Isotopes of rhodium

Isotopes of rhodium  (₄₅Rh)

Main isotopes [1] Decay Isotope abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct 99Rh synth 16.1 d β+ 99Ru 100Rh synth 20.8 h β+ 100Ru 101Rh synth 4.07 y ε 101Ru 101mRh synth 4.343 d ε 101Ru IT 101Rh 102Rh synth 207 d β+ 102Ru β− 102Pd 102mRh synth 3.742 y β+ 102Ru IT 102Rh 103Rh 100% stable 105Rh synth 35.34 h β− 105Pd
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Rh)
	102.90549±0.00002 [2] 102.91±0.01 (abridged) [3]
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Naturally occurring rhodium (₄₅Rh) is composed of only one stable isotope, ¹⁰³Rh. ^[4] The most stable radioisotopes are ¹⁰¹Rh with a half-life of 4.07 years, ¹⁰²Rh with a half-life of 207 days, and ⁹⁹Rh with a half-life of 16.1 days. Thirty other radioisotopes have been characterized ranging from ⁸⁹Rh to ¹²²Rh - these have half-lives that are less than an hour except ¹⁰⁰Rh (20.8 hours) and ¹⁰⁵Rh (35.34 hours). There are also numerous meta states with the most stable being ^102mRh with a half-life of 3.74 years and ^101mRh with a half-life of 4.34 days.

The primary decay mode before the only stable isotope, ¹⁰³Rh, is electron capture to ruthenium isotopes, and the primary mode after is beta emission to palladium isotopes. Mass numbers 102 and 104 are capable of decay in either sense.

