Isotopes of rhodium

Isotopes of rhodium (₄₅Rh)
IT	101Rh
β−	102Pd
IT	102Rh
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Rh)
	102.90549±0.00002; 102.91±0.01 (abridged);
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Last updated February 21, 2025

Naturally occurring rhodium (₄₅Rh) is composed of only one stable isotope, ¹⁰³Rh.^[4] The most stable radioisotopes are ¹⁰¹Rh with a half-life of 3.3 years, ¹⁰²Rh with a half-life of 207 days, and ⁹⁹Rh with a half-life of 16.1 days. Thirty other radioisotopes have been characterized with atomic weights ranging from 88.949 u (⁸⁹Rh) to 121.943 u (¹²²Rh). Most of these have half-lives that are less than an hour except ¹⁰⁰Rh (half-life: 20.8 hours) and ¹⁰⁵Rh (half-life: 35.36 hours). There are also numerous meta states with the most stable being ^102mRh (0.141 MeV) with a half-life of about 3.7 years and ^101mRh (0.157 MeV) with a half-life of 4.34 days.

The primary decay mode before the only stable isotope, ¹⁰³Rh, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay product before ¹⁰³Rh is ruthenium and the primary product after is palladium.

List of isotopes

Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da)^[5] ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life ^[1] ^{[n 4]}	Decay mode ^[1] ^{[n 5]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 6]}	Spin and parity ^[1] ^{[n 7]}^{[n 4]}	Isotopic abundance
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Excitation energy^{[n 4]}			Half-life ^[1] ^{[n 4]}	Decay mode ^[1] ^{[n 5]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 6]}	Spin and parity ^[1] ^{[n 7]}^{[n 4]}	Isotopic abundance
⁹⁰Rh	45	45	89.94457(22)#	29(3) ms	β⁺	⁹⁰Ru	(0+)
⁹⁰Rh	45	45	89.94457(22)#	29(3) ms	β⁺, p? (<0.7%)	⁸⁹Tc	(0+)
^90mRh^{[n 8]}	0(500)# keV			0.56(2) s	β⁺ (90.4%)	⁹⁰Ru	(7+)
^90mRh^{[n 8]}	0(500)# keV			0.56(2) s	β⁺, p (9.6%)	⁸⁹Tc	(7+)
⁹¹Rh	45	46	90.93712(32)#	1.47(22) s	β⁺ (98.7%)	⁹¹Ru	(9/2+)
⁹¹Rh	45	46	90.93712(32)#	1.47(22) s	β⁺, p (1.3%)	⁹⁰Tc	(9/2+)
^91mRh	172.9(4) keV			1.8# s	β⁺?	⁹¹Ru	1/2−#
					β⁺, p?	⁹⁰Tc
					IT?	⁹¹Rh
⁹²Rh	45	47	91.9323677(47)	5.61(8) s	β⁺ (97.95%)	⁹²Ru	(6+)
⁹²Rh	45	47	91.9323677(47)	5.61(8) s	β⁺, p (2.05%)	⁹¹Tc	(6+)
^92m1Rh	50(100)# keV			3.18(22) s	β⁺ (98.3%)	⁹²Ru	(2+)
^92m1Rh	50(100)# keV			3.18(22) s	β⁺, p (1.7%)	⁹¹Tc	(2+)
^92m2Rh	105(100)# keV			232(15) ns	IT	⁹²Rh	(4+)
⁹³Rh	45	48	92.9259128(28)	13.9(16) s	β⁺	⁹³Ru	9/2+#
