, is used for radiolabeling other medicines, either as an anti-cancer therapy or for scintigraphy (medical radio-imaging). Its most common side effects are anaemia (low red blood cell counts), thrombocytopenia (low blood platelet counts), leucopenia (low white blood cell counts), lymphopenia (low levels of lymphocytes, a particular type of white blood cell), nausea (feeling sick), vomiting and mild and temporary hair loss.^[8]^[9]

Related Research Articles

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Thallium (₈₁Tl) has 41 isotopes with atomic masses that range from 176 to 216. ²⁰³Tl and ²⁰⁵Tl are the only stable isotopes and ²⁰⁴Tl is the most stable radioisotope with a half-life of 3.78 years. ²⁰⁷Tl, with a half-life of 4.77 minutes, has the longest half-life of naturally occurring Tl radioisotopes. All isotopes of thallium are either radioactive or observationally stable, meaning that they are predicted to be radioactive but no actual decay has been observed.

Naturally occurring platinum (₇₈Pt) consists of five stable isotopes (¹⁹²Pt, ¹⁹⁴Pt, ¹⁹⁵Pt, ¹⁹⁶Pt, ¹⁹⁸Pt) and one very long-lived (half-life 4.83×10¹¹ years) radioisotope (¹⁹⁰Pt). There are also 34 known synthetic radioisotopes, the longest-lived of which is ¹⁹³Pt with a half-life of 50 years. All other isotopes have half-lives under a year, most under a day. All isotopes of platinum are either radioactive or observationally stable, meaning that they are predicted to be radioactive but no actual decay has been observed. Platinum-195 is the most abundant isotope.

Naturally occurring tungsten (₇₄W) consists of five isotopes. Four are considered stable (¹⁸²W, ¹⁸³W, ¹⁸⁴W, and ¹⁸⁶W) and one is slightly radioactive, ¹⁸⁰W, with an extremely long half-life of 1.8 ± 0.2 exayears (10¹⁸ years). On average, two alpha decays of ¹⁸⁰W occur per gram of natural tungsten per year, so for most practical purposes, ¹⁸⁰W can be considered stable. Theoretically, all five can decay into isotopes of element 72 (hafnium) by alpha emission, but only ¹⁸⁰W has been observed to do so. The other naturally occurring isotopes have not been observed to decay (they are observationally stable), and lower bounds for their half-lives have been established:

Natural hafnium (₇₂Hf) consists of five observationally stable isotopes (¹⁷⁶Hf, ¹⁷⁷Hf, ¹⁷⁸Hf, ¹⁷⁹Hf, and ¹⁸⁰Hf) and one very long-lived radioisotope, ¹⁷⁴Hf, with a half-life of 7.0×10¹⁶ years. In addition, there are 34 known synthetic radioisotopes, the most stable of which is ¹⁸²Hf with a half-life of 8.9×10⁶ years. This extinct radionuclide is used in hafnium–tungsten dating to study the chronology of planetary differentiation.

Naturally occurring ytterbium (₇₀Yb) is composed of seven stable isotopes: ¹⁶⁸Yb, ¹⁷⁰Yb–¹⁷⁴Yb, and ¹⁷⁶Yb, with ¹⁷⁴Yb being the most abundant. 30 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being ¹⁶⁹Yb with a half-life of 32.014 days, ¹⁷⁵Yb with a half-life of 4.185 days, and ¹⁶⁶Yb with a half-life of 56.7 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 2 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 20 minutes. This element also has 18 meta states, with the most stable being ^169mYb.

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Naturally occurring gadolinium (₆₄Gd) is composed of 6 stable isotopes, ¹⁵⁴Gd, ¹⁵⁵Gd, ¹⁵⁶Gd, ¹⁵⁷Gd, ¹⁵⁸Gd and ¹⁶⁰Gd, and 1 radioisotope, ¹⁵²Gd, with ¹⁵⁸Gd being the most abundant (24.84% natural abundance). The predicted double beta decay of ¹⁶⁰Gd has never been observed; only a lower limit on its half-life of more than 1.3×10²¹ years has been set experimentally.

Naturally occurring praseodymium (₅₉Pr) is composed of one stable isotope, ¹⁴¹Pr. Thirty-eight radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being ¹⁴³Pr, with a half-life of 13.57 days and ¹⁴²Pr, with a half-life of 19.12 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 5.985 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 33 seconds. This element also has 15 meta states with the most stable being ^138mPr, ^142mPr and ^134mPr.