List of isotopes

Nuclide [n 1]	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da) [5] [n 2] [n 3]	Discovery year [6] [7]	Half-life [1] [n 4]	Decay mode [1] [n 5]	Daughter isotope [n 6]	Spin and parity [1] [n 7] [n 4]	Isotopic abundance
	Excitation energy [n 4]
89Rh	45	44	88.95099(39)#	(1995)	<120 ns	β+?	89Ru	9/2+#
						p?	88Ru
						β+, p?	88Tc
90Rh	45	45	89.94457(22)#	1994	29(3) ms	β+	90Ru	(0+)
						β+, p? (<0.7%)	89Tc
90mRh [n 8]	0(500)# keV			2001	0.56(2) s	β+ (90.4%)	90Ru	(7+)
						β+, p (9.6%)	89Tc
91Rh	45	46	90.93712(32)#	1994	1.47(22) s	β+ (98.7%)	91Ru	(9/2+)
						β+, p (1.3%)	90Tc
91mRh	172.9(4) keV			2005	1.8# s	β+?	91Ru	1/2−#
						β+, p?	90Tc
						IT?	91Rh
92Rh	45	47	91.9323677(47)	1994	5.61(8) s	β+ (97.95%)	92Ru	(6+)
						β+, p (2.05%)	91Tc
92m1Rh	50(100)# keV			2004	3.18(22) s	β+ (98.3%)	92Ru	(2+)
						β+, p (1.7%)	91Tc
92m2Rh	105(100)# keV			2017	232(15) ns	IT	92Rh	(4+)
93Rh	45	48	92.9259128(28)	1994	13.9(16) s	β+	93Ru	9/2+#
93mRh [8]	267(48) keV			(2023) [n 9]				(1/2−)
94Rh	45	49	93.9217305(36)	1979	70.6(6) s	β+ (98.2%)	94Ru	(4+)
						β+, p (1.8%)	93Tc
94m1Rh	54.60(20)# keV			2006	480(30) ns	IT	94Rh	(2+)
94m2Rh [n 8]	300(200)# keV			1980	25.8(2) s	β+	94Ru	(8+)
95Rh	45	50	94.9158979(42)	1967	5.02(10) min	β+	95Ru	(9/2)+
95mRh	543.3(3) keV			1975	1.96(4) min	IT (88%)	95Rh	(1/2)−
						β+ (12%)	95Ru
96Rh	45	51	95.914452(11)	1967	9.90(10) min	β+	96Ru	6+
96mRh	51.98(9) keV			1967	1.51(2) min	IT (60%)	96Rh	3+
						β+ (40%)	96Ru
97Rh	45	52	96.911328(38)	1955	30.7(6) min	β+	97Ru	9/2+
97mRh	258.76(18) keV			1971	46.2(16) min	β+ (94.4%)	97Ru	1/2−
						IT (5.6%)	97Rh
98Rh	45	53	97.910708(13)	1955	8.72(12) min	β+	98Ru	(2)+
98mRh [n 8]	56.3(10) keV			1966	3.6(2) min	IT (89%)	98Rh	(5+)
						β+ (11%)	98Ru
99Rh	45	54	98.908121(21)	1952	16.1(2) d	β+	99Ru	1/2−
99mRh	64.4(5) keV			1965	4.7(1) h	β+	99Ru	9/2+
						IT?	99Rh
100Rh	45	55	99.908114(19)	1948	20.8(1) h	EC (95.1%)	100Ru	1−
						β+ (4.9%)	100Ru
100m1Rh	74.782(14) keV			1965	214.0(20) ns	IT	100Rh	(2)+
100m2Rh	107.6(2) keV			1974	4.6(2) min	IT (98.3%)	100Rh	(5+)
						β+ (1.7%)	100Ru
100m3Rh	219.61(22) keV			1984	130(10) ns	IT	100Rh	(7+)
101Rh	45	56	100.9061589(63)	1948	4.07(5) y	EC	101Ru	1/2−
101mRh	157.32(3) keV			1965	4.343(10) d	EC (92.80%)	101Ru	9/2+
						IT (7.20%)	101Rh
102Rh	45	57	101.9068343(69)	1941	207.0(15) d	β+ (78%)	102Ru	2−
						β− (22%)	102Pd
102mRh	140.73(9) keV			1963	3.742(10) y	β+ (99.77%)	102Ru	6+
						IT (0.233%)	102Rh
103Rh [n 10]	45	58	102.9054941(25)	1934	Stable			1/2−	1.0000
103mRh [n 10]	39.753(6) keV			1944	56.114(9) min	IT	103Rh	7/2+
104Rh	45	59	103.9066453(25)	1939	42.3(4) s	β− (99.55%)	104Pd	1+
						β+ (0.45%)	104Ru
104mRh	128.9679(5) keV			1939	4.34(3) min	IT (99.87%)	104Rh	5+
						β− (0.13%)	104Pd
105Rh [n 10]	45	60	104.9056878(27)	1946	35.341(19) h	β−	105Pd	7/2+
105mRh [n 10]	129.742(4) keV			1951	42.8(3) s	IT	105Rh	1/2−
106Rh [n 10]	45	61	105.9072859(58)	1946	30.07(35) s	β−	106Pd	1+
106mRh	132(11) keV			1955	131(2) min	β−	106Pd	(6)+
107Rh	45	62	106.906748(13)	1951	21.7(4) min	β−	107Pd	7/2+
107mRh	268.36(4) keV			1986	>10 μs	IT	107Rh	1/2−
108Rh	45	63	107.908715(15)	1955	16.8(5) s	β−	108Pd	1+
108mRh	115(18) keV			1969	6.0(3) min	β−	108Pd	(5+)
109Rh	45	64	108.9087496(43)	1972	80.8(7) s	β−	109Pd	7/2+
109mRh	225.873(19) keV			1987	1.66(4) μs	IT	109Rh	3/2+
110Rh	45	65	109.911080(19)	1963	3.35(12) s	β−	110Pd	(1+)
110mRh [n 8]	220(150)# keV			1970	28.5(13) s	β−	110Pd	(6+)
111Rh	45	66	110.9116432(74)	1975	11(1) s	β−	111Pd	(7/2+)
112Rh	45	67	111.914405(47)	1971	3.4(4) s	β−	112Pd	(1+)
112mRh	340(70) keV			1988	6.73(15) s	β−	112Pd	(6+)
113Rh	45	68	112.9154402(77)	1971	2.80(12) s	β−	113Pd	(7/2+)
114Rh	45	69	113.918722(77)	1988	1.85(5) s	β−	114Pd	1+
114mRh [n 8]	200(150)# keV			1988	1.85(5) s	β−	114Pd	(7−)
115Rh	45	70	114.9203116(79)	1988	1.03(3) s	β−	115Pd	(7/2+)
						β−, n?	114Pd
116Rh	45	71	115.924062(79)	1970	685(39) ms	β− (>97.9%)	116Pd	1+
						β−, n? (<2.1%)	115Pd
116mRh [n 8]	200(150)# keV			1988	570(50) ms	β− (>97.9%)	116Pd	(6−)
						β−, n? (<2.1%)	115Pd
117Rh	45	72	116.9260363(95)	1991	421(30) ms	β−	117Pd	7/2+#
						β−, n? (<7.6%)	116Pd
117mRh	321.2(10) keV			2013	138(17) ns	IT	117Rh	3/2+#
118Rh	45	73	117.930341(26)	1994	282(9) ms	β− (96.9%)	118Pd	1+#
						β−, n (3.1%)	117Pd
118mRh [n 8]	200(150)# keV			2000	310(30) ms	β− (96.9%)	118Pd	6−#
						β−, n (3.1%)	117Pd
						IT?	118Rh
119Rh	45	74	118.932557(10)	1994	190(6) ms	β− (93.6%)	119Pd	7/2+#
						β−, n (6.4%)	118Pd
120Rh	45	75	119.93707(22)#	1994	129.6(42) ms	β−	120Pd	8−#
						β−, n (<9.3%)	119Pd
						β−, 2n?	118Pd
120mRh	157.2(7) keV			2012	295(16) ns	IT	120Rh	6#
121Rh	45	76	120.93961(67)	1994	74(4) ms	β−	121Pd	7/2+#
						β−, n (>11%)	120Pd
122Rh	45	77	121.94431(32)#	1997	51(6) ms	β−	122Pd	7−#
						β−, n (<3.9%)	121Pd
						β−, 2n?	120Pd
122mRh	271.0(7) keV			2012	830(120) ns	IT	122Rh	4+#
123Rh	45	78	122.94719(43)#	2010	42(4) ms	β−	123Pd	7/2+#
						β−, n (>24%)	122Pd
						β−, 2n?	121Pd
124Rh	45	79	123.95200(43)#	2010	30(2) ms	β−	124Pd	2+#
						β−, n (<31%)	123Pd
						β−, 2n?	122Pd
125Rh	45	80	124.95509(54)#	2010	26.5(20) ms	β−	125Pd	7/2+#
						β−, n?	124Pd
						β−, 2n?	123Pd
126Rh	45	81	125.96006(54)#	2010	19(3) ms	β−	126Pd	1−#
						β−, n?	125Pd
						β−, 2n?	124Pd
127Rh	45	82	126.96379(64)#	2015	28(14) ms	β−	127Pd	7/2+#
						β−, n?	126Pd
						β−, 2n?	125Pd
128Rh	45	83	127.97065(32)#	2018	8# ms [> 550 ns]	β−?	128Pd
						β−, n?	127Pd
						β−, 2n?	126Pd
This table header & footer: view