⁹⁴Rh	45	49	93.9217305(36)	70.6(6) s	β⁺ (98.2%)	⁹⁴Ru	(4+)
⁹⁴Rh	45	49	93.9217305(36)	70.6(6) s	β⁺, p (1.8%)	⁹³Tc	(4+)
^94m1Rh	54.60(20)# keV			480(30) ns	IT	⁹⁴Rh	(2+)
^94m2Rh^{[n 8]}	300(200)# keV			25.8(2) s	β⁺	⁹⁴Ru	(8+)
⁹⁵Rh	45	50	94.9158979(42)	5.02(10) min	β⁺	⁹⁵Ru	(9/2)+
^95mRh	543.3(3) keV			1.96(4) min	IT (88%)	⁹⁵Rh	(1/2)−
^95mRh	543.3(3) keV			1.96(4) min	β⁺ (12%)	⁹⁵Ru	(1/2)−
⁹⁶Rh	45	51	95.914452(11)	9.90(10) min	β⁺	⁹⁶Ru	6+
^96mRh	51.98(9) keV			1.51(2) min	IT (60%)	⁹⁶Rh	3+
^96mRh	51.98(9) keV			1.51(2) min	β⁺ (40%)	⁹⁶Ru	3+
⁹⁷Rh	45	52	96.911328(38)	30.7(6) min	β⁺	⁹⁷Ru	9/2+
^97mRh	258.76(18) keV			46.2(16) min	β⁺ (94.4%)	⁹⁷Ru	1/2−
^97mRh	258.76(18) keV			46.2(16) min	IT (5.6%)	⁹⁷Rh	1/2−
⁹⁸Rh	45	53	97.910708(13)	8.72(12) min	β⁺	⁹⁸Ru	(2)+
^98mRh^{[n 8]}	56.3(10) keV			3.6(2) min	IT (89%)	⁹⁸Rh	(5+)
^98mRh^{[n 8]}	56.3(10) keV			3.6(2) min	β⁺ (11%)	⁹⁸Ru	(5+)
⁹⁹Rh	45	54	98.908121(21)	16.1(2) d	β⁺	⁹⁹Ru	1/2−
^99mRh	64.4(5) keV			4.7(1) h	β⁺	⁹⁹Ru	9/2+
^99mRh	64.4(5) keV			4.7(1) h	IT?	⁹⁹Rh	9/2+
¹⁰⁰Rh	45	55	99.908114(19)	20.8(1) h	EC (95.1%)	¹⁰⁰Ru	1−
¹⁰⁰Rh	45	55	99.908114(19)	20.8(1) h	β⁺ (4.9%)	¹⁰⁰Ru	1−
^100m1Rh	74.782(14) keV			214.0(20) ns	IT	¹⁰⁰Rh	(2)+
^100m2Rh	107.6(2) keV			4.6(2) min	IT (98.3%)	¹⁰⁰Rh	(5+)
^100m2Rh	107.6(2) keV			4.6(2) min	β⁺ (1.7%)	¹⁰⁰Ru	(5+)
^100m3Rh	219.61(22) keV			130(10) ns	IT	¹⁰⁰Rh	(7+)
¹⁰¹Rh	45	56	100.9061589(63)	4.07(5) y	EC	¹⁰¹Ru	1/2−
^101mRh	157.32(3) keV			4.343(10) d	EC (92.80%)	¹⁰¹Ru	9/2+
^101mRh	157.32(3) keV			4.343(10) d	IT (7.20%)	¹⁰¹Rh	9/2+
¹⁰²Rh	45	57	101.9068343(69)	207.0(15) d	β⁺ (78%)	¹⁰²Ru	2−
¹⁰²Rh	45	57	101.9068343(69)	207.0(15) d	β⁻ (22%)	¹⁰²Pd	2−
^102mRh	140.73(9) keV			3.742(10) y	β⁺ (99.77%)	¹⁰²Ru	6+
^102mRh	140.73(9) keV			3.742(10) y	IT (0.233%)	¹⁰²Rh	6+
¹⁰³Rh^{[n 9]}	45	58	102.9054941(25)	Stable			1/2−	1.0000
^103mRh	39.753(6) keV			56.114(9) min	IT	¹⁰³Rh	7/2+
¹⁰⁴Rh	45	59	103.9066453(25)	42.3(4) s	β⁻ (99.55%)	¹⁰⁴Pd	1+
¹⁰⁴Rh	45	59	103.9066453(25)	42.3(4) s	β⁺ (0.45%)	¹⁰⁴Ru	1+
^104mRh	128.9679(5) keV			4.34(3) min	IT (99.87%)	¹⁰⁴Rh	5+
^104mRh	128.9679(5) keV			4.34(3) min	β⁻ (0.13%)	¹⁰⁴Pd	5+
¹⁰⁵Rh^{[n 9]}	45	60	104.9056878(27)	35.341(19) h	β⁻	¹⁰⁵Pd	7/2+
^105mRh	129.742(4) keV			42.8(3) s	IT	¹⁰⁵Rh	1/2−
¹⁰⁶Rh	45	61	105.9072859(58)	30.07(35) s	β⁻	¹⁰⁶Pd	1+
^106mRh	132(11) keV			131(2) min	β⁻	¹⁰⁶Pd	(6)+
¹⁰⁷Rh	45	62	106.906748(13)	21.7(4) min	β⁻	¹⁰⁷Pd	7/2+
^107mRh	268.36(4) keV			>10 μs	IT	¹⁰⁷Rh	1/2−
¹⁰⁸Rh	45	63	107.908715(15)	16.8(5) s	β⁻	¹⁰⁸Pd	1+