Naturally occurring lanthanum (₅₇La) is composed of one stable (¹³⁹La) and one radioactive (¹³⁸La) isotope, with the stable isotope, ¹³⁹La, being the most abundant (99.91% natural abundance). There are 39 radioisotopes that have been characterized, with the most stable being ¹³⁸La, with a half-life of 1.02×10¹¹ years; ¹³⁷La, with a half-life of 60,000 years and ¹⁴⁰La, with a half-life of 1.6781 days. The remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than a day and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 1 minute. This element also has 12 nuclear isomers, the longest-lived of which is ^132mLa, with a half-life of 24.3 minutes. Lighter isotopes mostly decay to isotopes of barium and heavy ones mostly decay to isotopes of cerium. ¹³⁸La can decay to both.

Naturally occurring barium (₅₆Ba) is a mix of six stable isotopes and one very long-lived radioactive primordial isotope, barium-130, identified as being unstable by geochemical means (from analysis of the presence of its daughter xenon-130 in rocks) in 2001. This nuclide decays by double electron capture (absorbing two electrons and emitting two neutrinos), with a half-life of (0.5–2.7)×10²¹ years (about 10¹¹ times the age of the universe).

Antimony (₅₁Sb) occurs in two stable isotopes, ¹²¹Sb and ¹²³Sb. There are 37 artificial radioactive isotopes, the longest-lived of which are ¹²⁵Sb, with a half-life of 2.75856 years; ¹²⁴Sb, with a half-life of 60.2 days; and ¹²⁶Sb, with a half-life of 12.35 days. All other isotopes have half-lives less than 4 days, most less than an hour. There are also many isomers, the longest-lived of which is ^120m1Sb with a half-life of 5.76 days.

Naturally occurring cadmium (₄₈Cd) is composed of 8 isotopes. For two of them, natural radioactivity was observed, and three others are predicted to be radioactive but their decays have not been observed, due to extremely long half-lives. The two natural radioactive isotopes are ¹¹³Cd (beta decay, half-life is 8.04 × 10¹⁵ years) and ¹¹⁶Cd (two-neutrino double beta decay, half-life is 2.8 × 10¹⁹ years). The other three are ¹⁰⁶Cd, ¹⁰⁸Cd (double electron capture), and ¹¹⁴Cd (double beta decay); only lower limits on their half-life times have been set. Three isotopes—¹¹⁰Cd, ¹¹¹Cd, and ¹¹²Cd—are theoretically stable. Among the isotopes absent in natural cadmium, the most long-lived are ¹⁰⁹Cd with a half-life of 462.6 days, and ¹¹⁵Cd with a half-life of 53.46 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 2.5 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 5 minutes. This element also has 12 known meta states, with the most stable being ^113mCd (t_1/2 14.1 years), ^115mCd (t_1/2 44.6 days) and ^117mCd (t_1/2 3.36 hours).

The alkaline earth metal strontium (₃₈Sr) has four stable, naturally occurring isotopes: ⁸⁴Sr (0.56%), ⁸⁶Sr (9.86%), ⁸⁷Sr (7.0%) and ⁸⁸Sr (82.58%). Its standard atomic weight is 87.62(1).

Arsenic (₃₃As) has 32 known isotopes and at least 10 isomers. Only one of these isotopes, ⁷⁵As, is stable; as such, it is considered a monoisotopic element. The longest-lived radioisotope is ⁷³As with a half-life of 80 days.

Naturally occurring zinc (₃₀Zn) is composed of the 5 stable isotopes ⁶⁴Zn, ⁶⁶Zn, ⁶⁷Zn, ⁶⁸Zn, and ⁷⁰Zn with ⁶⁴Zn being the most abundant. Twenty-eight radioisotopes have been characterised with the most stable being ⁶⁵Zn with a half-life of 244.26 days, and then ⁷²Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 14 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 1 second. This element also has 10 meta states.

Naturally occurring vanadium (₂₃V) is composed of one stable isotope ⁵¹V and one radioactive isotope ⁵⁰V with a half-life of 2.71×10¹⁷ years. 24 artificial radioisotopes have been characterized (in the range of mass number between 40 and 65) with the most stable being ⁴⁹V with a half-life of 330 days, and ⁴⁸V with a half-life of 15.9735 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives shorter than an hour, the majority of them below 10 seconds, the least stable being ⁴²V with a half-life shorter than 55 nanoseconds, with all of the isotopes lighter than it, and none of the heavier, have unknown half-lives. In 4 isotopes, metastable excited states were found (including 2 metastable states for ⁶⁰V), which adds up to 5 meta states.

Naturally occurring scandium (₂₁Sc) is composed of one stable isotope, ⁴⁵Sc. Twenty-seven radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being ⁴⁶Sc with a half-life of 83.8 days, ⁴⁷Sc with a half-life of 3.35 days, and ⁴⁸Sc with a half-life of 43.7 hours and ⁴⁴Sc with a half-life of 3.97 hours. All the remaining isotopes have half-lives that are less than four hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than two minutes, the least stable being proton unbound ³⁹Sc with a half-life shorter than 300 nanoseconds. This element also has 13 meta states with the most stable being ^44m2Sc.