1. ^mRh – Excited nuclear isomer.
2. ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
3. # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
4. # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
5. Modes of decay:

   EC:	Electron capture
   IT:	Isomeric transition
   n:	Neutron emission
   p:	Proton emission

6. Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
7. ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
8. Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain.
9. Not included in the discovery database yet.
10. Fission product

See also

Daughter products other than rhodium

• Isotopes of palladium
• Isotopes of ruthenium
• Isotopes of technetium

References

1. Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3) 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
2. "Standard Atomic Weights: Rhodium". CIAAW. 2017.
3. Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN   1365-3075.
4. John W. Arblaster (April 2011). "The Discoverers of the Rhodium Isotopes. The thirty-eight known rhodium isotopes found between 1934 and 2010". Platinum Metals Review. 55 (2): 124–134. doi: 10.1595/147106711X555656 .
5. Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3) 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
6. FRIB Nuclear Data Group. "Discovery of Nuclides Project, Isotope Database". doi:10.11578/frib/2279152.
7. FRIB Nuclear Data Group. "Discovery of Nuclides Project, Isomer Database". doi:10.11578/frib/2572219.
8. Xing, Y. M.; Yuan, C. X.; Wang, M.; Zhang, Y. H.; Zhou, X. H.; Litvinov, Yu. A.; Blaum, K.; Xu, H. S.; Bao, T.; Chen, R. J.; Fu, C. Y.; Gao, B. S.; Ge, W. W.; He, J. J.; Huang, W. J.; Liao, T.; Li, J. G.; Li, H. F.; Litvinov, S.; Naimi, S.; Shuai, P.; Sun, M. Z.; Wang, Q.; Xu, X.; Xu, F. R.; Yamaguchi, T.; Yan, X. L.; Yang, J. C.; Yuan, Y. J.; Zeng, Q.; Zhang, M.; Zhou, X. (11 January 2023). "Isochronous mass measurements of neutron-deficient nuclei from Sn 112 projectile fragmentation". Physical Review C. 107 (1) 014304. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.107.014304.

• Isotope masses from:
  • Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
• Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
  • Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
  • National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 3.0 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
  • Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN   978-0-8493-0485-9.