^108mRh	115(18) keV			6.0(3) min	β⁻	¹⁰⁸Pd	(5+)
¹⁰⁹Rh	45	64	108.9087496(43)	80.8(7) s	β⁻	¹⁰⁹Pd	7/2+
^109mRh	225.873(19) keV			1.66(4) μs	IT	¹⁰⁹Pd	3/2+
¹¹⁰Rh	45	65	109.911080(19)	3.35(12) s	β⁻	¹¹⁰Pd	(1+)
^110mRh^{[n 8]}	220(150)# keV			28.5(13) s	β⁻	¹¹⁰Pd	(6+)
¹¹¹Rh	45	66	110.9116432(74)	11(1) s	β⁻	¹¹¹Pd	(7/2+)
¹¹²Rh	45	67	111.914405(47)	3.4(4) s	β⁻	¹¹²Pd	(1+)
^112mRh	340(70) keV			6.73(15) s	β⁻	¹¹²Pd	(6+)
¹¹³Rh	45	68	112.9154402(77)	2.80(12) s	β⁻	¹¹³Pd	(7/2+)
¹¹⁴Rh	45	69	113.918722(77)	1.85(5) s	β⁻	¹¹⁴Pd	1+
^114mRh^{[n 8]}	200(150)# keV			1.85(5) s	β⁻	¹¹⁴Pd	(7−)
¹¹⁵Rh	45	70	114.9203116(79)	1.03(3) s	β⁻	¹¹⁵Pd	(7/2+)
¹¹⁵Rh	45	70	114.9203116(79)	1.03(3) s	β⁻, n?	¹¹⁴Pd	(7/2+)
¹¹⁶Rh	45	71	115.924062(79)	685(39) ms	β⁻ (>97.9%)	¹¹⁶Pd	1+
¹¹⁶Rh	45	71	115.924062(79)	685(39) ms	β⁻, n? (<2.1%)	¹¹⁵Pd	1+
^116mRh^{[n 8]}	200(150)# keV			570(50) ms	β⁻ (>97.9%)	¹¹⁶Pd	(6−)
^116mRh^{[n 8]}	200(150)# keV			570(50) ms	β⁻, n? (<2.1%)	¹¹⁵Pd	(6−)
¹¹⁷Rh	45	72	116.9260363(95)	421(30) ms	β⁻	¹¹⁷Pd	7/2+#
¹¹⁷Rh	45	72	116.9260363(95)	421(30) ms	β⁻, n? (<7.6%)	¹¹⁵Pd	7/2+#
^117mRh	321.2(10) keV			138(17) ns	IT	¹¹⁷Rh	3/2+#
¹¹⁸Rh	45	73	117.930341(26)	282(9) ms	β⁻ (96.9%)	¹¹⁸Pd	1+#
¹¹⁸Rh	45	73	117.930341(26)	282(9) ms	β⁻, n (3.1%)	¹¹⁷Pd	1+#
^118mRh^{[n 8]}	200(150)# keV			310(30) ms	β⁻ (96.9%)	¹¹⁸Pd	6−#
					β⁻, n (3.1%)	¹¹⁷Pd
					IT?	¹¹⁸Rh
¹¹⁹Rh	45	74	118.932557(10)	190(6) ms	β⁻ (93.6%)	¹¹⁹Pd	7/2+#
¹¹⁹Rh	45	74	118.932557(10)	190(6) ms	β⁻, n (6.4%)	¹¹⁸Pd	7/2+#
¹²⁰Rh	45	75	119.93707(22)#	129.6(42) ms	β⁻	¹²⁰Pd	8−#
					β⁻, n (<9.3%)	¹¹⁹Pd
					β⁻, 2n?	¹¹⁸Pd
^120mRh	157.2(7) keV			295(16) ns	IT	¹²⁰Rh	6#
¹²¹Rh	45	76	120.93961(67)	74(4) ms	β⁻	¹²¹Pd	7/2+#
¹²¹Rh	45	76	120.93961(67)	74(4) ms	β⁻, n (>11%)	¹²⁰Pd	7/2+#
¹²²Rh	45	77	121.94431(32)#	51(6) ms	β⁻	¹²²Pd	7−#
					β⁻, n (<3.9%)	¹²¹Pd
					β⁻, 2n?	¹²⁰Pd
^122mRh	271.0(7) keV			830(120) ns	IT	¹²²Rh	4+#
¹²³Rh	45	78	122.94719(43)#	42(4) ms	β⁻	¹²³Pd	7/2+#
					β⁻, n (>24%)	¹²²Pd
					β⁻, 2n?	¹²¹Pd
¹²⁴Rh	45	79	123.95200(43)#	30(2) ms	β⁻	¹²⁴Pd	2+#
					β⁻, n (<31%)	¹²³Pd
					β⁻, 2n?	¹²²Pd
¹²⁵Rh	45	80	124.95509(54)#	26.5(20) ms	β⁻	¹²⁵Pd	7/2+#
					β⁻, n?	¹²⁴Pd
					β⁻, 2n?	¹²³Pd
¹²⁶Rh	45	81	125.96006(54)#	19(3) ms	β⁻	¹²⁶Pd	1−#
					β⁻, n?	¹²⁵Pd
					β⁻, 2n?	¹²⁴Pd
¹²⁷Rh	45	82	126.96379(64)#	28(14) ms	β⁻	¹²⁷Pd	7/2+#
					β⁻, n?	¹²⁶Pd
					β⁻, 2n?	¹²⁵Pd
¹²⁸Rh	45	83	127.97065(32)#	8# ms [>550 ns]	β⁻?	¹²⁸Pd
					β⁻, n?	¹²⁷Pd
					β⁻, 2n?	¹²⁶Pd
This table header & footer: view