Naturally occurring titanium (₂₂Ti) is composed of five stable isotopes; ⁴⁶Ti, ⁴⁷Ti, ⁴⁸Ti, ⁴⁹Ti and ⁵⁰Ti with ⁴⁸Ti being the most abundant. Twenty-one radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being ⁴⁴Ti with a half-life of 60 years, ⁴⁵Ti with a half-life of 184.8 minutes, ⁵¹Ti with a half-life of 5.76 minutes, and ⁵²Ti with a half-life of 1.7 minutes. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 33 seconds, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than half a second.

Mendelevium (₁₀₁Md) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was ²⁵⁶Md in 1955. There are 17 known radioisotopes, ranging in atomic mass from ²⁴⁴Md to ²⁶⁰Md, and 5 isomers. The longest-lived isotope is ²⁵⁸Md with a half-life of 51.3 days, and the longest-lived isomer is ^258mMd with a half-life of 57 minutes.

References

1 2 3 Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Lutetium". CIAAW. 2007.
↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
↑ Belli, P.; Bernabei, R.; Danevich, F. A.; et al. (2019). "Experimental searches for rare alpha and beta decays". European Physical Journal A. 55 (8): 140–1–140–7. arXiv: 1908.11458 . Bibcode:2019EPJA...55..140B. doi:10.1140/epja/i2019-12823-2. ISSN 1434-601X. S2CID 201664098.
↑ Auranen, K. (16 March 2022). "Nanosecond-Scale Proton Emission from Strongly Oblate-Deformed 149Lu". Physical Review Letters. 128 (11): 2501. Bibcode:2022PhRvL.128k2501A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.112501. PMID 35363028. S2CID 247855967.
↑ Haak, K.; Tarasov, O. B.; Chowdhury, P.; et al. (2023). "Production and discovery of neutron-rich isotopes by fragmentation of ¹⁹⁸Pt". Physical Review C. 108 (34608): 034608. Bibcode:2023PhRvC.108c4608H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.108.034608. S2CID 261649436.
↑ Tarasov, O. B.; Gade, A.; Fukushima, K.; et al. (2024). "Observation of New Isotopes in the Fragmentation of ¹⁹⁸Pt at FRIB". Physical Review Letters. 132 (072501). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.072501.
↑ "Lumark EPAR". European Medicines Agency. 17 September 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2020. Text was copied from this source for which copyright belongs to the European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
↑ "EndolucinBeta EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 17 September 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2020. Text was copied from this source for which copyright belongs to the European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.

Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry . 75 (6): 683–800. doi: 10.1351/pac200375060683 .
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry . 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi: 10.1351/pac200678112051 .

"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

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[5] Lu – Excited nuclear isomer.

[6] ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.

[TMS-7] # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).

[8] Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.

[TNN-9] 1 2 3 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).

[10] Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition
p: Proton emission

[11] Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.

[12] ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.

[14] Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁷¹Tm

[15] rimordial radionuclide

[16] Used in lutetium-hafnium dating

[NUBASE2020-1] 1 2 3 Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[2] "Standard Atomic Weights: Lutetium". CIAAW. 2007.

[CIAAW2021-3] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[bellidecay-4] Belli, P.; Bernabei, R.; Danevich, F. A.; et al. (2019). "Experimental searches for rare alpha and beta decays". European Physical Journal A. 55 (8): 140–1–140–7. arXiv: 1908.11458 . Bibcode:2019EPJA...55..140B. doi:10.1140/epja/i2019-12823-2. ISSN 1434-601X. S2CID 201664098.

[13F-13] Auranen, K. (16 March 2022). "Nanosecond-Scale Proton Emission from Strongly Oblate-Deformed 149Lu". Physical Review Letters. 128 (11): 2501. Bibcode:2022PhRvL.128k2501A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.112501. PMID 35363028. S2CID 247855967.

[PRC108-17] Haak, K.; Tarasov, O. B.; Chowdhury, P.; et al. (2023). "Production and discovery of neutron-rich isotopes by fragmentation of ¹⁹⁸Pt". Physical Review C. 108 (34608): 034608. Bibcode:2023PhRvC.108c4608H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.108.034608. S2CID 261649436.

[PRL132.7-18] Tarasov, O. B.; Gade, A.; Fukushima, K.; et al. (2024). "Observation of New Isotopes in the Fragmentation of ¹⁹⁸Pt at FRIB". Physical Review Letters. 132 (072501). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.072501.

[Lumark_EPAR-19] "Lumark EPAR". European Medicines Agency. 17 September 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2020. Text was copied from this source for which copyright belongs to the European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.

[EndolucinBeta_EPAR-20] "EndolucinBeta EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 17 September 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2020. Text was copied from this source for which copyright belongs to the European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.

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Isotopes of lutetium

Contents

List of isotopes

Lutetium-177

Related Research Articles

References