↑ ^mRh – Excited nuclear isomer.
↑ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
↑ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
1 2 3 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
↑ Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition
n: Neutron emission
p: Proton emission
↑ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
↑ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain.
1 2 Fission product

References

1 2 3 4 Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Rhodium". CIAAW. 2017.
↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
↑ John W. Arblaster (April 2011). "The Discoverers of the Rhodium Isotopes. The thirty-eight known rhodium isotopes found between 1934 and 2010". Platinum Metals Review. 55 (2): 124–134. doi: 10.1595/147106711X555656 .
↑ Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.

Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

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[5] Rh – Excited nuclear isomer.

[7] ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.

[TMS-8] # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).

[TNN-9] 1 2 3 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).

[10] Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition
n: Neutron emission
p: Proton emission

[11] Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.

[12] ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.

[order-13] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain.

[FP-14] 1 2 Fission product

[NUBASE2020-1] 1 2 3 4 Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[CIAAW-2] "Standard Atomic Weights: Rhodium". CIAAW. 2017.

[CIAAW2021-3] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[4] John W. Arblaster (April 2011). "The Discoverers of the Rhodium Isotopes. The thirty-eight known rhodium isotopes found between 1934 and 2010". Platinum Metals Review. 55 (2): 124–134. doi: 10.1595/147106711X555656 .

[AME2020_II-6] Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[n 1]

[5]

[n 2]

[n 3]

[n 4]

[n 5]

[n 6]

[n 7]

[n 8]

[n 9]

EC:	Electron capture
IT:	Isomeric transition
n:	Neutron emission
p:	Proton emission